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İRAN İSLAM CUMHURİYETİ’NİN BALKANLAR POLİTİKASI: BOSNA-HERSEK VE ARNAVUTLUK ÖRNEKLERİ

Year 2023, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 1 - 35, 31.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.30903/Balkan.1323160

Abstract

İran İslam Cumhuriyeti, 1979 yılında gerçekleşen İslam Devrimi’nin ardından kendi kimliğini dinî değerler aracılığıyla tanımlamıştır. Bu da İran’ın çıkar ve tehdit algılayışını şekillendirmiştir. Böylece Tahran, Şii yayılmacılığı olarak da ifade edilen bir stratejiyi benimsemiştir. Bu nedenle de İran, Şii grupları desteklemekte ve diğer inanç gruplarına mensup kişileri Şiileştirmeye çalışmaktadır. İran, Balkanlar politikasında da etkin bir kamu diplomasisi aracılığıyla bölgedeki sufiler üzerinden bölgede nüfuz kurmaya çalışmaktadır. Üstelik Tahran, bu bölgeye ilişkin hedeflerine ulaşmak için zaman zaman terör yöntemleri ve istihbarat operasyonları gibi sert güç unsurlarına da başvurabilmektedir. Ayrıca İran’ın Balkanlar politikası, Müslüman nüfusun yoğunluğuna göre ülkeden ülkeye farklılık göstermektedir. Bu makalede İran’ın Balkanlar politikası, Bosna-Hersek ve Arnavutluk örnekleri üzerinden detaylı bir biçimde ele alınmaktadır.

References

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  • BAŞARAN, Doğacan, “Pax-Americana Kavramı ve Soğuk Savaş Sonrasında ABD’nin Balkanlar Politikasının Dönüşümü”, Giresun Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt 4, Sayı 1, Bahar 2018, ss. 37-52.
  • BATTIR, Orhan ve Davut Ateş, “Türkiye Bölgesel Hegemonya Arayışında Mı?”, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Sayı 29, 2013, ss. 31-44.
  • ÇEÇEN, Anıl, “Küreselleşme Sürecinde Balkanlar”, Anka Strateji Dergisi, Sayı 12, Mart-Nisan 2019, ss. 5.
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  • ________, “The Balkan Region As A New Target for the Iranian-Israeli Political Rivalry”, Bölgesel Araştırmalar Dergisi, İran Özel Sayısı, Cilt 1, Sayı 2, Ekim 2017, ss. 199-219.
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  • ŞAHİN, Mehmet, “İran Dış Politikasının Dini Retoriği”, Akademik Ortadoğu, Cilt 2, Sayı 2, 2008, ss. 9-20.
  • TAFLIOĞLU, Serkan, “İran İslam Cumhuriyeti’nde Egemenlik ve Meşruiyet Kaynağı “Velayet-i Fakih””, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, Cilt 68, Sayı 3, 2013, ss. 95-112.
  • TÜYSÜZOĞLU, Göktürk, İran’ın Artan Bölgesel Etkinliği ve Yaşanan Krizler Özelindeki Uygulamaları, ANKASAM Analiz, No. 3, Eylül 2017.
  • WALTZ, Kenneth N., “Structural Realism After the Cold War”, International Security, Volume 25, No. 1, 2000, ss. 5-41.
  • ________, “Uluslararası Politikanın Değişen Yapısı”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Volume 5, No. 17, 2008, ss. 2-44.
  • ________, “Collective Identity Formation and the International State”, American Political Science Review, Volume 88, No. 2, 1994, ss. 384-396.
  • İnternet Kaynakları
  • “About ABWA”, Ahlulbayt, http://www.ahl-ul-bait.org/en.php/page,about.about, (14.11.2018).
  • “About Us”, Ibn Sina Research Institüte Sarajevo, https://www.ibn-sina.net/index.php/en/about-us , (27.01.2020).
  • “About Us”, Saadi Foundation, http://saadifoundation.ir/en/contents/about/History/ History.html, (08.11.2017).
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  • “Albania Says It’s Discovered an Iranian Paramilitary Network”, Iran Watch, https://www.iranwatch.org/news-brief/albania-says-its-discovered-iranian-paramilitary-network, (23.10.2019). “Arnavutluk İran Büyükelçisi’ni Sınır Dışı Etti”, Şarkül Avsat, https://aawsat.com/turkish/home/article/1514091/arnavutluk-iran-b%C3%BCy%C3%BCkel%C3%A7isi%E2%80%99ni-s%C4%B1n%C4%B1r-d%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1-etti, (21.12.2018).
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  • “Iran Protests Albania’s Expulsion of Diplomats, but Can’t Reciprocate”, IFP News, https://ifpnews.com/albania-has-no-embassy-in-iran-foreign-ministry, (22.12.2018).
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  • MERAT, Arron, “Terrorists, Cultists-or Champions of Iranian Democracy? The Wild Wild Story of the MEK”, The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/nov/09/mek-iran-revolution-regime-trump-rajavi, (09.11.2018).
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BALKANS POLICY OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN: THE CASE OF BOSNIA- HERZEGOVINA AND ALBANIA

Year 2023, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 1 - 35, 31.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.30903/Balkan.1323160

Abstract

The Islamic Republic of Iran defined its identity through religious values following the Islamic Revolution in 1979. This has shaped Iran's perception of interests and threats. Consequently, Tehran has adopted a strategy known as Shia expansionism. Iran supports Shia groups and attempts to convert individuals from other religious groups to Shia Islam. Iran also seeks to gain influence in the Balkans through an active public diplomacy, focusing on Sufis in the region. Moreover, Tehran occasionally resorts to methods of hard power, such as terrorism and intelligence operations, to achieve its objectives in this region. Additionally, Iran's Balkans policy varies from country to country based on the density of the Muslim population. This article provides a detailed examination of Iran's Balkans policy through the examples of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Albania.

References

  • AHMADIAN, Hassan, “Iran and the New Geopolitics of the Middle East: In Search of Equilibrium”, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, Volume 23, Number 3, 2021, ss. 458-472.
  • AMETBEK, Dinmuhammed, İran Dış Politikasının Yumuşak Güç Aracı Olarak Vakıflar, Ankara 2018.
  • ANKASAM İran Uzmanı Cenk Tamer ile Ankara’da yapılan mülakat, 25.01.2020.
  • BAĞCI, Hüseyin, “Bosna-Hersek: Soğuk Savaş Sonrası Anlaşmazlıklara Giriş”, Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, Cilt 16, Sayı 7, 1994, ss. 257-279.
  • BARDOS, Gordon N., “Iran in the Balkans A History and a Forecast”, World Affairs, Vol. 175, No. 5, 2013, ss. 59-66.
  • BAŞARAN, Doğacan, “Pax-Americana Kavramı ve Soğuk Savaş Sonrasında ABD’nin Balkanlar Politikasının Dönüşümü”, Giresun Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt 4, Sayı 1, Bahar 2018, ss. 37-52.
  • BATTIR, Orhan ve Davut Ateş, “Türkiye Bölgesel Hegemonya Arayışında Mı?”, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Sayı 29, 2013, ss. 31-44.
  • ÇEÇEN, Anıl, “Küreselleşme Sürecinde Balkanlar”, Anka Strateji Dergisi, Sayı 12, Mart-Nisan 2019, ss. 5.
  • ÇELİK, Kadir Ertaç, “İslam Devrimi Sonrası İran’da Kimlik ve Dış Politika: Konstrüktivist Bir Bakış”, Bölgesel Çalışmalar Dergisi, Cilt 1, Sayı 1, ss. 251-274.
  • DAVUTOĞLU, Ahmet, Stratejik Derinlik: Türkiye’nin Uluslararası Konumu, Küre Yayınları, İstanbul 2015.
  • DOJA, Albert, “A Political History of Bektashism in Albania”, Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions, Cilt 7, Sayı 1, Mart 2006, ss. 83-107.
  • ERMAĞAN, İsmail ve Gökhan Satıcı, “Uluslararası Siyasette Kosova’nın Bağımsızlığına Dair Temel Meseleler ve Türkiye’nin Genel Balkanlar Politikası”, Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Cilt 21, Sayı 3, 2012, ss. 371-390.
  • EROL, Mehmet Seyfettin ve Emre Ozan, “Türk Dış Politikasında Süreklilik Unsuru Olarak Siyasal Rejim”, Gazi Akademik Bakış, Cilt 4, Sayı 8, Yaz 2011, ss. 13-38.
  • GUINS, George C., “The Politics of ‘Pan-Slavism”, American Journal of Economcs and Sosiology, Volume 8, No. 2, January 1949, ss. 125-132.
  • GHORBANPOUR DELAVAR, Mohammad ve Seyyed Abul Hasan Navvab, “Islamic Culture in the Balkans (Emphasizing Alawites’ Rol in the Development of the Balkans)”, Kom, vol. IX (3), 2020, ss. 49-64.
  • İNALCIK, Halil, “Türkler ve Balkanlar”, Balkanlarda İslam: Miadı Dolmayan Umut, (ed.) Muhammet Savaş Kafkasyalı, TİKA İnceleme Araştırma Dizisi Yayın No:19, Ankara 2016, ss. 9-32.
  • KARATAY, Osman ve Bilgehan Atsız Gökdağ, Balkanlar El Kitabı, Cilt 1 Tarih, Karam Yayınları, Ankara 2006.
  • KOÇ, Mehmet, Halkın Mücahitleri Örgütü, İram Rapor, Ağustos 2019.
  • KOPPA, Maria Eleni, “Turkey, Gulf States and Iran in the Western Balkans: more than the Islamic factor?”, Journal of Contemporary European Studies, Volume 29, Number 2, 2021, ss. 251-263.
  • PROGONATI, Erjada “Iran’s Silent Revolution in Balkans”, Journal of Security Strategy and Political Studies, Vol 1, Issue 1, 2016, ss. 177-192.
  • ________, “The Balkan Region As A New Target for the Iranian-Israeli Political Rivalry”, Bölgesel Araştırmalar Dergisi, İran Özel Sayısı, Cilt 1, Sayı 2, Ekim 2017, ss. 199-219.
  • ROUCEK, Joseph S., “The Geopolitics of the Balkans”, The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Volume 5, No. 3, April 1946, ss. 365-377. SHAY, Shaul, “Albania and the Iranian Terror Threat”, Security Science Journal, No. 1, 2020, ss. 35-44.
  • ŞAHİN, Mehmet, “İran Dış Politikasının Dini Retoriği”, Akademik Ortadoğu, Cilt 2, Sayı 2, 2008, ss. 9-20.
  • TAFLIOĞLU, Serkan, “İran İslam Cumhuriyeti’nde Egemenlik ve Meşruiyet Kaynağı “Velayet-i Fakih””, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, Cilt 68, Sayı 3, 2013, ss. 95-112.
  • TÜYSÜZOĞLU, Göktürk, İran’ın Artan Bölgesel Etkinliği ve Yaşanan Krizler Özelindeki Uygulamaları, ANKASAM Analiz, No. 3, Eylül 2017.
  • WALTZ, Kenneth N., “Structural Realism After the Cold War”, International Security, Volume 25, No. 1, 2000, ss. 5-41.
  • ________, “Uluslararası Politikanın Değişen Yapısı”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Volume 5, No. 17, 2008, ss. 2-44.
  • ________, “Collective Identity Formation and the International State”, American Political Science Review, Volume 88, No. 2, 1994, ss. 384-396.
  • İnternet Kaynakları
  • “About ABWA”, Ahlulbayt, http://www.ahl-ul-bait.org/en.php/page,about.about, (14.11.2018).
  • “About Us”, Ibn Sina Research Institüte Sarajevo, https://www.ibn-sina.net/index.php/en/about-us , (27.01.2020).
  • “About Us”, Saadi Foundation, http://saadifoundation.ir/en/contents/about/History/ History.html, (08.11.2017).
  • “Albania Says It’s Discovered An Iranian Paramilitary Network”, AP News, https://apnews.com/e785b07e18fb4648bf6a540b9ea6c1fe, (23.10.2019).
  • “Albania Says It’s Discovered an Iranian Paramilitary Network”, Iran Watch, https://www.iranwatch.org/news-brief/albania-says-its-discovered-iranian-paramilitary-network, (23.10.2019). “Arnavutluk İran Büyükelçisi’ni Sınır Dışı Etti”, Şarkül Avsat, https://aawsat.com/turkish/home/article/1514091/arnavutluk-iran-b%C3%BCy%C3%BCkel%C3%A7isi%E2%80%99ni-s%C4%B1n%C4%B1r-d%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1-etti, (21.12.2018).
  • “Hizbullah’ın ve İran’ın Bosna’daki Bilinmeyen Savaşı”, Tasnim News, https://www.tasnimnews.com/tr/news/2017/07/07/1457293/hizbullah-%C4%B1n-ve-iran-%C4%B1n-bosna-daki-bilinmeyen-sava%C5%9F%C4%B1, (07.07.2017).
  • Investigation into Iranian arms shipments to Bosnia, Report of the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, House of Representatives, together with minority and additional views, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, 1998, https://www.congress.gov/105/crpt/hrpt804/CRPT-105hrpt804.pdf, (29.07.2022).
  • “Iran Protests Albania’s Expulsion of Diplomats, but Can’t Reciprocate”, IFP News, https://ifpnews.com/albania-has-no-embassy-in-iran-foreign-ministry, (22.12.2018).
  • “Iran Releases Book on Bektashi Order in Albania”, Ibna, http://www.ibna.ir/en/doc/naghli/181544/iran-releases-book-on-bektashi-order-in-albania, (30.09.2013).
  • “Mulla Sadra Foundation”, World Council of Shia’s Center, https://wocoshiac.org/en/shia-centers-en/europe-en-c/bosnia-en/center1-en, (24.01.2020).
  • “Pandeli Majko, Former Prime Minister of Albania-Free Iran 2018”, Mojahedin, https://english.mojahedin.org/i/pandeli-majko-former-prime-minister-albania-free-iran-2018, (24.01.2020).
  • “Uncovering Iran’s Espionage-Terror Apparatus in the Balkans”, The XX Committee, https://20committee.com/2012/11/04/uncovering-irans-espionage-terror-apparatus-in-the-balkans/, (04.11.2012).
  • BECHEV, Dimitar ve Ahmet Erdi Öztürk, “Competing over Islam: Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and Iran in the Balkans”, The Middle East Institute, https://www.mei.edu/publications/competing-over-islam-turkey-saudi-arabia-and-iran-balkans, (29.07.2022). BUGAJSKI, Januzs, “Moskow’s Balkan Partition Strategy”, CEPA, https://www.cepa.org/moscows-balkan-partition-strategy, (25.02.2019).
  • GEORGIEVSKI, Boris, “Could Balkan Nations Become the New Hotbeds of Islamist Extemism?”, Deutche Welle, https://www.dw.com/en/could-balkan-nations-become-the-new-hotbeds-of-islamist-extremism/a-39045256, (30.05.2017).
  • KARPAT, Kemal, “Balkanlar”, Türk Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/balkanlar, (17.01.2020).
  • KHODABANDEH, Anne, “Mojahedin Khalq (MEK) Terrorist Training Camp in Albania Impacts Whole Balkan Region”, Balkans Post, http://balkanspost.com/article/409/mek-regime-change-albania-training-terrorist-iran, (08.01.2018).
  • KOSTRECI, Keida, “Albania Expels Iranian Diplomats Amid Worsening Relations”, Voice of America, https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/voa-news-iran/albania-expels-iranian-diplomats-amid-worsening-relations, (15.01.2020).
  • MERAT, Arron, “Terrorists, Cultists-or Champions of Iranian Democracy? The Wild Wild Story of the MEK”, The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/nov/09/mek-iran-revolution-regime-trump-rajavi, (09.11.2018).
  • PUGLISE, Matteo, “Iran in the Balkans”, Intelligence and Investigations, http://www.intelligence-and-investigations.com/media/uploads/53_Iran%20in%20the%20Balkans%20-%20Pugliese.pdf.
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Regional Studies, International Relations (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Doğacan Başaran This is me 0000-0002-5055-5069

Emrah Kaya 0000-0001-6873-8309

Publication Date July 31, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 12 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Başaran, D., & Kaya, E. (2023). İRAN İSLAM CUMHURİYETİ’NİN BALKANLAR POLİTİKASI: BOSNA-HERSEK VE ARNAVUTLUK ÖRNEKLERİ. Balkan Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12(1), 1-35. https://doi.org/10.30903/Balkan.1323160

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