Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun Çöküşü Sonrasında Orta Doğu'nun Durumu: İstikrarsızlığa Teorik Bir Çözüm

Year 2020, Volume: 20 Issue: 1, 19 - 32, 30.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.31456/beytulmakdis.669559

Abstract

References

  • Abi-Aad, N. & Grenon, M. (1997), Instability and Conflict in the Middle East: People, Petroleum and Security Threats, London: Macmillan Press.
  • Abu Shakra, E. (2020), “The Future of Syria: We Talk While Others Think”, Asharq al-Awsat, February 17, available at: https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/2135431/eyad-abu-shakra/future-syria-we-talk-while-others-think.
  • Ayoob, M. (1983), “Security in the Third World: The Worm About to Turn”, International Affairs, 60:1, pp. 41-51.
  • Ayoob, M. (2008), The Many Faces of Political Islam: Religion and Politics in the Muslim World, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
  • Baram, A. (1990), “Territorial Nationalism in the Middle East”, Middle Eastern Studies, 26:4, pp. 425-448.
  • Bridge, R. (2020), “Now Iran & Iraq Both Want the US to leave the Middle East, but it Never will”, RT, January 9, available at: https://www.rt.com/op-ed/477842-us-leave-middle-east-iran-iraq/.
  • Dalacoura, K. (2008), “Democratic Transitions in the Levant: Prospects for Restoring a Regional Order”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, 15:60, pp. 31-44.
  • Eagleton, T. (1990), “Nationalism: Irony and Commitment”, In Nationalism, Colonialism and Literature, edited by: Terry Eagleton, Fredric Jameson & Edward W. Said, 23-39, Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press.
  • El-Awaisi, Abd al-Fattah. (2016), Beytülmakdis Bereket Daireleri Teorisi: Yeni Bir Jeopolitik Teori, translated by: Emine Nur Kafalı, Kübra Arslan & Kübra Türk, İstanbul: Pelikan Basım.
  • El-Awaisi, Abd al-Fattah. (2019), Beytülmakdis ve Geleceğimizin İnşası: Uluslararası İlişkilerde Yeni Bir Tasavvura Doğru, translated by: Emine Nur Kafalı, Kübra Arslan & Kübra Türk, İstanbul: Beytülmakdis Çalışmaları Vakfı-İHH.
  • El-Awaisi, Khalid. (2007), Mapping Islamicjerusalem: A Rediscovery of Geographical Boundaries, Dundee: Al-Maktoum Institute Academic Press.
  • Ehteshami, A. (2007), Globalization and Geopolitics in the Middle East: Old Games, New Rule, Oxon: Routledge.
  • Ergul Jorgensen, A. A. (2019), “The Middle East: Between Myth and Reality”, Global Affairs, 5:1, pp. 81-88.
  • Gopin, M. (2002), Holy War, Holy Peace: How Religion Bring Peace to the Middle East, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Green, D. & Luehrmann, L. (2011), Comparative Politics of the Third World: Linking Concepts and Cases [Third Edition], London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Hathaway, J. The Arab Lands Under Ottoman Rule, 1516-1800. Oxon: Pearson, 2008.
  • Hinnebusch, R. (2017), “Revisiting the 1967 Arab-Israeli War and its Consequences for the Regional System”, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 44:4, pp. 593-609.
  • Kemp, G. (2003), “Europe’s Middle East Challenges”, The Washington Quarterly, 27:1, pp. 163-177.
  • Kubicek, P. (2008), The History of Ukraine, Westport: Greenwood Press.
  • Mather, Y. (2014), “The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and Current Conflict in the Middle East”, Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory, 42:3, pp. 471-485.
  • Öniş, Z. (2014), “Turkey and the Arab Revolutions: Boundaries of Regional Power Influence in Turbulent Middle East”, Mediterranean Politics, 19:2, pp. 203-219.
  • Parsi, T. (2020), “The Middle East is More Stable When the United States Stays Away”, Foreign Policy, January 6, available at: https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/06/the-middle-east-is-more-stable-when-the-united-states-stays-away/.
  • Richards, A. (1995), “Economic Roots of Instability in the Middle East”, Middle East Policy, 4:1, pp. 175-187.
  • Roberts, D. (2013), “US bind over Egypt after supporting Morsi but Encouraging Protesters”, The Guardian, July 3, available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/03/egypt-obama-us-mohamed-morsi-crisis.
  • Said, E. W. (1979), Orientalism, New York: Vintage Books.
  • Stewart, D. J. (2009), The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives, London: Routledge.
  • Stivachtis, Y. (2019), “Political (In)Security in the Middle East”, E-International Relations, April 15, available at: https://www.e-ir.info/2019/04/15/political-insecurity-in-the-middle-east.
  • Telci, İ. N. (2019), “Opposition to Turkey Reflects Arab League’s Hypocrisy”, Anadolu Ajansı, October 21, available at: https://www.aa.com.tr/en/analysis/opposition-to-turkey-reflects-arab-league-s-hypocrisy/1621094.
  • Tira, R. (2016), “The Future Middle East Strategic Balance: Conventional and Unconventional Sources of Instability”, Études de L’Ifri Proliferation Papers, 1:62, pp. 1-62.
  • Quataert, D. (2005), The Ottoman Empire 1700-1922, New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Wallach, Y. (2016), “Rethinking the Yishuv: Late-Ottoman Palestine’s Jewish Communities Revisited”, Journal of Modern Jewish Studies, 16:2, pp. 275-296.
  • Zakariah, M. H. (2012), “Oil, War and European Initiatives for Peace in the Middle East 1973-74: British Attitude and Perspective”, Middle Eastern Studies, 48:4, pp. 589-611.
  • “A Polish Village in Istanbul”, Consulate General of the Republic of Poland in Istanbul, available at: https://stambul.msz.gov.pl/en/polish_community_in_turkey/poland_and_turkey_two_countries_in_one_mirror/a_polish_village_in_istanbul.
  • “Egypt Condemns Signing of MoUs between Turkey, Sarraj on Maritime Jurisdictions”, Egypt Today, November 29, 2019, available at: https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/2/78243/Egypt-condemns-signing-of-MoUs-between-Turkey-Sarraj-on-maritime.
  • “Netanyahu: Trump Middle East Peace Plan ‘Deal of the Century’”, BBC, January 28, 2020, available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-middle-east-51289277/netanyahu-trump-middle-east-peace-plan-deal-of-the-century.
  • “Peace and Security”, European Commission, December 12, 2019, available at: https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/sectors/human-rights-and-governance/peace-and-security_en.
  • “Turkey’s Syria Offensive an ‘Invasion’: Arab League Secretary General”, Reuters, October 12, 2019, available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-arableague-turkey-syria/turkeys-syria-offensive-an-invasion-arab-league-secretary-general-idUSKBN1WR0C9

وضع "الشرق الأوسط" بعد انحدار الدولة العثمانية: تقديم حل نظري لعدم الاستقرار

Year 2020, Volume: 20 Issue: 1, 19 - 32, 30.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.31456/beytulmakdis.669559

Abstract

References

  • Abi-Aad, N. & Grenon, M. (1997), Instability and Conflict in the Middle East: People, Petroleum and Security Threats, London: Macmillan Press.
  • Abu Shakra, E. (2020), “The Future of Syria: We Talk While Others Think”, Asharq al-Awsat, February 17, available at: https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/2135431/eyad-abu-shakra/future-syria-we-talk-while-others-think.
  • Ayoob, M. (1983), “Security in the Third World: The Worm About to Turn”, International Affairs, 60:1, pp. 41-51.
  • Ayoob, M. (2008), The Many Faces of Political Islam: Religion and Politics in the Muslim World, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
  • Baram, A. (1990), “Territorial Nationalism in the Middle East”, Middle Eastern Studies, 26:4, pp. 425-448.
  • Bridge, R. (2020), “Now Iran & Iraq Both Want the US to leave the Middle East, but it Never will”, RT, January 9, available at: https://www.rt.com/op-ed/477842-us-leave-middle-east-iran-iraq/.
  • Dalacoura, K. (2008), “Democratic Transitions in the Levant: Prospects for Restoring a Regional Order”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, 15:60, pp. 31-44.
  • Eagleton, T. (1990), “Nationalism: Irony and Commitment”, In Nationalism, Colonialism and Literature, edited by: Terry Eagleton, Fredric Jameson & Edward W. Said, 23-39, Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press.
  • El-Awaisi, Abd al-Fattah. (2016), Beytülmakdis Bereket Daireleri Teorisi: Yeni Bir Jeopolitik Teori, translated by: Emine Nur Kafalı, Kübra Arslan & Kübra Türk, İstanbul: Pelikan Basım.
  • El-Awaisi, Abd al-Fattah. (2019), Beytülmakdis ve Geleceğimizin İnşası: Uluslararası İlişkilerde Yeni Bir Tasavvura Doğru, translated by: Emine Nur Kafalı, Kübra Arslan & Kübra Türk, İstanbul: Beytülmakdis Çalışmaları Vakfı-İHH.
  • El-Awaisi, Khalid. (2007), Mapping Islamicjerusalem: A Rediscovery of Geographical Boundaries, Dundee: Al-Maktoum Institute Academic Press.
  • Ehteshami, A. (2007), Globalization and Geopolitics in the Middle East: Old Games, New Rule, Oxon: Routledge.
  • Ergul Jorgensen, A. A. (2019), “The Middle East: Between Myth and Reality”, Global Affairs, 5:1, pp. 81-88.
  • Gopin, M. (2002), Holy War, Holy Peace: How Religion Bring Peace to the Middle East, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Green, D. & Luehrmann, L. (2011), Comparative Politics of the Third World: Linking Concepts and Cases [Third Edition], London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Hathaway, J. The Arab Lands Under Ottoman Rule, 1516-1800. Oxon: Pearson, 2008.
  • Hinnebusch, R. (2017), “Revisiting the 1967 Arab-Israeli War and its Consequences for the Regional System”, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 44:4, pp. 593-609.
  • Kemp, G. (2003), “Europe’s Middle East Challenges”, The Washington Quarterly, 27:1, pp. 163-177.
  • Kubicek, P. (2008), The History of Ukraine, Westport: Greenwood Press.
  • Mather, Y. (2014), “The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and Current Conflict in the Middle East”, Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory, 42:3, pp. 471-485.
  • Öniş, Z. (2014), “Turkey and the Arab Revolutions: Boundaries of Regional Power Influence in Turbulent Middle East”, Mediterranean Politics, 19:2, pp. 203-219.
  • Parsi, T. (2020), “The Middle East is More Stable When the United States Stays Away”, Foreign Policy, January 6, available at: https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/06/the-middle-east-is-more-stable-when-the-united-states-stays-away/.
  • Richards, A. (1995), “Economic Roots of Instability in the Middle East”, Middle East Policy, 4:1, pp. 175-187.
  • Roberts, D. (2013), “US bind over Egypt after supporting Morsi but Encouraging Protesters”, The Guardian, July 3, available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/03/egypt-obama-us-mohamed-morsi-crisis.
  • Said, E. W. (1979), Orientalism, New York: Vintage Books.
  • Stewart, D. J. (2009), The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives, London: Routledge.
  • Stivachtis, Y. (2019), “Political (In)Security in the Middle East”, E-International Relations, April 15, available at: https://www.e-ir.info/2019/04/15/political-insecurity-in-the-middle-east.
  • Telci, İ. N. (2019), “Opposition to Turkey Reflects Arab League’s Hypocrisy”, Anadolu Ajansı, October 21, available at: https://www.aa.com.tr/en/analysis/opposition-to-turkey-reflects-arab-league-s-hypocrisy/1621094.
  • Tira, R. (2016), “The Future Middle East Strategic Balance: Conventional and Unconventional Sources of Instability”, Études de L’Ifri Proliferation Papers, 1:62, pp. 1-62.
  • Quataert, D. (2005), The Ottoman Empire 1700-1922, New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Wallach, Y. (2016), “Rethinking the Yishuv: Late-Ottoman Palestine’s Jewish Communities Revisited”, Journal of Modern Jewish Studies, 16:2, pp. 275-296.
  • Zakariah, M. H. (2012), “Oil, War and European Initiatives for Peace in the Middle East 1973-74: British Attitude and Perspective”, Middle Eastern Studies, 48:4, pp. 589-611.
  • “A Polish Village in Istanbul”, Consulate General of the Republic of Poland in Istanbul, available at: https://stambul.msz.gov.pl/en/polish_community_in_turkey/poland_and_turkey_two_countries_in_one_mirror/a_polish_village_in_istanbul.
  • “Egypt Condemns Signing of MoUs between Turkey, Sarraj on Maritime Jurisdictions”, Egypt Today, November 29, 2019, available at: https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/2/78243/Egypt-condemns-signing-of-MoUs-between-Turkey-Sarraj-on-maritime.
  • “Netanyahu: Trump Middle East Peace Plan ‘Deal of the Century’”, BBC, January 28, 2020, available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-middle-east-51289277/netanyahu-trump-middle-east-peace-plan-deal-of-the-century.
  • “Peace and Security”, European Commission, December 12, 2019, available at: https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/sectors/human-rights-and-governance/peace-and-security_en.
  • “Turkey’s Syria Offensive an ‘Invasion’: Arab League Secretary General”, Reuters, October 12, 2019, available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-arableague-turkey-syria/turkeys-syria-offensive-an-invasion-arab-league-secretary-general-idUSKBN1WR0C9

THE SITUATION IN THE “MIDDLE EAST” AFTER THE DECLINE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE: PROVIDING A THEORETICAL SOLUTION FOR THE INSTABILITY

Year 2020, Volume: 20 Issue: 1, 19 - 32, 30.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.31456/beytulmakdis.669559

Abstract

Instability in the Middle East is a well-known phenomenon and this condition is mostly seen as arising from the rivalry of great powers in the region. However, during the time of the Ottoman Empire, there was stability in the region until its decline. After the establishment of nation-states in the region, stability lasted for a while until international powers left. In this sense, what is needed for stability is a power that is able to unite the region states in an inclusivist manner as the Ottoman Empire had previously managed. Even though there is plenty of research about the region, there has been little analysis of the region using a theoretical framework. Additionally, there is no research that uses an Eastern approach since the dominant knowledge is produced by the West. Therefore, this article is an attempt to analyse instability in the region using a new geopolitical theory called Barakah Circles. Moreover, Turkey’s role in the Middle East will be discussed in line with the theoretical perspective of this study

References

  • Abi-Aad, N. & Grenon, M. (1997), Instability and Conflict in the Middle East: People, Petroleum and Security Threats, London: Macmillan Press.
  • Abu Shakra, E. (2020), “The Future of Syria: We Talk While Others Think”, Asharq al-Awsat, February 17, available at: https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/2135431/eyad-abu-shakra/future-syria-we-talk-while-others-think.
  • Ayoob, M. (1983), “Security in the Third World: The Worm About to Turn”, International Affairs, 60:1, pp. 41-51.
  • Ayoob, M. (2008), The Many Faces of Political Islam: Religion and Politics in the Muslim World, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
  • Baram, A. (1990), “Territorial Nationalism in the Middle East”, Middle Eastern Studies, 26:4, pp. 425-448.
  • Bridge, R. (2020), “Now Iran & Iraq Both Want the US to leave the Middle East, but it Never will”, RT, January 9, available at: https://www.rt.com/op-ed/477842-us-leave-middle-east-iran-iraq/.
  • Dalacoura, K. (2008), “Democratic Transitions in the Levant: Prospects for Restoring a Regional Order”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, 15:60, pp. 31-44.
  • Eagleton, T. (1990), “Nationalism: Irony and Commitment”, In Nationalism, Colonialism and Literature, edited by: Terry Eagleton, Fredric Jameson & Edward W. Said, 23-39, Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press.
  • El-Awaisi, Abd al-Fattah. (2016), Beytülmakdis Bereket Daireleri Teorisi: Yeni Bir Jeopolitik Teori, translated by: Emine Nur Kafalı, Kübra Arslan & Kübra Türk, İstanbul: Pelikan Basım.
  • El-Awaisi, Abd al-Fattah. (2019), Beytülmakdis ve Geleceğimizin İnşası: Uluslararası İlişkilerde Yeni Bir Tasavvura Doğru, translated by: Emine Nur Kafalı, Kübra Arslan & Kübra Türk, İstanbul: Beytülmakdis Çalışmaları Vakfı-İHH.
  • El-Awaisi, Khalid. (2007), Mapping Islamicjerusalem: A Rediscovery of Geographical Boundaries, Dundee: Al-Maktoum Institute Academic Press.
  • Ehteshami, A. (2007), Globalization and Geopolitics in the Middle East: Old Games, New Rule, Oxon: Routledge.
  • Ergul Jorgensen, A. A. (2019), “The Middle East: Between Myth and Reality”, Global Affairs, 5:1, pp. 81-88.
  • Gopin, M. (2002), Holy War, Holy Peace: How Religion Bring Peace to the Middle East, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Green, D. & Luehrmann, L. (2011), Comparative Politics of the Third World: Linking Concepts and Cases [Third Edition], London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Hathaway, J. The Arab Lands Under Ottoman Rule, 1516-1800. Oxon: Pearson, 2008.
  • Hinnebusch, R. (2017), “Revisiting the 1967 Arab-Israeli War and its Consequences for the Regional System”, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 44:4, pp. 593-609.
  • Kemp, G. (2003), “Europe’s Middle East Challenges”, The Washington Quarterly, 27:1, pp. 163-177.
  • Kubicek, P. (2008), The History of Ukraine, Westport: Greenwood Press.
  • Mather, Y. (2014), “The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and Current Conflict in the Middle East”, Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory, 42:3, pp. 471-485.
  • Öniş, Z. (2014), “Turkey and the Arab Revolutions: Boundaries of Regional Power Influence in Turbulent Middle East”, Mediterranean Politics, 19:2, pp. 203-219.
  • Parsi, T. (2020), “The Middle East is More Stable When the United States Stays Away”, Foreign Policy, January 6, available at: https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/06/the-middle-east-is-more-stable-when-the-united-states-stays-away/.
  • Richards, A. (1995), “Economic Roots of Instability in the Middle East”, Middle East Policy, 4:1, pp. 175-187.
  • Roberts, D. (2013), “US bind over Egypt after supporting Morsi but Encouraging Protesters”, The Guardian, July 3, available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/03/egypt-obama-us-mohamed-morsi-crisis.
  • Said, E. W. (1979), Orientalism, New York: Vintage Books.
  • Stewart, D. J. (2009), The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives, London: Routledge.
  • Stivachtis, Y. (2019), “Political (In)Security in the Middle East”, E-International Relations, April 15, available at: https://www.e-ir.info/2019/04/15/political-insecurity-in-the-middle-east.
  • Telci, İ. N. (2019), “Opposition to Turkey Reflects Arab League’s Hypocrisy”, Anadolu Ajansı, October 21, available at: https://www.aa.com.tr/en/analysis/opposition-to-turkey-reflects-arab-league-s-hypocrisy/1621094.
  • Tira, R. (2016), “The Future Middle East Strategic Balance: Conventional and Unconventional Sources of Instability”, Études de L’Ifri Proliferation Papers, 1:62, pp. 1-62.
  • Quataert, D. (2005), The Ottoman Empire 1700-1922, New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Wallach, Y. (2016), “Rethinking the Yishuv: Late-Ottoman Palestine’s Jewish Communities Revisited”, Journal of Modern Jewish Studies, 16:2, pp. 275-296.
  • Zakariah, M. H. (2012), “Oil, War and European Initiatives for Peace in the Middle East 1973-74: British Attitude and Perspective”, Middle Eastern Studies, 48:4, pp. 589-611.
  • “A Polish Village in Istanbul”, Consulate General of the Republic of Poland in Istanbul, available at: https://stambul.msz.gov.pl/en/polish_community_in_turkey/poland_and_turkey_two_countries_in_one_mirror/a_polish_village_in_istanbul.
  • “Egypt Condemns Signing of MoUs between Turkey, Sarraj on Maritime Jurisdictions”, Egypt Today, November 29, 2019, available at: https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/2/78243/Egypt-condemns-signing-of-MoUs-between-Turkey-Sarraj-on-maritime.
  • “Netanyahu: Trump Middle East Peace Plan ‘Deal of the Century’”, BBC, January 28, 2020, available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-middle-east-51289277/netanyahu-trump-middle-east-peace-plan-deal-of-the-century.
  • “Peace and Security”, European Commission, December 12, 2019, available at: https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/sectors/human-rights-and-governance/peace-and-security_en.
  • “Turkey’s Syria Offensive an ‘Invasion’: Arab League Secretary General”, Reuters, October 12, 2019, available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-arableague-turkey-syria/turkeys-syria-offensive-an-invasion-arab-league-secretary-general-idUSKBN1WR0C9
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Birkan Ertoy 0000-0001-7033-715X

Publication Date June 30, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 20 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Ertoy, B. (2020). THE SITUATION IN THE “MIDDLE EAST” AFTER THE DECLINE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE: PROVIDING A THEORETICAL SOLUTION FOR THE INSTABILITY. Journal of Islamicjerusalem Studies, 20(1), 19-32. https://doi.org/10.31456/beytulmakdis.669559

ISSN:1367-1936, e-ISSN:2514-6009

doaj_logo-1920x1080-1.png?w=400 6298c2046c208.jpg     6298c251747e8.png   uni_global_ulrichs_header.png    acarindex.png