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                <journal-meta>
                                    <journal-id></journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Balkan Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">2147-284X</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2147-284X</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>MUSA YILMAZ</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17694/bajece.1907986</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Software Engineering (Other)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Yazılım Mühendisliği (Diğer)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>Short-Term Spinning Reserve Requirement Estimation Using TimeGAN-Based Synthetic Data Augmentation and a Hybrid LSTM–XGBoost Model</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="tr">
                                    <trans-title>TimeGAN Tabanlı Sentetik Veri Artırımı ve Hibrit LSTM–XGBoost Modeli Kullanılarak Kısa Dönemli Döner Rezerv Gereksiniminin Tahmin Edilmesi</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9303-1735</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Sönmez</surname>
                                    <given-names>Yasin</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>BATMAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260329">
                    <day>03</day>
                    <month>29</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>14</volume>
                                                    <fpage>101</fpage>
                                        <lpage>108</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20260311">
                        <day>03</day>
                        <month>11</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20260328">
                        <day>03</day>
                        <month>28</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2013, Balkan Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2013</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Balkan Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>Accurate short-term forecasting of spinning reserve requirements is essential for ensuring frequency stability, operational reliability, and economic efficiency in modern power systems. However, the increasing penetration of renewable energy resources and the limited availability of high-quality operational data make reliable forecasting a challenging task. This study proposes a novel hybrid forecasting framework that integrates synthetic data generation, deep learning, and machine learning to overcome these limitations. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first study that integrates TimeGAN-based synthetic data generation with a hybrid LSTM–XGBoost model specifically for short-term spinning reserve forecasting. Given the limited availability of real-world spinning reserve datasets, this study employs a TimeGAN-based synthetic data generation approach trained on multivariate power system variables (load, renewable generation, and frequency) to construct a realistic and representative dataset for model development. First, TimeGAN is employed to generate realistic synthetic time-series data that preserve the temporal dynamics of load, renewable generation, frequency deviations, and spinning reserve patterns. This synthetic data is combined with real operational records to enhance the diversity and volume of the training set. Then, a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model is used to capture long-range temporal dependencies, while XGBoost is applied to learn nonlinear and feature-driven relationships within the data. Finally, a hybrid fusion strategy based on both weighted blending and stacking regression combines the strengths of the two models. Experimental evaluations demonstrate that the hybrid model significantly outperforms individual models across all metrics. The stacking-based hybrid approach achieves the best performance with RMSE = 12.84 MW, MAPE = 4.21%, and R² = 0.965, outperforming LSTM and XGBoost by substantial margins. Additionally, the integration of TimeGAN reduces forecasting errors by up to 18% and improves generalization, highlighting its effectiveness in addressing data scarcity and privacy constraints. The results confirm that the proposed TimeGAN–LSTM–XGBoost framework provides a robust, scalable, and highly accurate solution for short-term spinning reserve forecasting, with strong potential for real-world deployment in power system operation and energy markets.</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="tr">
                            <p>Döner rezerv gereksiniminin kısa dönemli olarak doğru biçimde tahmin edilmesi, modern güç sistemlerinde frekans kararlılığının sağlanması, işletme güvenilirliğinin korunması ve ekonomik verimliliğin artırılması açısından kritik bir öneme sahiptir. Bununla birlikte yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının elektrik üretimindeki payının giderek artması ve yüksek kaliteli operasyonel verilere erişimde yaşanan kısıtlar, güvenilir tahmin modellerinin geliştirilmesini zorlaştırmaktadır. Bu çalışma, söz konusu sınırlamaları aşmak amacıyla sentetik veri üretimi, derin öğrenme ve makine öğrenmesini bütünleştiren yeni bir hibrit tahmin çerçevesi önermektedir. İlk aşamada, yük talebi, yenilenebilir enerji üretimi, frekans sapmaları ve döner rezerv davranışlarının zaman dinamiklerini koruyan gerçekçi sentetik zaman serisi verileri üretmek için TimeGAN modeli kullanılmıştır. Üretilen bu sentetik veriler, eğitim veri setinin çeşitliliğini ve hacmini artırmak amacıyla gerçek operasyonel kayıtlarla birleştirilmiştir. Ardından uzun dönemli zamansal bağımlılıkları yakalayabilmek için Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) modeli kullanılmış, verideki doğrusal olmayan ve özellik tabanlı ilişkileri öğrenmek amacıyla ise XGBoost algoritması uygulanmıştır. Son aşamada, iki modelin güçlü yönlerini bir araya getirmek amacıyla ağırlıklı birleştirme (weighted blending) ve stacking regresyon yöntemlerine dayalı bir hibrit füzyon stratejisi geliştirilmiştir. Deneysel değerlendirmeler, önerilen hibrit modelin tüm performans ölçütleri bakımından tekil modellere kıyasla belirgin şekilde daha üstün sonuçlar verdiğini göstermektedir. Stacking tabanlı hibrit yaklaşım en iyi performansı sağlayarak RMSE = 12.84 MW, MAPE = %4.21 ve R² = 0.965 değerlerine ulaşmıştır. Bu sonuçlar, LSTM ve XGBoost modellerine kıyasla önemli ölçüde daha yüksek doğruluk sağlamaktadır. Ayrıca TimeGAN entegrasyonu, tahmin hatalarını %18’e kadar azaltmış ve modelin genelleme yeteneğini artırmıştır. Bu durum, TimeGAN yaklaşımının veri yetersizliği ve veri gizliliği gibi sorunların aşılmasında etkili olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Elde edilen bulgular, önerilen TimeGAN–LSTM–XGBoost tabanlı hibrit çerçevenin kısa dönemli döner rezerv tahmini için sağlam, ölçeklenebilir ve yüksek doğruluk sağlayan bir çözüm sunduğunu ve güç sistemi işletimi ile enerji piyasalarında gerçek uygulamalar için önemli bir potansiyele sahip olduğunu göstermektedir.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Spinning Reserve Forecasting</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  TimeGAN</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  XGBoost</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  LSTM</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                        
                                                                            <kwd-group xml:lang="tr">
                                                    <kwd>Döner Rezerv Tahmini</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  TimeGAN</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  LSTM</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  XGBoost</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                            </article-meta>
    </front>
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