Akademik Ziraat Dergisi 2147-6403 2618-5881 Ordu University 10.29278/azd.1522321 Phytopathology Fitopatoloji Plackett‒Burman and Box‒Behnken Designs for Optimizing Polygonum cognatum Meissn-Mediated AgNP Synthesis: Antifungal Activity Against Diverse Phytophthora spp. Polygonum cognatum Meissn Aracılı AgNP Sentezini Optimize Etmek İçin Plackett‒Burman ve Box‒Behnken Tasarımları: Çeşitli Phytophthora spp.'ye Karşı Antifungal Aktivite https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7779-9365 Türkkan Muharrem ORDU ÜNİVERSİTESİ, ZİRAAT FAKÜLTESİ https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9239-4005 Gürel Yaren ORDU ÜNİVERSİTESİ, ZİRAAT FAKÜLTESİ, BİTKİ KORUMA BÖLÜMÜ 12 31 2024 13 2 272 286 07 25 2024 09 11 2024 Copyright © 2012, Akademik Ziraat Dergisi 2012 Akademik Ziraat Dergisi

Objective: This study aimed to develop an eco-friendly method for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Polygonum cognatum (Madimak) extract and optimize their production using statistical design of experiments. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized, and their antifungal activity against Phytophthora species was evaluated.Materyal ve Yöntem: Madimak extract served as a bio-reducing agent for the synthesis of AgNPs. The total and individual phenolic compound content of Madimak extract was characterized by UV‒Vis spectroscopy and UHPLC analyses. Optimization of AgNP yield was conducted through Plackett‒Burman and Box‒Behnken designs. Characterization of synthesized AgNPs was performed using UV‒Vis spectroscopy, FT‒IR, SEM‒EDS, and TEM. The antifungal activity of AgNPs against six Phytophthora species was determined through in vitro assays.Results: The results of the RSM optimization revealed a high AgNP yield under the optimized conditions, with a plant material amount of 5 g, a boiling temperature of 80°C, a boiling time of 20 minutes, an AgNO3 concentration of 10 mM, an extract volume of 2.5 ml, a microwave power of 600 watts, and a reaction time of 90 seconds. Characterization confirmed the formation of spherical AgNPs with an average size of 10.07 nm. FT‒IR analysis indicated the role of caffeic acid in AgNP synthesis. AgNPs exhibited antifungal activity against all tested Phytophthora species with EC50, MIC, and MFC values ranging from 47.44 to 118.80 µg ml-1, 400 to 600 µg ml-1, and 400 to 800 µg ml-1, respectively.Conclusion: AgNPs were successfully synthesized and the process optimized using Madimak extract in this study. The synthesized AgNPs revealed potent antifungal activity against Phytophthora species, indicating their potential as a sustainable alternative for managing Phytophthora diseases.

Amaç: Bu çalışma, Polygonum cognatum (Madımak) ekstraktı kullanılarak gümüş nanopartiküllerin (AgNP'ler) çevre dostu bir sentez yönteminin geliştirilmesini ve istatistiksel deney tasarımı kullanılarak üretimlerinin optimize edilmesini amaçlamıştır. Sentezlenen AgNP'ler karakterize edilmiş ve Phytophthora türlerine karşı antifungal aktiviteleri değerlendirilmiştir.Materyal ve Yöntem: Madımak ekstraktı, AgNP'lerin sentezi için biyo-indirgeyici bir ajan olarak görev yapmıştır. Ekstraktın toplam ve bireysel fenolik bileşik içeriği UV‒Vis spektroskopisi ve UHPLC analizleri ile karakterize edilmiştir. AgNP veriminin optimizasyonu, Plackett‒Burman ve Box‒Behnken tasarımları kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sentezlenen AgNP'lerin karakterizasyonu UV‒Vis spektroskopisi, FT‒IR, SEM‒EDS ve TEM kullanılarak yapılmıştır. AgNP'lerin altı Phytophthora türüne karşı antifungal aktivitesi in vitro testler yoluyla belirlenmiştir.Araştırma Bulguları: RSM optimizasyonunun sonuçları, 5 g bitki materyali miktarı, 80°C kaynatma sıcaklığı, 20 dakikalık kaynatma süresi, 10 mM AgNO3 konsantrasyonu, 2.5 ml ekstrakt hacmi, 600 watt mikrodalga gücü ve 90 saniye reaksiyon süresi ile optimize edilmiş koşullar altında yüksek AgNP verimi ortaya koymuştur. Karakterizasyon, ortalama boyutu 10.07 nm olan küresel AgNP'lerin oluşumunu doğrulamıştır. FT‒IR analizi, kafeik asidin AgNP sentezindeki rolünü göstermiştir. AgNP'ler, tüm test edilen Phytophthora türlerine karşı EC50, MIC ve MFC değerleri sırasıyla 47.44 ila 118.80 µg ml-1, 400 ila 600 µg ml-1 ve 400 ila 800 µg ml-1 arasında değişen antifungal aktivite sergilemiştir.Sonuç: Bu çalışmada, Madımak ekstraktı kullanılarak AgNP'ler başarılı bir şekilde sentezlenmiş ve süreç optimize edilmiştir. Sentezlenen AgNP'ler Phytophthora türlerine karşı güçlü antifungal aktivite göstererek Phytophthora hastalıklarının yönetiminde sürdürülebilir bir alternatif olarak potansiyellerini ortaya koymuştur.

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