Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Sosyal taşıma kapasitesi: İçmeler-Marmaris örneği

Year 2021, Volume: 24 Issue: 45, 665 - 695, 30.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.31795/baunsobed.771210

Abstract

Deniz, güneş ve kum amaçlı tatile yönelik turizmin 1950’li yıllardan itibaren yerli ve yabancı turistlerini çekmeye başlayan Marmaris destinasyonunda, İçmeler Mahallesi büyük ölçekli turizm işletmelerinin yer aldığı, ekonomik açıdan yürütülen faaliyetlerin turizm odaklı olduğu bir yerleşim yeridir. İçmeler’de konaklamadan, yiyecek işletmelerine, hatıra eşya dükkânlarından eğlence işletmelerine, turistlerin yerel halkla iç içe olabildikleri apart oteller bulunmakta ve mavi bayraklı plajlarıyla farklı bir turistik doku sergilemektedir. Deniz, güneş ve kum amaçlı tatile yönelik turizme dayalı yapısıyla İçmeler’de tüm turizm paydaşlarının beklentilerinin karşılanabilmesi ve turizmin sürdürülebilir kılınması için sosyal taşıma kapasitesi durumunun, turizm planlamacıları ve turizm yönetiminden sorumlu yetkililerce bilinmesi gerekmektedir. Çalışmanın ortaya çıkmasında, İçmeler’de sosyal taşıma kapasitesi hangi düzeydedir? sorusu etkili olmuş, bu bağlamda yapılan çalışma ile yerel halkın turizme ve turiste yönelik sosyal taşıma kapasitesi, bir diğer ifadeyle turizm faaliyetlerinden ve turistlerden hoşnut olup olmadıkları belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Saha araştırması için yerel halktan 400 kişiye anket dağıtılmış, geri dönen ve geçerli olan 315 anket formundan elde edilen veriler SPSS 22.0’da analiz edilmiştir. Yerel halkın “sosyal taşıma kapasitesine yönelik turizm deneyimi” düzeyi yüksek (3,846 ± 0,646), alt boyutları oluşturan “piyasa değer ve gelir artışı” boyutu çok yüksek (4,295 ± 0,851); “geleneksel ve psikolojik değişim” (3,893 ± 0,880); “sosyo-ekonomik değişim” (3,611 ± 0,838) ve “fiziksel gelişmişlik” (3,695 ± 0,982) boyutlarının düzeyi yüksek olarak saptanmıştır. Ayrıca katılımcıların %75,6’sının (n=238) “İçmeler’de turizmin gelişmeye devam etmesini istedikleri” ve “turizm deneyimlerinden hoşnut oldukları” sonuçlarına ulaşılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular doğrultusunda yerel halkın turizme yönelik deneyimlerinde, sosyal taşıma kapasitesinin İçmeler’de aşılmadığı söylenebilir.

References

  • Armono, H. D., Rosyid, D. M. ve Nuzula, N. I. (2017). Carrying Capacity Model Applied to Coastal Ecotourism of Baluran National Park, Indonesia. CITIES 2016 International Conference: Coastal Planning for Sustainable Maritime Development 18 October 2016, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 79 (s. 1-8). Surabaya, Indonesia: IOP Publishing .
  • Avcıkurt, C. (2015). Turizm Sosyolojisi Genel ve Yapısal Yaklaşım (4. bs.). Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Bera, S., Majumdar, D. D. ve Paul, A. K. (2015). Estimation of Tourism Carrying Capacity for Neil Island, South Andaman, India. Journal of Coastal Science, 2 (2), 46-53.
  • Buckley, R. (1999). An Ecological Perspective on Carrying Capacity. Annals of Tourism Research, 26 (3), 705-708.
  • Castellani, V., Sala, S. ve Pitea, D. (2007). A New Method for Tourism Carrying Capacity Assessment. E. Tiezzi, J. C. Marques, C. A. Brebbia, & S. E. Jørgensen, (Eds.). Ecosystems And Sustainable Development VI. içinde (ss. 365-374). Southampton: WIT Press.
  • Çalık, A. Ö. (2014, Mart). Turistik Merkezlerin Sosyal Taşıma Kapasitesi: Beypazarı Örneği. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, T.C. Gazi Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Çuhadar, M. ve Kervankıran, İ. (2015). Turizmin Sürdürülebilirliğine Yönelik Yabancı Turistlerin Algı ve Tutumları: Marmaris Örneği . SDÜ Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (36), 139-166.
  • Eugenio-Martin, J. L. (2011). Assessing Social Carrying Capacity of Tourism Destinations with Random Utility Models. Estudios De Economia Aplicada, 29 (3), 881-902.
  • George, R. M. ve Kini, M. K. (2016). Formulating Urban Design Guidelines for Optimum Carrying Capacity of a Place. Procedia Technology, (24), 1742-1479.
  • Hallo, J. C. ve Manning, R. E. (2010). Analysis of The Social Carrying Capacity of A National Park Scenic Road. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, (4), 75-94.
  • Ivanova, P. (2015). An Analysis of Tourist Visits to Bulgaria in Terms of Its Carrying Capacity. Narodnostopanski Arhiv,(4), 19-36.
  • Jovicic, D. ve Dragin, A. (2008). The Assessment of Carrying Capacity – A Crucial Tool for Managing Tourism Effects in Tourist Destinations. Turizam, (12), 4-11.
  • Kennell, J. (2016). Carrying Capacity. Jafari, J. ve Xiao, H. (Eds.). Encyclopedia of Tourism içinde (pp. 133-135). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
  • Keyser, H. (2002). Tourism Development. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.
  • Lindberg, K., McCool, S. ve Stankey, G. (1997). Rethinking Carrying Capacity. Annals of Tourism Research, 24 (2), 461-465.
  • Liu, Y., Zhang, J., Wang, S., Wang, Y. ve Zhao, A. (2018). Assessment of Environmental Carrying Capacity Using Principal Component Analysis. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, (6), 54-65.
  • López-Bonilla, J. M. ve López-Bonilla, L. M. (2008). Measuring Social Carrying Capacity: An Exploratory Study. Tourismos: An International Multıdisciplinary Journal of Tourism, 3 (1), 116-134.
  • Maggi, E. ve Fredella, F. L. (2010). The Carrying Capacity Of A Tourist Destination. The Case Of A Coastal Italian City. In Proceedings European Regional Science Association (ERSA) Congress Sustainable Regional Growth and Development in The Creative Knowledge Economy, 1–18.
  • Özgürel, G. (2020). Turizm Destinasyonlarında Yerleşik Yabancı-Yerel Halk Etkileşimi Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, T.C. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Balıkesir.
  • Papageorgiou, G. ve Brotherton, I. (1999). A Management Planning Framework Based on Ecological, Perceptual and Economic Carrying Capacity: The Case Study of Vikos-Aoos National Park,Greece. Journal of Environmental Management, (56), 271-284.
  • Saveriades, A. (2000). Establishing The Social Tourism Carrying Capacity for The Tourist Resorts of The East Coast of The Republic of Cyprus. Tourism Management, (21), 147-156.
  • Seçilmiş, C. ve Kılıç, İ. (2018). Turistik Destinasyonlarda Yerel Halk ve Turist Gözünden Taşıma Kapasitesinin Değerlendirilmesi: Eskişehir Örneği. Seyahat ve Otel İşletmeciliği Dergisi, 15 (3), 506-522.
  • Sharma, R. (2016). Evaluating Total Carrying Capacity of Tourism Using Impact Indicators. Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management, 2 (2), 187-196.
  • Stankey, G., H.; Cole, D., N.; Lucas, R. C.; Petersen, M., E. ve Frissell, S., S. (1985). The Limits Of Acceptable Change (Lac) System For Wilderness Planning. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-176. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 37 p.
  • Sümbüloğlu, K. (1993). Biyoistatistik. Ankara: Özdemir Yayıncılık.
  • Terzi, Y. (2017). Güvenilirlik Analizi Ders Notları. OMÜ Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi İstatistik Bölümü: 12.04.2018 tarihinde http://ist.fef.omu.edu.tr/tr/hakkimizda/ders-notlari/GA-2017y.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Tokarchuk, O., Gabriele, R. ve Maurer, O. (2020). Estimating Tourism Social Carrying Capacity. Annals of Tourism Research. 14.07.2020 tarihinde https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102971 adresinden erişildi.
  • Trakolis, D. (2003). Carrying Capacity - An Old Concept: Significance for The Management of Urban Forest Resources. New Medit N., (3), 58-64.
  • TÜİK. (2019). Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi Sonuçları. Ankara: Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. 10.07.2020 tarihinde www.tuik.gov.tr: https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=tr adresinden erişildi.
  • Ural, A. ve Kılıç, İ. (2018) Bilimsel Araştırma Süreci ve SPSS ile Veri Analizi. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Vishwambhar, P. S. (2018). Carrying Capacity Analysis and Destination Development: A Case Study of Gangotri Tourists/Pilgrims’ Circuit in The Himalaya. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 23 (3), 312-322.
  • Wang, J., Huang, X., Gong, Z. ve Cao, K. (2020). Dynamic Assessment of Tourism Carrying Capacity and Its Impacts on Tourism Economic Growth in Urban Tourism Destinations in China. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, (15), 1-15.
  • Watson, G. L. ve Kopachevsky, J. P. (1996). Tourist Carrying Capacity: A Critical Look at the Discursive Dimension. Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research, (2), 169-179.
  • Wei, Y., Huang, C., Lam, P. T. ve Yuan, Z. (2015). Sustainable Urban Development: A Review on Urban Carrying Capacity Assessment. Habitat International, (46), 64-71.
  • World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). (2018). Centre of Expertise Leisure, Tourism & Hospitality; NHTV Breda University of Applied Sciences; and NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences (2018), ‘Overtourism’? – Understanding and Managing Urban Tourism Growth beyond Perceptions, Executive Summary. Madrid: UNWTO. 15.07.2020 tarihinde https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284420070 adresinden erişildi.
  • Zhang, L. ve Chung, S. (2015). Assessing the Social Carrying Capacity of Diving Sites in Mabul Island, Malaysia. Environmental Management, (56), 1467-1477.

Social carrying capacity: İçmeler-Marmaris sample

Year 2021, Volume: 24 Issue: 45, 665 - 695, 30.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.31795/baunsobed.771210

Abstract

In the destination of Marmaris that began to attract domestic and foreign tourists of sun, sea, and sand tourism as of the 1950s, İçmeler district is a settlement where large-scale tourism businesses are located and economic activities are focused on tourism. In İçmeler, there is a widespread of opportunities for tourists, including accommodation, restaurants, souvenir shops, places of entertainment, and apart-hotels where tourists can spend time together with the local people; it also presents a different touristic texture thanks to its blue flag beaches. In order to meet the expectations of all tourism stakeholders and to make tourism sustainable in İçmeler with its sun, sea, and sand tourism-based structure, social carrying capacity should be known by tourism planners and officials responsible for tourism management. “What level is the social carrying capacity in İçmeler?” question inspired the study, and the social carrying capacity of the local people towards tourism and tourists, in other words, whether they are satisfied with tourism activities and tourists was tried to be determined through the study conducted in this sense. For field research, 400 local people were delivered questionnaires, and data obtained from 315 responded and valid questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 package program. It was determined that the local people’s level of “tourism experience towards social carrying capacity” was high (3,846 ± 0,646), that the “market value and income increase” subscale was very high (4,295 ± 0,851), while “traditional and psychological change” (3,893 ± 0,880), “socio-economic change” (3,611 ± 0,838), and “physical development” (3,695 ± 0,982) subscales were found to be high. Besides, it was concluded that 75.6% (n=238) of the respondents “desired tourism to continue to develop in the region” and “they were satisfied with their tourism experiences”. In line with the findings, it can be said that the social carrying capacity was not exceeded in the experiences of local people towards tourism in İçmeler.

References

  • Armono, H. D., Rosyid, D. M. ve Nuzula, N. I. (2017). Carrying Capacity Model Applied to Coastal Ecotourism of Baluran National Park, Indonesia. CITIES 2016 International Conference: Coastal Planning for Sustainable Maritime Development 18 October 2016, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 79 (s. 1-8). Surabaya, Indonesia: IOP Publishing .
  • Avcıkurt, C. (2015). Turizm Sosyolojisi Genel ve Yapısal Yaklaşım (4. bs.). Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Bera, S., Majumdar, D. D. ve Paul, A. K. (2015). Estimation of Tourism Carrying Capacity for Neil Island, South Andaman, India. Journal of Coastal Science, 2 (2), 46-53.
  • Buckley, R. (1999). An Ecological Perspective on Carrying Capacity. Annals of Tourism Research, 26 (3), 705-708.
  • Castellani, V., Sala, S. ve Pitea, D. (2007). A New Method for Tourism Carrying Capacity Assessment. E. Tiezzi, J. C. Marques, C. A. Brebbia, & S. E. Jørgensen, (Eds.). Ecosystems And Sustainable Development VI. içinde (ss. 365-374). Southampton: WIT Press.
  • Çalık, A. Ö. (2014, Mart). Turistik Merkezlerin Sosyal Taşıma Kapasitesi: Beypazarı Örneği. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, T.C. Gazi Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Çuhadar, M. ve Kervankıran, İ. (2015). Turizmin Sürdürülebilirliğine Yönelik Yabancı Turistlerin Algı ve Tutumları: Marmaris Örneği . SDÜ Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (36), 139-166.
  • Eugenio-Martin, J. L. (2011). Assessing Social Carrying Capacity of Tourism Destinations with Random Utility Models. Estudios De Economia Aplicada, 29 (3), 881-902.
  • George, R. M. ve Kini, M. K. (2016). Formulating Urban Design Guidelines for Optimum Carrying Capacity of a Place. Procedia Technology, (24), 1742-1479.
  • Hallo, J. C. ve Manning, R. E. (2010). Analysis of The Social Carrying Capacity of A National Park Scenic Road. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, (4), 75-94.
  • Ivanova, P. (2015). An Analysis of Tourist Visits to Bulgaria in Terms of Its Carrying Capacity. Narodnostopanski Arhiv,(4), 19-36.
  • Jovicic, D. ve Dragin, A. (2008). The Assessment of Carrying Capacity – A Crucial Tool for Managing Tourism Effects in Tourist Destinations. Turizam, (12), 4-11.
  • Kennell, J. (2016). Carrying Capacity. Jafari, J. ve Xiao, H. (Eds.). Encyclopedia of Tourism içinde (pp. 133-135). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
  • Keyser, H. (2002). Tourism Development. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.
  • Lindberg, K., McCool, S. ve Stankey, G. (1997). Rethinking Carrying Capacity. Annals of Tourism Research, 24 (2), 461-465.
  • Liu, Y., Zhang, J., Wang, S., Wang, Y. ve Zhao, A. (2018). Assessment of Environmental Carrying Capacity Using Principal Component Analysis. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, (6), 54-65.
  • López-Bonilla, J. M. ve López-Bonilla, L. M. (2008). Measuring Social Carrying Capacity: An Exploratory Study. Tourismos: An International Multıdisciplinary Journal of Tourism, 3 (1), 116-134.
  • Maggi, E. ve Fredella, F. L. (2010). The Carrying Capacity Of A Tourist Destination. The Case Of A Coastal Italian City. In Proceedings European Regional Science Association (ERSA) Congress Sustainable Regional Growth and Development in The Creative Knowledge Economy, 1–18.
  • Özgürel, G. (2020). Turizm Destinasyonlarında Yerleşik Yabancı-Yerel Halk Etkileşimi Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, T.C. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Balıkesir.
  • Papageorgiou, G. ve Brotherton, I. (1999). A Management Planning Framework Based on Ecological, Perceptual and Economic Carrying Capacity: The Case Study of Vikos-Aoos National Park,Greece. Journal of Environmental Management, (56), 271-284.
  • Saveriades, A. (2000). Establishing The Social Tourism Carrying Capacity for The Tourist Resorts of The East Coast of The Republic of Cyprus. Tourism Management, (21), 147-156.
  • Seçilmiş, C. ve Kılıç, İ. (2018). Turistik Destinasyonlarda Yerel Halk ve Turist Gözünden Taşıma Kapasitesinin Değerlendirilmesi: Eskişehir Örneği. Seyahat ve Otel İşletmeciliği Dergisi, 15 (3), 506-522.
  • Sharma, R. (2016). Evaluating Total Carrying Capacity of Tourism Using Impact Indicators. Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management, 2 (2), 187-196.
  • Stankey, G., H.; Cole, D., N.; Lucas, R. C.; Petersen, M., E. ve Frissell, S., S. (1985). The Limits Of Acceptable Change (Lac) System For Wilderness Planning. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-176. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 37 p.
  • Sümbüloğlu, K. (1993). Biyoistatistik. Ankara: Özdemir Yayıncılık.
  • Terzi, Y. (2017). Güvenilirlik Analizi Ders Notları. OMÜ Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi İstatistik Bölümü: 12.04.2018 tarihinde http://ist.fef.omu.edu.tr/tr/hakkimizda/ders-notlari/GA-2017y.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Tokarchuk, O., Gabriele, R. ve Maurer, O. (2020). Estimating Tourism Social Carrying Capacity. Annals of Tourism Research. 14.07.2020 tarihinde https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102971 adresinden erişildi.
  • Trakolis, D. (2003). Carrying Capacity - An Old Concept: Significance for The Management of Urban Forest Resources. New Medit N., (3), 58-64.
  • TÜİK. (2019). Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi Sonuçları. Ankara: Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. 10.07.2020 tarihinde www.tuik.gov.tr: https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=tr adresinden erişildi.
  • Ural, A. ve Kılıç, İ. (2018) Bilimsel Araştırma Süreci ve SPSS ile Veri Analizi. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Vishwambhar, P. S. (2018). Carrying Capacity Analysis and Destination Development: A Case Study of Gangotri Tourists/Pilgrims’ Circuit in The Himalaya. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 23 (3), 312-322.
  • Wang, J., Huang, X., Gong, Z. ve Cao, K. (2020). Dynamic Assessment of Tourism Carrying Capacity and Its Impacts on Tourism Economic Growth in Urban Tourism Destinations in China. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, (15), 1-15.
  • Watson, G. L. ve Kopachevsky, J. P. (1996). Tourist Carrying Capacity: A Critical Look at the Discursive Dimension. Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research, (2), 169-179.
  • Wei, Y., Huang, C., Lam, P. T. ve Yuan, Z. (2015). Sustainable Urban Development: A Review on Urban Carrying Capacity Assessment. Habitat International, (46), 64-71.
  • World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). (2018). Centre of Expertise Leisure, Tourism & Hospitality; NHTV Breda University of Applied Sciences; and NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences (2018), ‘Overtourism’? – Understanding and Managing Urban Tourism Growth beyond Perceptions, Executive Summary. Madrid: UNWTO. 15.07.2020 tarihinde https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284420070 adresinden erişildi.
  • Zhang, L. ve Chung, S. (2015). Assessing the Social Carrying Capacity of Diving Sites in Mabul Island, Malaysia. Environmental Management, (56), 1467-1477.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Tourism (Other)
Journal Section Tourism
Authors

Gizem Özgürel 0000-0002-1161-3721

Mesut Bozkurt 0000-0003-3000-6422

Kadir Baysal 0000-0003-2652-6767

Publication Date June 30, 2021
Submission Date July 18, 2020
Acceptance Date April 22, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 24 Issue: 45

Cite

APA Özgürel, G., Bozkurt, M., & Baysal, K. (2021). Sosyal taşıma kapasitesi: İçmeler-Marmaris örneği. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 24(45), 665-695. https://doi.org/10.31795/baunsobed.771210

Baun SOBED