Research Article
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Semantic Approaches to the Licensing Environments of Negative Polarity Items

Year 2021, Issue: 72 (Aralık), 237 - 251, 03.12.2021

Abstract

A Negative Polarity Item (NPI) is a widely attested linguistic object that is canonically licensed in negative environments. In addition to classical negative contexts, NPIs are also attested within questions and protasis of conditionals. Turkish NPIs have been the subject matter of a number of limited corpus-based studies and the following licensing environments have been noted: (i) negative-marked clauses (ii) yes-no questions and (iii) protasis of conditionals. The aim of this study is to review the related literature on semantic conditions on NPI licensing phenomenon by summarizing the studies based on English (Klima, Ladusaw, Zwarts and Giannakidou) and the studies on Turkish (ZidaniEroğlu, Aygen-Tosun, Besler, Kelepir and Görgülü), and thus we try to draw a coherent characterization of the potential NPI triggers across languages and also within the same language.

References

  • Baker, C. L. (1970). Double negatives. Linguistic Inquiry, 1, 169-186.
  • Besler, D. (2000). The question particle and movement in Turkish. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi.
  • Chierchia, G. (2004). Scalar implicatures, polarity phenomena and the syntax/pragmatics interface. Structures and Beyond: The Cartography of Syntactic Structures 3 (ed. A. Belletti) içinde s. 39-103. Oxford: Oxford University.
  • Fauconnier, G. (1975). Pragmatic scales and logical structure. Linguistic Inquiry 6, 353-375.
  • Giannakidou, A. (1998). Polarity sensitivity as (non)veridical dependency. Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins.
  • Giannakidou, A. (2006). Only, emotive factive verbs, and the dual nature of polarity dependency. Language, 82, 575-603.
  • Giannakidou, A. (2011). Positive polarity items and negative polarity items: variation, licensing, and compositionality. Semantics: An international handbook of natural language meaning (second edition) (ed. C. Maienborn, K. von Heusinger, ve P. Portner) içinde s. 1660-1712. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Görgülü, E. (2017). Negative polarity in Turkish: from negation to nonveridicality. Macrolinguistics, 5(7), 51-69.
  • Görgülü, E. (2019). On the functions of two negative sensitive items. Language and Literature II içinde s. 43-58. Academician Publisher.
  • Kadmon, N. & Landman, F. (1993). Any. Linguistics & Philosophy, 16, 353-422.
  • Kelepir, M. (2001). Topics in Turkish syntax: clausal structure and scope. Doktora Tezi. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy.
  • Kesici, A. (2019). Negative polarity items in Y-N questions. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara: ODTÜ.
  • Klima, E. (1964). Negation in English. The Structure of Language (ed. J. Fodor ve J. Katz) içinde s. 246-323. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Ladusaw, W. (1980). Polarity sensitivity as inherent scope relations. New York: Garland.
  • Ladusaw, W. (1983). Logical form and conditions on grammaticality. Linguistics & Philosophy, 6, 373-392.
  • Ladusaw, W. (1996). Negation and polarity items. The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory (ed. S. Lappin) içinde s. 321-341. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Linebarger, M.C. (1987). Negative polarity and grammatical representation. Linguistics&Philosophy 10, 325-387. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00584131.
  • Van der Wouden, T. (1997). Negative contexts: Collocation, polarity and multiple negation. Routledge studies in Germanic linguistics. London & New York: Routledge.
  • Yanılmaz, A. (2009). An investigation into the lexical and syntactic properties of negative polarity items in Turkish. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
  • Zidani-Eroğlu, L. (1997). Indefinite noun phrases in Turkish. Doktora Tezi, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.
  • Zwarts, F. (1981). Negatief polaire uitdrukkingen I. Glot International, 4, 35-132.
  • Zwarts, F. (1993). Three types of polarity. Plural Quantification (ed. F. Hamm, E. Hinrichs) içinde s. 177-238. Dordrecht: Kluwer (1998’de Ms. Groningen, University of Groningen’de yeniden baskı).
  • Zwarts, F. (1995). Nonveridical contexts. Linguistic Analysis, 25, 286-312.

Olumsuz Kutuplanma Ögelerinin Lisans Bağlamlarına Anlam Bilimsel Yaklaşımlar

Year 2021, Issue: 72 (Aralık), 237 - 251, 03.12.2021

Abstract

Olumsuz kutuplama ögesi (OKÖ) doğal dillerde yaygın bir biçimde görülen, ortaya çıkması için genellikle olumsuz biçim birimlerine ihtiyaç duyan bağımlı dilsel unsurlar olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Olumsuzluk ifadelerinin açıkça yer aldığı durumlar dışında OKÖ’ler soru ve şart cümleleri gibi yapılarda da yer yer kendini göstermektedir. OKÖ’ler Türkçede genellikle olumsuzluk ifadelerinde, evet-hayırlı soru cümlelerinde ve nadiren şart cümlelerinin öncüllerinde gözlemlenmekte olup derlem temelli bir incelemeye dayanan sınırlı sayıda çalışmaya da bunların konu edildiği görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada; OKÖ’ler konusunda anlam bilimi temelli yaklaşımları temel alan bir alan yazını taraması yapılarak Klima, Ladusaw, Zwarts, Giannakidou gibi araştırmacıların çoğunlukla İngilizcede ortaya koydukları anlam bilimsel analizlere odaklanılmakta ve Zidani-Eroğlu, Aygen-Tosun, Besler, Kelepir, Görgülü gibi araştırmacıların Türkçeye dair yaptıkları analizler de özetlenerek OKÖ’lerin neden belirli bağlamlara duyarlı olduğu, aynı dil içinde gösterdikleri farklılıklar ile farklı dillerdeki tipolojik gruplandırılmalarda oynadıkları roller konularında araştırmacılara bir bakış açısı sunmak amaçlanmaktadır.

References

  • Baker, C. L. (1970). Double negatives. Linguistic Inquiry, 1, 169-186.
  • Besler, D. (2000). The question particle and movement in Turkish. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi.
  • Chierchia, G. (2004). Scalar implicatures, polarity phenomena and the syntax/pragmatics interface. Structures and Beyond: The Cartography of Syntactic Structures 3 (ed. A. Belletti) içinde s. 39-103. Oxford: Oxford University.
  • Fauconnier, G. (1975). Pragmatic scales and logical structure. Linguistic Inquiry 6, 353-375.
  • Giannakidou, A. (1998). Polarity sensitivity as (non)veridical dependency. Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins.
  • Giannakidou, A. (2006). Only, emotive factive verbs, and the dual nature of polarity dependency. Language, 82, 575-603.
  • Giannakidou, A. (2011). Positive polarity items and negative polarity items: variation, licensing, and compositionality. Semantics: An international handbook of natural language meaning (second edition) (ed. C. Maienborn, K. von Heusinger, ve P. Portner) içinde s. 1660-1712. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Görgülü, E. (2017). Negative polarity in Turkish: from negation to nonveridicality. Macrolinguistics, 5(7), 51-69.
  • Görgülü, E. (2019). On the functions of two negative sensitive items. Language and Literature II içinde s. 43-58. Academician Publisher.
  • Kadmon, N. & Landman, F. (1993). Any. Linguistics & Philosophy, 16, 353-422.
  • Kelepir, M. (2001). Topics in Turkish syntax: clausal structure and scope. Doktora Tezi. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy.
  • Kesici, A. (2019). Negative polarity items in Y-N questions. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara: ODTÜ.
  • Klima, E. (1964). Negation in English. The Structure of Language (ed. J. Fodor ve J. Katz) içinde s. 246-323. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Ladusaw, W. (1980). Polarity sensitivity as inherent scope relations. New York: Garland.
  • Ladusaw, W. (1983). Logical form and conditions on grammaticality. Linguistics & Philosophy, 6, 373-392.
  • Ladusaw, W. (1996). Negation and polarity items. The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory (ed. S. Lappin) içinde s. 321-341. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Linebarger, M.C. (1987). Negative polarity and grammatical representation. Linguistics&Philosophy 10, 325-387. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00584131.
  • Van der Wouden, T. (1997). Negative contexts: Collocation, polarity and multiple negation. Routledge studies in Germanic linguistics. London & New York: Routledge.
  • Yanılmaz, A. (2009). An investigation into the lexical and syntactic properties of negative polarity items in Turkish. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
  • Zidani-Eroğlu, L. (1997). Indefinite noun phrases in Turkish. Doktora Tezi, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.
  • Zwarts, F. (1981). Negatief polaire uitdrukkingen I. Glot International, 4, 35-132.
  • Zwarts, F. (1993). Three types of polarity. Plural Quantification (ed. F. Hamm, E. Hinrichs) içinde s. 177-238. Dordrecht: Kluwer (1998’de Ms. Groningen, University of Groningen’de yeniden baskı).
  • Zwarts, F. (1995). Nonveridical contexts. Linguistic Analysis, 25, 286-312.
There are 23 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Linguistics
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ahmet Naim Çiçekler 0000-0002-1585-2498

Ayşe Büşra Yakut Kubaş 0000-0003-4149-6551

Publication Date December 3, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 72 (Aralık)

Cite

APA Çiçekler, A. N., & Yakut Kubaş, A. B. (2021). Olumsuz Kutuplanma Ögelerinin Lisans Bağlamlarına Anlam Bilimsel Yaklaşımlar. Türk Dili Araştırmaları Yıllığı - Belleten(72 (Aralık), 237-251.