THE EUROPEAN UNION AND CHINESE APPROACHES TO MULTILATERALISM: CONVERGING OR DIVERGING?

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 414 - 433, 27.12.2023

Seven Erdoğan

Abstract

For a long time, the international political system has been recognised as a multilateral space. The actors within this system have different understandings of and approaches to multilateralism. The aim of this study is to examine the positions of the European Union (EU) and China with regard to multilateralism, taking them into account as related actors. The study includes chapters on the concept of multilateralism, the relationship between the EU and China, and European and Chinese perspectives on multilateralism. In the end, the research aims to determine the extent to which the EU and China share a common understanding of the concept of multilateralism.

Keywords

Multilateralism, European Union, China, International Political System, EU-China Relations

Avrupa Birliği ve Çin’in Çok Taraflılık Yaklaşımları: Benzeşiyorlar mı, Ayrışıyorlar mı?

Abstract

Uluslararası siyasal sistem uzun zamandır çok taraflı bir alan olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Sistemdeki aktörlerin çok taraflılığa dair değişen anlayışları ve yaklaşımları bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı birbiri ile ilişki halinde olan AB ve Çin’in çok taraflılık karşısındaki tutumlarını analiz etmektir. Çalışma çok taraflılığa, AB ve Çin arasındaki ilişkilere ve Avrupa ve Çin’in çok taraflılık bakış açılarını ele alan başlıklar içermektedir. Çalışmanın sonunda AB ve Çin'in çok taraflılık konusunda ne derecede benzer olduklarına dair bir çıkarımda bulunulması hedeflenmektedir.

Keywords

Çok Taraflılık, Avrupa Birliği, Çin, Uluslararası Siyasal Sistem, AB-Çin İlişkileri

References

• ANG, Y. Y. (2023). Reinventing Multilateralism: What to Do, What to Study, and Why. Global Perspectives, 4(1).
• BANIK, D. & B. BULL. (2022). Multilateralism to the Rescue? Beijing’s Support for Multilateral Institutions during the COVID-19 Crisis. International Quarterly for Asian Studies, 53, 207-230.
• BARROSO, J. (2010). the European Union and multilateral global governance. https://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/14399
• BISCOP, S. & T. Renard. (2010). The European Union as a security actor: Cooperative multilateralism. Security and Human Rights, 1, 12-17.
• BISCOP, S. (2018). The EU and Multilateralism in an Age of Great Powers. Christian, Ethe & et. al. (Eds.), Multilateralism in a Changing World Order (p. 39-47), Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung.
• CHAN, G. (2013). The Rise of Multipolarity, the Reshaping of Order: China in a Brave New World?. International Journal of China Studies, 4(1), 1-16.
• CHAUPRADE, A. (2020). Multipolar balance or a shift to dangerous bipolarity?. International Institute for Global Analyses Analytical Dossier, No. 29, https://www.vision-gt.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/AD_29_2020.pdf
• DENG, Y. (2007) Remolding great power politics: China's strategic partnerships with Russia, the European Union, and India. Journal of Strategic Studies, 30(4-5), 863-903.
• European Commıssıon. (1995, July 5). A Long-term Policy for China–Europe Relations. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/0bcbc1c7-2c78-4bba-a027-f67035eeac4f
• European Councıl. (2003, December). European Security Strategy: A Secure Europe in a Better World. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/30823/qc7809568enc.pdf
• European Union (2019, June 17). EU Action to Strengthen Rules-based Multilateralism. https:// data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-10341-2019-INIT/en/pdf
• European Union (1998, March 25). Building a Comprehensive Partnership with China. http://eur-lex. europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri¼COM:1998:0181:FIN:EN:PDF
• European Union Global Strategy. (2016, June). https://www.eeas.europa.eu/sites/default/files/eugs_review_web_0.pdf
• FENG, Z. & Z. He. (2023). Reshaping Global Governance with Genuine Multilateralism. Russian International Affairs Council (Eds.), Global Governance in the New Era: Concepts and Approaches (p. 71-85). Institute of Russian, Eastern European and Central Asian Studies.
• GEERAERTS, G. (2011). China, the EU, and the New Multipolarity. European Review, 19(1), 55-67.
• GRANT, C. & BARYSCH, K. (2008). Can Europe and China shape a new world order?, Centre for European Reform, https://www.cer.eu/sites/default/files/publications/attachments/pdf/2011/p_837-611.pdf
• GROSS, E. & J. JIAN. (2012). Conceptual Gaps on Global Governance between China and the EU. Zhongqi Pan (Ed.), Conceptual Gaps in China–EU Relations Global Governance, Human Rights and Strategic Partnership (p. 202-215), Palgrave Macmillan.
• HAENLE, P. & et. al. (2023). Is Europe Aligned on China?. https://carnegieendowment.org/2023/05/09/is-europe-aligned-on-china-pub-89710
• JIECHI, Y. (2010, February 5). A Changing China in a Changing World. Munich Security Conference. http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/wjdt/zyjh/t656781.html
• JINPING, X. (2017, January 17). Speech to Davos. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/01/full-text-of-xi-jinping-keynote-at-the-world-economic-forum
• ---. (2020, September 21) Bolstering Confidence and Jointly Overcoming Difficulties To Build a Better World. People’s Daily.
• KHUSHNAM, P. N. (2022). COVID-19 and Decline of Multilateralism. S. Roy & D. Nandy (Ed.), Understanding Post-COVID-19 Social and Cultural Realities: Global Context (p. 165-180), Springer.
• KIM, K. H. (2004). China’s Entry into WTO And Its Impact on EU. International Business & Economics Research Journal, 3(9), 65-68.
• KLEMENSITS, P. (2022). The Significance of the CEE region in China’s Multipolar Relations. L. Horváth (Ed.), Results and Challenges: Ten Years of China-CEEC Cooperation (p. 14-31), Eurasia Center of John von Neumann University.
• KURNIASARI, E. (2021). China’s Model of Multilateralism: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Xi Jinping’s Speech on Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. https://eudl.eu/doi/10.4108/eai.14-9-2021.2321376
• Joint Statement of the 20th EU-China Summit. (2018). https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/36165/final-eu-cn-joint-statement-consolidated-text-with-climate-change-clean-energy-annex.pdf
• LAATIKAINEN, K. V. (2013). EU Multilateralism in a Multipolar World. K. E. Jørgensen and K. V. Laatikainen (Eds.), Routledge Handbook on the European Union and International Institutions (p. 472-487), Oxon: Routledge.
• MEN, J. (2011). The EU-China Relationship Calling for a New Vision. EU-China Observer, 3.
• . ----(2012). The EU and China: mismatched partners?. Journal of Contemporary China, 21(74), 333-349.
• MICHALSKI, A. & Z. PAN. (2017). Unlikely Partners? China, the European Union and the Forging of a Strategic Partnership. Palgrave Macmillan.
• MUZAFFAR, M., et. al. (2017). Changing Dynamics of Global Politics: Transition from Unipolar to Multipolar World. Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal, 1(1), 49-61.
• NARRAMORE, T. (2008). China and Europe: engagement, multipolarity and strategy. The Pacific Review, 21(1), 87-108.
• ODGAARD, L. & S. BISCOP. (2006). The EU and China: Partners in Effective Multilateralism?. Paper presented at the conference on the International Politics of EU-China Relations sponsored by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the British Academy.
• Official Website of the EU. The European Union and China. https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/china/european-union-and-china_en?s=166
• POSEN, B. R. (2006) European Union Security and Defense Policy: Response to Unipolarity?, Security Studies, 15(2), 149-186.
• RAGHAVAN, V. (2023). Rethinking Multilateralism: Some Reflections. Global Perspectives, 4(1), 1-7.
• RUGGIE, J. G. (1992). Multilateralism: The Anatomy of an Institution. International Organisation, 46(3), 561-598.
• SCIORATI, Giulia. (2022). China 2021-2022: A Foreign Policy of «Re-branding». Asia Maior, 33, 23-42.
• SCOTT, D. A. (2013). Multipolarity, Multilateralism and Beyond…? EU– China Understandings of the International System. International Relations, 27(1), 30-51.
• SHAMBAUGH, D. (2005) The new strategic triangle: U.S. and European reactions to China's rise. The Washington Quarterly, 28(3), 5-25.
• SCHUETTE, L. A. (2022). IO Survival Politics: International Organisations amid the Crisis of Multilateralism. ECPR General Conference Paper. https://www.nestior.eu/files/2022/08/Schuette_IO-Survival-Politics_ECPR-GC.pdf
• SMITH, K. E. (2013). Can the European Union be a Pole in a Multipolar World?. The International Spectator, 48(2), 114-126.
• SMITH, M. (2018) The EU, the US and the crisis of contemporary multilateralism. Journal of European Integration, 40(5), 539-553.
• WANG, Y. (2010). China’s Response to the Unipolar World: The Strategic Logic of Peaceful Development. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 45(5), 554-567.
• ---. (2021, January 30). Adding impetus to multilateralism. China Daily. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202101/30/WS6014aeb3a31024ad0baa628e.html
• WENHUA, S. (2008). Redefining the Chinese concept of sovereignty. W. Gungwu and Z. Yongnian (Eds.), China and the New International Order (p. 53-80), Routledge.
• VENTURI, B. & S. COLOMBO. (2021). Rethinking EU Leadership in the “Neighbourhood”: Limits and Ambitions. IAI Commentaries, https://www.iai.it/en/pubblicazioni/rethinking-eu-leadership-neighbourhood-limits-and-ambitions
• YAN, S. (2015). Why the ‘One Belt One Road’ Initiative Matters for the EU. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2015/04/why-the-one-belt-one-road-initiative-matters-for-the-eu/