ANTHROPOMETRIC and LABORATORY METHODS in ELDERLY MALNUTRITION and ITS EVALUATION

Year 2021, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 73 - 84, 29.04.2021

Gökcen Doğan , Eda Köksal

Abstract

In Turkey, as in the whole world, the elderly population is increasing day by day. As of 2019, 9.1% of Turkey's population is made up of individuals 65 and older. It is very important to use standard terminology and a professional language based on evidence that is widely accepted in vulnerable groups such as elderly, in the fight against nutritional disorders. It is also necessary to establish differential diagnoses in malnutrition, sarcopenia, cachexia and fragility, and to establish appropriate treatments. The purpose of this review is to explain the anthropometric and laboratory methods used in the evaluation of nutritional status in older people and to share the terminology of malnutrition with current criteria.

Keywords

Anthropometry, Cachexia, Elderly, Malnutrition, Sarcopenia

Yaşlıda Malnütrisyon ve Değerlendirilmesinde Antropometrik ve Laboratuvar Yöntemler

Abstract

Türkiye’de de tüm Dünyada olduğu gibi yaşlı nüfus her geçen gün artmaktadır. Türkiye nüfusunun 2019 yılı itibariyle %9.1’ini 65 yaş ve üzeri bireyler oluşturmaktadır. Beslenme bozukluklarıyla mücadelede özellikle yaşlılık gibi hassas dönemlerde kanıta dayalı ve geniş kitlelerce kabul edilmiş standart terminolojinin ve profesyonel bir dilin kullanılması oldukça önemlidir. Malnütrisyon, sarkopeni, kaşeksi ve kırılganlıkta ayırıcı tanıların ortaya konması, uygun tedavilerin oluşturulması için de gereklidir. Bu derlemenin amacı yaşlılıkta beslenme durumu değerlendirilmesinde kullanılan antropometrik ve laboratuvar yöntemlerin açıklanması ve malnütrisyon terminolojisinin güncel kriterleriyle paylaşılmasıdır.

Keywords

Antropometri, Malnütrisyon, Sarkopeni, Yaşlı, Kaşeksi

References

• Abe, K., Tamaki, J., Kadowaki, E., Sato, Y., Morita, A., Komatsu, M., Iki, M. (2008). Use of anthropometric indicators in screening for undiagnosed vertebral fractures: A cross-sectional analysis of the Fukui Osteoporosis Cohort (FOC) study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 9(1), 157.
• Ahmed, T., Haboubi, N. (2010). Assessment and management of nutrition in older people and its importance to health. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 5, 207.
• Akdeniz, V., Kınık, Ö., Yerlikaya, O., Akan, E. (2016). İnsan sağlığı ve beslenme fizyolojisi açısından çinkonun önemi. Akademik Gıda, 14(3), 307-314.
• Anker, S.D., Coats, A. J. (1999). Cardiac cachexia: a syndrome with impaired survival and immune and neuroendocrine activation. Chest, 115(3), 836-847.
• Ashwell, M., & Hsieh, S. D. (2005). Six reasons why the waist-to-height ratio is a rapid and effective global indicator for health risks of obesity and how its use could simplify the international public health message on obesity. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 56(5), 303-307.
• Baumgartner, R. N., Koehler, K. M., Gallagher, D., Romero, L., Heymsfield, S. B., Ross, R. R., Lindeman, R. D. (1998). Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico. American Journal of Epidemiology, 147(8), 755-763.
• BAPEN (2011). The British Association for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (BAPEN). Erişim Adresi: https://www.bapen.org.uk/pdfs/must/must_explan.pdf.
• Bassey, E.J. (1986). Demi-span as a measure of skeletal size. Annals of human biology, 13(5), 499-502.
• Başıbüyük, G.Ö., Bektaş, Y., Çınar, Z., Ay, F., Alan, A. (2017) Huzurevinde Kalan yaşlılarda malnütrisyon sıklığı. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Cilt 3(2), 339-348.
• Baysal, A., Aksoy, M., Besler, T., Bozkurt, N., Keçecıoğlu, S., Merdol Kutluay T., Pekcan, G., Mercangil, S.M., Yılmaz E.. (2008). Diyet El Kitabı. Ankara: Hatiboğlu Yayınevi. 99-142.
• Cederholm, T., Jensen, G.L., Correia, MITD, Gonzalez, M.C...GLIM Core Leadership Committee; GLIM Working Group. (2019). GLIM criteria for the diagnosis of malnutrition - A consensus report from the global clinical nutrition community. Clinical Nutrition, 38(1), 1-9.
• Cederholm, T., Barazzoni, R., Austin, P., Ballmer, P., Biolo, G., Bischoff, S. C., Jensen, G. L. (2017). ESPEN guidelines on definitions and terminology of clinical nutrition. Clinical Nutrition, 36(1), 49-64.
• Cederholm, T., Bosaeus, I., Barazzoni, R., Bauer, J., Van Gossum, A., Klek, S., de van der Schueren, M. A. E. (2015). Diagnostic criteria for malnutrition–an ESPEN consensus statement. Clinical Nutrition, 34(3), 335-340.
• Chumlea, W.C. (1985). Nutritional anthropometric assessment in elderly persons 65 to 90 years of age. Journal of Nutrition for the Elderly. 4, 35-91.
• Chumlea, W.C., Guo S., Roche, A.F., Steinbaugh, M.L. (1988). Prediction of body weight for the nonambulatory elderly from anthropometry. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 88, 564-8.
• Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Baeyens, J. P., Bauer, J. M., Boirie, Y., Cederholm, T., Landi, F., Topinková, E. (2010). Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People A. J. Cruz-Gentoft et al. Age and Ageing, 39(4), 412-423.
• Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Bahat, G., Bauer, J., Boirie, Y., Bruyère, O., Cederholm, T., Schneider, S. M. (2019). Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age and Ageing, 48(1), 16-31.
• Delmonico, M. J., Harris, T. B., Lee, J. S., Visser, M., Nevitt, M., Kritchevsky, S. B., Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. (2007). Alternative definitions of sarcopenia, lower extremity performance, and functional impairment with aging in older men and women. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 55(5), 769-774.
• Deurenberg, P., Hulshof, T., Evers, P. (1989). Body mass index as a measure of body fatness in the elderly. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 43(4), 231-236. Estimating stature from knee height (1990), Colombus, OH: Ross Laboratories.
• Evans, W. J., Morley, J. E., Argilés, J., Bales, C., Baracos, V., Guttridge, D., Marks, D. (2008). Cachexia: a new definition. Clinical Nutrition, 27(6), 793-799.
• Fearon, K., Strasser, F., Anker, S.D., Bosaeus, I., Bruera, E., Fainsinger, R.L., et al. Definition and clasification on cancer cachexia: an international consensus. Lancet Oncol, 12, 489-495.
• Gřiva, M. (2016). Cardiac cachexia–Up-to-date 2015. Cor et Vasa, 58(4), e431-e438.
• Guerra, R. S., Amaral, T. F., Marques, E., Mota, J., Restivo, M. T. (2010). Accuracy of Siri and Brozek equations in the percent body fat estimation in older adults. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 14(9), 744-748.
• Haapala, I., Hirvonen, A., Niskanen, L., Uusitupa, M., Kröger, H., Alhava, E., Nissinen, A. (2002). Anthropometry, bioelectrical impedance and dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry in the assessment of body composition in elderly Finnish women. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging, 22(6), 383-391.
• Harorlı, A., Miloğlu, Ö. (2016). Manyetik Rezonans Görüntüleme. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology-Special Topics, 2(1), 22-32.
• Heymsfield, S. B., McManus, C., Smith, J., Stevens, V., Nixon, D. W. (1982). Anthropometric measurement of muscle mass: revised equations for calculating bone-free arm muscle area. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 36(4), 680-690.
• Janssen, I. (2010). Evolution of sarcopenia research. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 35(5), 707-712.
• Jensen, G.L., Mirtallo, J., Compher, C., Dhaliwal, R., Forbes, A., Grijalba, R.F. et al. (2010). International consensus guideline committee. Adult starvation and diseaserelated malnutrition: a proposal for etiology-based diagnosis in the clinical practice setting from the International consensus guideline committee. Clinical Nutrition, 29, 151-3.
• Karaca, M., Çiltaş, A., Benekli, M. (2016). Kaşeksi ve kanser. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Oncology Special Topics, 9(3), 33-38.
• Kim, K. M., Jang, H. C., & Lim, S. (2016). Differences among skeletal muscle mass indices derived from height-, weight-, and body mass index-adjusted models in assessing sarcopenia. The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine, 31(4), 643.
• Lehmann, A., Bassey, E.J., Morgan, K., Dallosso, H.M. (1991). Normal values for weight, height, skeletal size and body mass indices in 890 men and women aged over 65 years. Clinical Nutrition, 10: 18-22.
• Lippmann, H. I. (1993). Geriatric Nutrition: The Health Professional's Handbook. Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation, 9(1), 78.
• Lorini, C., Collini, F., Castagnoli, M., Di Bari, M., Cavallini, M. C., Zaffarana, N., Bonaccorsi, G. (2014). Using alternative or direct anthropometric measurements to assess risk for malnutrition in nursing homes. Nutrition, 30(10), 1171-1176.
• Melo, A. P. F., Salles, R. K. D., Vieira, F. G. K., Ferreira, M. G. (2014). Methods for estimating body weight and height in hospitalized adults: a comparative analysis. Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria & Desempenho Humano, 16(4), 475-484.
• Monereo-Muñoz, M., Martín-Ponce, E., Hernández-Luis, R., Quintero-Platt, G., Gómez-Rodríguez-Bethencourt, M. Á., González-Reimers, E., Santolaria, F. (2019). Prognostic value of muscle mass assessed by DEXA in elderly hospitalized patients. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, 32, 118-124.
• Muscaritoli, M., Anker, S. D., Argiles, J., Aversa, Z., Bauer, J. M., Biolo, G. I. A. N. N. I., Fearon, K. C. (2010). Consensus definition of sarcopenia, cachexia and pre-cachexia: joint document elaborated by Special Interest Groups (SIG)“cachexia-anorexia in chronic wasting diseases” and “nutrition in geriatrics”. Clinical Nutrition, 29(2), 154-159.
• Newman, A. B., Kupelian, V., Visser, M., Simonsick, E., Goodpaster, B., Nevitt, M., Harris, T. B. (2003). Sarcopenia: alternative definitions and associations with lower extremity function. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 51(11), 1602-16.
• Nguyen, T. V., Sambrook, P. N., Eisman, J. A. (1998). Bone loss, physical activity, and weight change in elderly women: the Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 13(9), 1458-1467.
• Özer, E., Kapucu, S. (2013). Yaşlılarda görülen yetersiz beslenme ve risk faktörleri. Akad Geriatri, 5, 5-11.
• Parker, J.M., Dillard, T.A., & Phillips, Y.Y. (1996). Arm span-height relationships in patients referred for spirometry. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 154(2), 533-536.
• Pasha, E. P., Birdsill, A., Parker, P., Elmenshawy, A., Tanaka, H., Haley, A. P. (2017). Visceral adiposity predicts subclinical white matter hyperintensities in middle-aged adults. Obesity Research & Clinical Practice, 11(2), 177-187.
• Pehlivan, S., Karadakovan, A. (2013). Yaşlı bireylerde fizyolojik değişiklikler ve hemşirelik tanılaması. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 3, 385-395.
• Preedy, V. R. (Ed.). (2012). Handbook of anthropometry: physical measures of human form in health and disease. Springer Science & Business Media. p.744.
• Rabito, E. I., Vannucchi, G. B., Suen, V. M. M., Castilho Neto, L. L., & Marchini, J. S. (2006). Weight and height prediction of immobilized patients. Revista de Nutrição, 19(6), 655-661.
• Reiss, J., Iglseder, B., Alzner, R., Mayr-Pirker, B., Pirich, C., Kässmann, H., Reiter, R. (2019). Consequences of applying the new EWGSOP2 guideline instead of the former EWGSOP guideline for sarcopenia case finding in older patients. Age and Ageing, 48(5), 719-724.
• Rolland, Y., Czerwinski, S., Van Kan, G. A., Morley, J. E., Cesari, M., Onder, G., Chumlea, W. M. C. (2008). Sarcopenia: its assessment, etiology, pathogenesis, consequences and future perspectives. The Journal of Nutrition Health and Aging, 12(7), 433-450.
• Rolland, Y., Lauwers‐Cances, V., Cournot, M., Nourhashémi, F., Reynish, W., Rivière, D., Grandjean, H. (2003). Sarcopenia, calf circumference, and physical function of elderly women: a cross‐sectional study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 51(8), 1120-1124.
• Roy, M., Gaudreau, P., Payette, H. (2016). A scoping review of anorexia of aging correlates and their relevance to population health interventions. Appetite, 105, 688-99.
• Seidell, J. C., Visscher, T. L. (2000). Body weight and weight change and their health implications for the elderly. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 54(3), 33. Sökmen, Ü. N., Dişçigil, G. (2017). Yaşlılıkta sarkopeni. The journal of Turkish Family Psyhcians, 8(2), 49-54.
• Suriah, A. R., Zalifah, M. K., Zainorni, M. J., Shafawi, S., Suraya, M., Zarina, N. (1998). Anthropometric measurements of the elderly. Malaysian Journal of nutrition, 4(1 & 2), 55-63.
• T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Diyetisyenler İçin Hasta İzleme Rehberi/ Ağırlık Yönetimi El Kitabı, T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü, Yayın No: 1081, Ankara ve Yayın Tarihi: 2017 sf: 73.
• TÜİK. (Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu) (2018). Erişim Adresi: https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/birimler/kronik-hastaliklar-engelli-db/hastaliklar/Yasli_Sagligi/raporlar_istatistikler/TUIK_Yasli_Istatistik_2018.pdf.
• Tosato, M., Marzetti, E., Cesari, M., Savera, G., Miller, R. R., Bernabei, R., Calvani, R. (2017). Measurement of muscle mass in sarcopenia: from imaging to biochemical markers. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 29(1), 19-27.
• Vikstedt, T.S. (2011). Nutritional status, energy, protein and micronutrient intake of older service house residents. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 12, 302-307.
• Ülger, Z., Halil, M., Cankurtaran, M., Yavuz, B.B., Yesil, Y., Kuyumcu, M.E., Ariogul, S. (2013). Malnutrition in Turkish nursing homes: a correlate of short term mortality. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 17(4), 305-309.
• White, J.V., Guenter, P., Jensen, G., Malone, A., Schofield, M.; Academy Malnutrition Work Group; A.S.P.E.N. Malnutrition Task Force; A.S.P.E.N. Board of Directors. (2012). Consensus statement: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition: characteristics recommended for the identification and documentation of adult malnutrition (undernutrition). Journal of Parenteral Enteral Nutrition, 36(3), 275-283.
• WHO. (2015). World Health Organization. World report on ageing and health. World Health Organization.