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Batılı Feminist Teoloji Işığında Müslüman Feminist Teolojinin Epistemolojik ve Metodolojik Temelleri: Teorik Bir Tartışma

Year 2024, Issue: 52, 95 - 131, 31.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.28949/bilimname.1477169

Abstract

İslam dünyasında feminist teolojinin gelişimi, Batılı feminist teolojiden ve Hıristiyan geleneğindeki yaklaşımlardan önemli ölçüde etkilenmiştir. Özellikle, Hıristiyan feminist teolojinin önde gelen isimlerinden Elisabeth S. Fiorenza, Hıristiyan geleneğinin ve İncil'in cinsiyetçi yorumlarına meydan okuyarak ataerkil yapıları reddetmiş ve Hıristiyanlığın daha liberal ve eşitlikçi bir yorumunu aramıştır. S. Fiorenza'nın fikirlerinden etkilenen Müslüman feminist yazar Aysha Hidayatullah da inanç ve geleneğin doğası gereği ataerkil olmadığını teyit etmenin önemini vurgulamıştır. Köklerinin Hristiyan feminist teolojiye dayandığı bu bakış açısı, Müslüman feminist teolojinin şekillenmesinde önemli bir rol oynamıştır. Müslüman feminist teolojinin ontolojik temeli, İlahi Ontolojinin Doğasının temel ilkeleri olan İlahî Birlik, Adalet ve Kıyaslanamazlık ilkelerine dayanırken, epistemolojik ve metodolojik temeli, İslam'ın birincil kaynakları olan Kur'an ve Sünnet'in eşitlikçi bir toplumsal cinsiyet söylemiyle yeniden yorumlanmasını içermektedir. Riffat Hassan, Amina Wadud, Asma Barlas, Fatima Mernissi ve Kecia Ali gibi önemli isimler bu temellerin oluşturulmasına katkıda bulunmuşlardır. Yahudi-Hristiyan feminist teolojileriyle karşılaştırmalı tartışmalar Müslüman feminist teolojinin özgün yönlerini vurgulamaktadır. Çalışma, İslami kaynakların Müslüman feminist teoloji içerisinde yeniden yorumlanmasının ontolojik uygunluğunu keşfetmeyi ve feminist teolojiye ilişkin entelektüel tartışmaları ele almayı amaçlamaktadır. Bununla birlikte, Müslüman feminist geleneğin İslam'a nasıl feminist teolojik bir yaklaşım getirdiği epistemolojik ve metodolojik açıdan incelenerek Yahudi-Hıristiyan feminist teolojisiyle bir karşılaştırma yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın ilk bölümünde Batılı feminist teolojinin epistemolojik ve metodolojik temellerinin Müslüman feminist gelenek üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiş, ikinci bölümde ise Müslüman feminist gelenekteki kutsal metin yorumlarına ve metinsel hermenötiğin metodolojik ilkelerine odaklanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, İslam geleneğinin temel kutsal metin kaynaklarının kapsamlı bağlamsallaştırma, tematik-holistik yaklaşım ve İlahi söylemin diyalojik doğası kapsamında değerlendirilmesi Müslüman feminist teolojinin oluşturulmasına imkân sağlayan etmenler olmuştur.

References

  • ACHTEMEIER, Elizabeth. “Evaluating the Feminist Approach to Bible and Theology”. Interpretation 42/1 (1988), 45-57.
  • AHMED, Leila. “Gender, Women and Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate”. New Haven, CT: Yale University, 1992.
  • ALİ, Kecia. “Sexual Ethics and Islam. Feminist Reflections on Qur’an, Hadith and Jurisprudence.” Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2006.
  • AMADOR, J.D.H. “Feminist Biblical Hermeneutics: A Failure of Theoretical Nerve”. Journal of the American Academy of Religion 66/1 (1998), 39-57. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1466240
  • AYDAR, Hidayet - ATALAY, Mehmet. “Female Scholars of Quranic Exegesis in the History of Islam”. Bülent Ecevit Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 1/2 (2015), 1-33.
  • AYVERDİ, İlhan. Misalli Büyük Türkçe Sözlük. 3 Cilt. İstanbul: Kubbealtı, 2010.
  • BARLAS, Asma. “Believing Women in Islam: Unreading Patriarchal Interpretations of the Qur’an, Austin, Texas”. University of Texas Press, 2002.
  • BLOESCH, Donald. Is the Bible Sexist? Westchester, IL: Crossway, 1982.
  • DALY, Mary. Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism. Boston: Beacon Press, 1990.
  • DALY, Mary. Gyn/Ecology: The Meta-ethics of Radical Feminism. Boston: Beacon Press, 2. Basım, 1990.
  • DALY, Mary. Pure Lust: Elemental Feminist Philosophy. Boston: Beacon Press, 1984.
  • DALY, Mary - CAPUTI, Jane. Websters’ First New Intergalactic Wickedary of the English Language. Boston: Beacon Press, 1987.
  • DAVIES, Stephen L. The Revolt of the Widows: The Social World of the Apocryphal Acts. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1980.
  • DUDERIJA, Adis. “A Case Study of Patriarchy and Slavery: The Hermeneutical Importance of QurʾĀnic Assumptions in the Development of a Values-Based and Purposive Oriented QurʾĀn-Sunna Hermeneutic”. Journal of Women of the Middle East and the Islamic World 11/1 (2013), 58-88. https://doi.org/10.1163/15692086-12341239
  • DUDERIJA, Adis. “Toward a Scriptural Hermeneutics of Islamic Feminism”. Indiana University Press 31/2 (2015), 45-64. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/jfemistudreli.31.2.45
  • DURKHEIM, Emile. Dini Hayatın İlkel Biçimleri. çev. Fuat Aydın. Ankara: Eskiyeni Yayınları, 2011.
  • EBÛ ZEYD, Nasr Hâmid. “Hermenötik ve Metin Yorumu”. çev. Muhammed Coşkun. Marmara Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 46 (2014), 237-266. https://doi.org/10.15370/muifd.07141
  • Kur’an Mesajı: Meal-Tefsir. çev. Muhammed Esed vd. İstanbul: İşaret Yayınları, 9. bs., 2015.
  • FOH, Susan. Women and the Word of God: A Response to Biblical Feminism. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1979.
  • HIDAYATULLAH. “Inspiration and Struggle: Muslim Feminist Theology and the Work of Elisabeth Sch\" ussler Fiorenza”. Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 25/1 (2009), 162. https://doi.org/10.2979/fsr.2009.25.1.162
  • HIDAYATULLAH, Aysha A. “Feminist Edges of the Qur’an”. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.
  • IZUTSU, Toshihiko. Kur’an’da Dinî ve Ahlâkî Kavramlar. çev. Selâhattin Ayaz. İstanbul: Pınar Yayınları, 2. baskı., 1991.
  • KARAM, Azza M. Women, Islamisms and the State: Contemporary Feminisms in Egypt. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1998.
  • KORKMAZ, Arif. “Feminizmin Modern Dönem Kur’an Tefsirine Etkileri: Tefsir Sosyolojisi Üzerine Bir Deneme”. Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches 6/2 (2017), 940-956.
  • LAMBARET, Asma. “Özcülüğün Reddi ile Müslüman Düşüncenin Radikal Reformu Arasında”. çev. Öykü Elitez. İslâmi Feminizmler. ed. Zahra Ali. 51-64. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2014.
  • MANSBRIDGE, Jane - FLASTER, Katherine. “Male Chauvinist, Feminist, Sexist, and Sexual Harssment: Different Trajectories in Feminist Linguistic Innovation”. American Speech 80/3 (2005), 256-279. https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-80-3-256
  • MCDONALD, Dennis R. The Legend and the Apostle: The Battle for Paul in Story and Canon. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1983.
  • MCPHILLIPS, Kathleen. “Re-casting the sacred: feminist challenges to the masculinization of the sacred in social theory”. Australian Religion Studies 15/1 (2002), 73-86. https://openjournals.library.sydney.edu.au/ARSR/article/view/8965
  • MERNISSI, Fatima. Beyond the Veil: Male-female Dynamics in Modern Muslim Society. London: Al Saqi Books, 1985.
  • MERNISSI, Fatima. The Veil And The Male Elite. çev. Mary Jo Lakeland. New York: Addison-Wesley, 1991.
  • MERNISSI, Fatima. Women and Islam: An Historical and Theological Inquiry. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991.
  • MIR, Mustansir. Coherence in the Quran: A Study of Islahi’s Concept of Nazm in Tadabburi-Quran. Plainfield, Ind: American Trust Publication, 1986.
  • MIR‐Hosseini, Ziba. “Muslim Women’s Quest for Equality: Between Islamic Law and Feminism”. Critical Inquiry 32/4 (2006), 629-645. https://doi.org/10.1086/508085
  • MOLLENKOTT, Virginia Ramey. The Divine Feminine: Biblical Imagery of God as Female. New York: Crossroad, 1986.
  • OSIEK, Carolyn. “The Feminist and the Bible: Hermeneutical Alternatives”. Feminist Perspectives on Biblical Scholarship. ed. Adela Yarbro Collins. 93-105. Chico, CA: Scholars Press, 1985.
  • OSIEK, Carolyn. “The Feminist and the Bible: Hermeneutical Alternatives”. HTS Theological Studies 53/4 (1997).
  • PALMER, Richard E. Hermeneutics: Interpretation Theory in Schleiermacher, Dilthey, Heidegger, and Gadamer. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1969.
  • RAHEMTULLA, Shadaab. Qur’an of the Oppressed: Liberation Theology and Gender Justice in Islam. Oxford University Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198796480.001.0001
  • RUETHER, Rosemary R. Sexism and God-Talk: Toward a Feminist Theology. Boston: Beacon Press, 1983.
  • RUSSELL, Letty M. Feminist Interpretation of the Bible. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1985.
  • RUSSELL, Letty M. Human Liberation in a Feminist Perspective. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1974.
  • SCHÜSSLER Fiorenza, Elizabeth. Bread not Stone: The Challenge of Feminist Biblical Interpretation: With a New Afterword. Boston: Beacon Press, 1995.
  • SCHÜSSLER Fiorenza, Elizabeth. But She Said: Feminist Practices of Biblical Interpretation. Boston: Beacon, 1992.
  • SCHÜSSLER Fiorenza, Elizabeth. In Memory of Her: A Feminist Theological Reconstruction of Christian Origins. New York: Crossroad, 1983.
  • SHAIKH, Sa’diyya. “Exegetical Violence: Nushuz in Qur’anic Gender Ideology”. Journal for Islamic Studies 17 (1997), 49-73. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/exegetical-violence-nushuz-quranic-gender/docview/873167927/se-2?accountid=15875
  • SWIDLER, Leonard. Biblical Affirmations of Womanhood. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1979.
  • WADUD, Amina. “Qur’an and Woman: Rereading the Sacred Text from a Woman’s Perspective”. Oxford University Press, USA, 1999.
  • WEDÛD-Muhsin, Amine. Kur’an ve Kadın. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2005.
  • WILLIAMS, James G. Women Recounted: Narrative Thinking and the God of Israel. Sheffield: Almond Press, 1982.

Epistemological and Methodological Foundations of Muslim Feminist Theology in the Light of Western Feminist Theology: A Theoretical Discussion

Year 2024, Issue: 52, 95 - 131, 31.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.28949/bilimname.1477169

Abstract

The development of feminist theology in the Islamic world has been significantly influenced by Western feminist theology and approaches in the Christian tradition. Elisabeth S. Fiorenza, a leading figure in Christian feminist theology, challenged the sexist interpretations of Christian tradition and the Bible, rejecting patriarchal structures and seeking a more liberal and egalitarian interpretation of Christianity. Influenced by S. Fiorenza's ideas, Muslim feminist writer Aysha Hidayatullah has also emphasized the importance of affirming that faith and tradition are not inherently patriarchal. This perspective, rooted in Christian feminist theology, has played an important role in shaping Muslim feminist theology. While the ontological foundation of Muslim feminist theology is based on the fundamental principles of the Nature of Divine Ontology, namely Divine Unity, Justice and Incomparability, its epistemological and methodological foundation involves the reinterpretation of the primary sources of Islam, the Qur'an and Sunnah, through an egalitarian gender discourse. Notable figures such as Riffat Hassan, Amina Wadud, Asma Barlas, Fatima Mernissi and Kecia Ali have contributed to building these foundations. Comparative discussions with Judeo-Christian feminist theologies highlight the unique aspects of Muslim feminist theology. The study aims to explore the ontological relevance of reinterpreting Islamic sources within Muslim feminist theology and to address intellectual debates on feminist theology. In addition, a comparison with Judeo-Christian feminist theology is made by examining epistemologically and methodologically how the Muslim feminist tradition has brought a feminist theological approach to Islam. The first part of the study examines the influence of the epistemological and methodological foundations of Western feminist theology on the Muslim feminist tradition, while the second part focuses on scriptural interpretations and methodological principles of textual hermeneutics in the Muslim feminist tradition. In conclusion, the comprehensive contextualization of the main scriptural sources of the Islamic tradition, the thematic-holistic approach, and the dialogical nature of the Divine discourse have been the enabling factors for the creation of Muslim feminist theology.

References

  • ACHTEMEIER, Elizabeth. “Evaluating the Feminist Approach to Bible and Theology”. Interpretation 42/1 (1988), 45-57.
  • AHMED, Leila. “Gender, Women and Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate”. New Haven, CT: Yale University, 1992.
  • ALİ, Kecia. “Sexual Ethics and Islam. Feminist Reflections on Qur’an, Hadith and Jurisprudence.” Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2006.
  • AMADOR, J.D.H. “Feminist Biblical Hermeneutics: A Failure of Theoretical Nerve”. Journal of the American Academy of Religion 66/1 (1998), 39-57. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1466240
  • AYDAR, Hidayet - ATALAY, Mehmet. “Female Scholars of Quranic Exegesis in the History of Islam”. Bülent Ecevit Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 1/2 (2015), 1-33.
  • AYVERDİ, İlhan. Misalli Büyük Türkçe Sözlük. 3 Cilt. İstanbul: Kubbealtı, 2010.
  • BARLAS, Asma. “Believing Women in Islam: Unreading Patriarchal Interpretations of the Qur’an, Austin, Texas”. University of Texas Press, 2002.
  • BLOESCH, Donald. Is the Bible Sexist? Westchester, IL: Crossway, 1982.
  • DALY, Mary. Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism. Boston: Beacon Press, 1990.
  • DALY, Mary. Gyn/Ecology: The Meta-ethics of Radical Feminism. Boston: Beacon Press, 2. Basım, 1990.
  • DALY, Mary. Pure Lust: Elemental Feminist Philosophy. Boston: Beacon Press, 1984.
  • DALY, Mary - CAPUTI, Jane. Websters’ First New Intergalactic Wickedary of the English Language. Boston: Beacon Press, 1987.
  • DAVIES, Stephen L. The Revolt of the Widows: The Social World of the Apocryphal Acts. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1980.
  • DUDERIJA, Adis. “A Case Study of Patriarchy and Slavery: The Hermeneutical Importance of QurʾĀnic Assumptions in the Development of a Values-Based and Purposive Oriented QurʾĀn-Sunna Hermeneutic”. Journal of Women of the Middle East and the Islamic World 11/1 (2013), 58-88. https://doi.org/10.1163/15692086-12341239
  • DUDERIJA, Adis. “Toward a Scriptural Hermeneutics of Islamic Feminism”. Indiana University Press 31/2 (2015), 45-64. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/jfemistudreli.31.2.45
  • DURKHEIM, Emile. Dini Hayatın İlkel Biçimleri. çev. Fuat Aydın. Ankara: Eskiyeni Yayınları, 2011.
  • EBÛ ZEYD, Nasr Hâmid. “Hermenötik ve Metin Yorumu”. çev. Muhammed Coşkun. Marmara Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 46 (2014), 237-266. https://doi.org/10.15370/muifd.07141
  • Kur’an Mesajı: Meal-Tefsir. çev. Muhammed Esed vd. İstanbul: İşaret Yayınları, 9. bs., 2015.
  • FOH, Susan. Women and the Word of God: A Response to Biblical Feminism. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1979.
  • HIDAYATULLAH. “Inspiration and Struggle: Muslim Feminist Theology and the Work of Elisabeth Sch\" ussler Fiorenza”. Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 25/1 (2009), 162. https://doi.org/10.2979/fsr.2009.25.1.162
  • HIDAYATULLAH, Aysha A. “Feminist Edges of the Qur’an”. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.
  • IZUTSU, Toshihiko. Kur’an’da Dinî ve Ahlâkî Kavramlar. çev. Selâhattin Ayaz. İstanbul: Pınar Yayınları, 2. baskı., 1991.
  • KARAM, Azza M. Women, Islamisms and the State: Contemporary Feminisms in Egypt. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1998.
  • KORKMAZ, Arif. “Feminizmin Modern Dönem Kur’an Tefsirine Etkileri: Tefsir Sosyolojisi Üzerine Bir Deneme”. Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches 6/2 (2017), 940-956.
  • LAMBARET, Asma. “Özcülüğün Reddi ile Müslüman Düşüncenin Radikal Reformu Arasında”. çev. Öykü Elitez. İslâmi Feminizmler. ed. Zahra Ali. 51-64. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2014.
  • MANSBRIDGE, Jane - FLASTER, Katherine. “Male Chauvinist, Feminist, Sexist, and Sexual Harssment: Different Trajectories in Feminist Linguistic Innovation”. American Speech 80/3 (2005), 256-279. https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-80-3-256
  • MCDONALD, Dennis R. The Legend and the Apostle: The Battle for Paul in Story and Canon. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1983.
  • MCPHILLIPS, Kathleen. “Re-casting the sacred: feminist challenges to the masculinization of the sacred in social theory”. Australian Religion Studies 15/1 (2002), 73-86. https://openjournals.library.sydney.edu.au/ARSR/article/view/8965
  • MERNISSI, Fatima. Beyond the Veil: Male-female Dynamics in Modern Muslim Society. London: Al Saqi Books, 1985.
  • MERNISSI, Fatima. The Veil And The Male Elite. çev. Mary Jo Lakeland. New York: Addison-Wesley, 1991.
  • MERNISSI, Fatima. Women and Islam: An Historical and Theological Inquiry. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991.
  • MIR, Mustansir. Coherence in the Quran: A Study of Islahi’s Concept of Nazm in Tadabburi-Quran. Plainfield, Ind: American Trust Publication, 1986.
  • MIR‐Hosseini, Ziba. “Muslim Women’s Quest for Equality: Between Islamic Law and Feminism”. Critical Inquiry 32/4 (2006), 629-645. https://doi.org/10.1086/508085
  • MOLLENKOTT, Virginia Ramey. The Divine Feminine: Biblical Imagery of God as Female. New York: Crossroad, 1986.
  • OSIEK, Carolyn. “The Feminist and the Bible: Hermeneutical Alternatives”. Feminist Perspectives on Biblical Scholarship. ed. Adela Yarbro Collins. 93-105. Chico, CA: Scholars Press, 1985.
  • OSIEK, Carolyn. “The Feminist and the Bible: Hermeneutical Alternatives”. HTS Theological Studies 53/4 (1997).
  • PALMER, Richard E. Hermeneutics: Interpretation Theory in Schleiermacher, Dilthey, Heidegger, and Gadamer. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1969.
  • RAHEMTULLA, Shadaab. Qur’an of the Oppressed: Liberation Theology and Gender Justice in Islam. Oxford University Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198796480.001.0001
  • RUETHER, Rosemary R. Sexism and God-Talk: Toward a Feminist Theology. Boston: Beacon Press, 1983.
  • RUSSELL, Letty M. Feminist Interpretation of the Bible. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1985.
  • RUSSELL, Letty M. Human Liberation in a Feminist Perspective. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1974.
  • SCHÜSSLER Fiorenza, Elizabeth. Bread not Stone: The Challenge of Feminist Biblical Interpretation: With a New Afterword. Boston: Beacon Press, 1995.
  • SCHÜSSLER Fiorenza, Elizabeth. But She Said: Feminist Practices of Biblical Interpretation. Boston: Beacon, 1992.
  • SCHÜSSLER Fiorenza, Elizabeth. In Memory of Her: A Feminist Theological Reconstruction of Christian Origins. New York: Crossroad, 1983.
  • SHAIKH, Sa’diyya. “Exegetical Violence: Nushuz in Qur’anic Gender Ideology”. Journal for Islamic Studies 17 (1997), 49-73. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/exegetical-violence-nushuz-quranic-gender/docview/873167927/se-2?accountid=15875
  • SWIDLER, Leonard. Biblical Affirmations of Womanhood. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1979.
  • WADUD, Amina. “Qur’an and Woman: Rereading the Sacred Text from a Woman’s Perspective”. Oxford University Press, USA, 1999.
  • WEDÛD-Muhsin, Amine. Kur’an ve Kadın. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2005.
  • WILLIAMS, James G. Women Recounted: Narrative Thinking and the God of Israel. Sheffield: Almond Press, 1982.
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sociology of Religion, Sociology (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Melek Akgün Özbey 0000-0003-4913-5478

Celaleddin Çelik 0000-0002-3279-5405

Publication Date October 31, 2024
Submission Date May 2, 2024
Acceptance Date August 2, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Issue: 52

Cite

APA Akgün Özbey, M., & Çelik, C. (2024). Batılı Feminist Teoloji Işığında Müslüman Feminist Teolojinin Epistemolojik ve Metodolojik Temelleri: Teorik Bir Tartışma. Bilimname(52), 95-131. https://doi.org/10.28949/bilimname.1477169