Çin ve Rusya’nın Kazakistan’daki Enerji Politikalarının Karşılaştırmalı Analizi

Year 2025, Issue: 112, 33 - 61, 31.01.2025

Sharifa Giritlioglu

https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.7772

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın amacı Çin ve Rusya’nın Kazakistan’daki enerji politikalarını analiz etmektir. Öncelikle Kazakistan ile Çin ve Rusya arasındaki enerji iş birliğinin tarihsel bağlamı incelenecektir. İkinci olarak her ülkenin benimsediği farklı yaklaşımlar değerlendirilecektir. Son olarak bu iki bölgesel gücün Kazakistan’ın enerji politikasına etkileri ele alınacaktır. Kazakistan, önemli petrol ve doğalgaz rezervleri nedeniyle dünya enerji sektöründe öne çıkan devletlerden biridir. Çin ve Rusya, Kazakistan’ı hayati bir enerji kaynağı olarak kabul etmektedir ve bu nedenle ülkenin enerji endüstrisine önemli yatırımlar yapmaktadır. Ancak, Kazakistan’ın enerji kaynaklarını ortak kullanmalarına rağmen, Çin ile Rusya’nın bu konuda yaklaşımları farklılık göstermektedir. Çin, avantajlı anlaşmalar ve altyapı projelerine yatırım yaparak Kazakistan’a karşı proaktif ve iddialı bir duruş sergilemektedir. Öte yandan Rusya, mevcut enerji altyapısını korumaya ve Kazakistan’ın enerji kaynakları üzerindeki kontrolünü sağlamlaştırmaya odaklanarak daha pasif bir yaklaşımı
tercih etmektedir. Sonuç olarak, Çin ve Rusya’nın Kazakistan’da izlediği enerji politikalarının bölgenin enerji kaynaklarının üretimi ve ticareti üzerinde kayda değer etkileri bulunmaktadır.

Keywords

Kazakistan, Çin, Rusya, enerji politikası, petrol, doğal gaz, boru hatları

A Comparative Analysis of the Energy Policies of China and Russia in Kazakhstan

Abstract

The objective of this study is to analyze the energy policies of China and Russia in Kazakhstan. Firstly, the historical context of energy cooperation between Kazakhstan, China, and Russia will be examined. Secondly, the distinctive approaches taken by each country will be evaluated. Finally, the impact of these two regional powers on Kazakhstan’s energy policy will be assessed. Kazakhstan holds a prominent position in the global energy sector owing to its considerable reserves of oil and natural gas. China and Russia acknowledge Kazakhstan’s crucial role as an energy source and invest significantly in its energy industry. Though both countries use Kazakhstan’s energy resources, they have distinct approaches. China adopts a proactive and assertive stance towards Kazakhstan, entering into advantageous agreements and investing in infrastructure initiatives. On the contrary, Russia maintains a passive stance by concentrating on preserving its current energy infrastructure and strengthening its hold over Kazakhstan’s energy reserves. To summarize, the energy strategies pursued by China and Russia in Kazakhstan carry substantial ramifications for the creation and transaction of energy resources within the region.

Keywords

Kazakhstan, China, Russia, energy policy, oil, natural gas, pipelines

References

• Alifirova, E. “Gazprom i Pravitelstvo Kazakhstana Podpisali Dorozhnuyu Kartu Po Sotrudnichestvu v Gazovoy Otrasli [Gazprom and the Government of Kazakhstan Signed a Roadmap for Co-Operation in the Gas Sector].” Neftegaz.Ru, 2023, https://neftegaz.ru/news/partnership/766922-gazpromi-pravitelstvo-kazakhstana–podpisali-dorozhnuyu-kartu-po-sotrudnichestvu-v-gazovoy-otrasli/.
• Alvarez, C. B. M. “China-Kazakhstan Energy Trade Relations.” Journal of International Affairs, vol. 69, no. 1, 2015, pp. 57-69.
• Barua, Suborna. “Understanding Coronanomics: The Economic Implications of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2020, pp. 1-44, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3566477.
• Beloglazov, A. V. “Еnergeticheskaja Politika Rossii v Central’noj Azii v Nachale XXI Veka (2000-2007 Gg.) [Energy Policy of Russia in Central Asia at the Beginning of the 21st Century (2000-2007)].” Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Serija Gumanitarnye Nauki, vol. 150, no. 7, 2008, pp. 219-32.
• China Economic Information Center. “China Outward Investment: Asia: Kazakhstan.” Ministry of Commerce of People’s Republic of China, Augustos 2023, https://www.ceicdata.com/en/china/outward-direct-investment-by-country/outward-investment-asia-kazakhstan.
• Cutler, Robert M. “Chinese Energy Companies’ Relations with Russia and Kazakhstan.” Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, vol. 13, no. 5-6, Oct. 2014, pp. 673-98, https://doi.org/10.1163/15691.497.12341323.
• Dankov, Artem. “Dosye: Strategiya Kitaya v Tsentralnoj Azii [Dossier: China’s Strategy in Central Asia].” Eurasia Expert, 2020, https://eurasia.expert/dosestrategiya-kitaya-v–tsentralnoy-azii/.
• E, Tyan. Otnoshenija Kitajskoj Narodnoj Respubliki i Respubliki Kazahstan v 1992- 2019 Gody. [Relations between the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of Kazakhstan 1992-2019]. (Dissertation for the degree of candidate of historical sciences). Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, 2022.
• EY. Kazakhstan Oil and Gas Tax Guide. 2021, https://assets.ey.com/content/dam/ey – sites/ey-com/ru_kz/topics/oil-and-gas/ey-kazakhstan-oil-and-gas-taxguide-2021.pdf.
• Gazprom. “Gazprom’ i Kazahstan razvivajut sotrudnichestvo v sfere transportirovki gaza [Gazprom and Kazakhstan Develop Cooperation in Gas Transportation].” 23 June 2023, https://www.gazprom.ru/press/news/2023/june/article564703/.
• Ikramov, S. T. “Energeticheskaya Politika Tsentralnoj Azii [Energy Policy of Central Asian Countries].” Teorii i Problemy Politicheskih Issledovanij, vol. 7, no. 5, 2018, pp. 73-80.
• Interfax Information Services Group. “‘Gazprom’ Podpisal s Kazahstanom ‘Dorozhnuyu Kartu’ Po Sotrudnichestvu v Gazovoj Otrasli [‘Gazprom’ Signed with Kazakhstan a Roadmap for Co-Operation in the Gas Sector].” 18 January 2023, https://www.interfax.ru/business/881295.
• Ishekenova, Bekzada. “Skolko Nefti v Kazahstane.” KIOGE Oil and Gaz Kazakhstan, 2017, https://kioge.kz/ru/glavnaya/11-press-tsentr/novosti/740-skolko-nefti-v-kazakhstane.
• KazTransOil. “Kazakhstan-China Pipeline.” LLP. General Information, Kaztransoil, August 2023, https://kaztransoil.kz/en/about/subsidiaries_and_jvs/kcp/.
• Karachaganak Petroleum Operating B.V. “Karachaganak Field Discovery.” 2023, https://www.kpo.kz/en/about-kpo.
• KCP. “Kazakhstan-China Pipeline.” 2023, https://www.kcp.kz/company/about?language =en#:~:text=Kenkiyak.
• Kross, Daniel, Mankoni, Dzhulija, and Ivo Valinga. Povishenie Energeticheskoj Bezopasnosti v Tsentralnoj Azii [Enhancing Energy Security in Central Asia]. OSCE Report, 2022, https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/8/9/513790_0.pdf.
• Liao, Janet Xuanli. “China’s Energy Diplomacy towards Central Asia and the Implications on Its ‘Belt and Road Initiative’.” The Pacific Review, vol. 34, no. 3, May 2021, pp. 490-522, https://doi.org/10.1080/09512.748.2019.1705882.
• Makarova, S. M. “Energeticheskaya Politika Rossii v Tsentalnoj Azii [Energy Policy of Russia in Central Asia].” Ekonomika i Biznes, 2005, pp. 139-51.
• Malashenko, Aleksej. “Interesy i Shansy Rossii v Tsentralnoj Azii [Russia’s Interests and Chances in Central Asia].” Pro et Contra, vol. 2, no. 58, 2013.
• Mamedov, I.B. “Mul’tivektornaja Energeticheskaja Politika Kazahstana i Ee Znachenie Dlja Rossii [Multi-Vector Energy Policy of Kazakhstan and Its Significance for Russia].” Kaspijskij Region: Politika, Jekonomika, Kul’tura, vol. 2, 2015, pp. 160-65.
• Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China. “A review of the achievements of China-Kazakhstan cooperation in welcoming the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China (Part 10) – Development finance promotes high-quality development of the ‘Belt and Road’.” 06 July 2021, https://m.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zwjg/zwxw/zwxwoy/202107/202.107.03173581.shtml.
• Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Kazakhstan. “Neftyanaya Promyshlennost’ [Petrol Industry].” August 2023, https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/energo/activities/179?lang=ru.
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. “President Xi Jinping Holds Talks with President of Turkmenistan Serdar Berdimuhamedov.” 2023, https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/202301/t20230106_11003561.html.
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan. “Relations between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the People’s Republic of China.” 27 April 2022, https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mfa/press/article/details/470?lang=kk.
• Movkebaeva, G.A. “Energy Cooperation among Kazakhstan, Russia, and China within the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.” Russian Politics & Law, vol. 51, 2013, pp. 80-87.
• NDRC. “西部大开发 “十二五”规划[The “Twelfth Five-Year Plan” for the Development of the Western Region].” 国家发展改革委 [National Development and Reform Commission], 2012, https://zfxxgk.ndrc.gov.cn/web/iteminfo.jsp?id=276.
• Nogayev, N. “Oil Production, Gas Supply and Investment Attraction — Review of Energy Sector in Kazakhstan.” Official Information Source of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2020, https://primeminister.kz/en/news/reviews/oil-production-gas–supply-and-investment-attraction-review-ofenergy-sector-in-kazakhstan.
• ORK. Otraslevaya Ramka Kvalifikatsiy Po Naprvleniyu “Neftegazovaya Promyshlennost”, “Transportirovka i Hranenie Nefti i Gaza.” [Sectoral Qualifications Framework for the “Oil and Gas Transportation and Storage”]. Sectoral Commission on Social Partnership and Regulation of Social and Labor Relations in the Oil and Gas Industry in the Republic of Kazakhstan. 2019.
• Petersen, A. Rossiya, Kitay, Energeticheskaya Geopolitika v Tsentralnoj Azii [Russia, China and Energy Geopolitics in Central Asia]. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2012.
• Qin, Fangming. 中国与中亚国家区域经济合作研究 [Research on Regional Economic Cooperation between China and Central Asian Countries]. Central Government Portal Science Press, 2010.
• Qiu, Shuo, et al. “Energy demand and supply planning of China through 2060.” Energy, vol. 234, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121193.
• Saurbek, Z. “Kazakh-Chinese Energy Relations: Economic Pragmatism or Political Cooperation?” China & Eurasia Forum Quarterly, vol. 6, no. 1, 2008, pp. 79-93.
• Schulhof, Vera, et al. “The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): What Will It Look Like in the Future?” Technological Forecasting & Social Change, vol. 175, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121306.
• Shan, Bao Guo, et al. “China’s Energy Demand Scenario Analysis in 2030.” Energy Procedia, vol. 14, 2012, pp. 1292-98, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.12.1091.
• Smailov, Alikhan. “Production Potential of Kashagan Can Reach 75 Million Tons of Oil per Year – Alikhan Smailov.” Official Information Source of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2023, https://primeminister.kz/en/news/production-potential-of–kashagan-can-reach-75-million-tons-ofoil-per-year-alikhan-smailov-25451.
• Statista. “Total Final Demand Forecast for Energy in China in 2020, with a Forecast up to 2050.” Statista.Com, 2022, https://www.statista.com/statistics/973187/china-final – energy-demand-forecast/.
• Suraganov, Ayat. “Obzor Neftegazovoy Otrasli Kazakhstana [Overview of the Oil and Gas Industry in Kazakhstan]”. Jusan Analytics, Augus 2022, /https://jusananalytics.kz/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/obzor-neftegazovoj-otraslirk.pdf.
• Syroezhkin, K. “Problems of Modern Kazakh-Chinese Relations.” Russia and New States of Eurasia, no. 1, 2019, pp. 21-36, https://doi.org/10.20542/2073-4786-2019-1-21-36.
• Tengizchevroil LLP. “Projects.” July, 2023, https://www.tengizchevroil.com/projects.
• The Central People’s Government of the People’s Republic of China. “中哈原油 管道向中國原油輸送量突破2000萬噸 [The Volume of Crude Oil Delivered by the China-Kazakhstan Crude Oil Pipeline to China Exceeded 20 Million Tons].” Central Governmental Portal of the People’s Republic of China, 25 January 2010, http://big5.www.gov.cn/gate/big5/www.gov.cn/jrzg/2010-01/25/content_1518935.htm.
• Wang, Haiyan. 新地缘经济：中国与中亚 [The New Geo-Economy: China and Central Asia]. World Knowledge Publishing House, 2012.
• Xinhuanet.Com. “习近平：在庆祝中国共产党成立100周年大会上的讲话 [Xi Jinping: Speech at the Celebration of the 100th Anniversary of the Founding of the Communist Party of China].” Xinhuanet.Com, 2021, http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2021-07/15/c_112.765.8385.htm.