Morphological and anatomical investigation of drugs sold with the name of Yalancı Melisa Aloysia citriodora in Turkey

Year 2017, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 155 - 166, 15.08.2017

Gülsen Kendir Ayşegül Köroğlu

Abstract

Aloysia citriodora Palau Verbenaceae is a deciduous shrub. Culture and trade of the plant are done due to the lemon scent of its leaves and flowers. The leaves are used as drug and the name of “Lemon verbena leaf; folium citriodoratae Verbenae” is registered in European Pharmacopoeia. Drug which obtained from this plant is known with the names of “yalancı melisa, limon kokulu oğulotu” that not grow naturally in our country. The leaves are used as appetizer and sedative and also against diabetes in folk medicine. In this study, 14 distinct samples from four different regions and 5 several cities Ankara, Hatay, İstanbul, Kayseri and Muğla were purchased. Also, the fresh samples were obtained from the Atatürk Central Horticultural Research Institute Yalova, Turkey to be used as standard sample. Firstly, morphological properties of standard sample and the samples of purchased from the market were determined. In anatomical study, cross and superficial sections from the leaves of the standard sample and cross sections from the petiole of the standard sample were taken and examined under the microscope; thereby the anatomical structure of the leaf was determined. In addition, powdered drugs of standard and samples obtained from the market were investigated and the characteristic anatomical structures were identified. As a result of the anatomical examinations, the leaf is bifacial and anomocytic stomata cells on the lower surface of the leaf 4-6 subsidiary cells were identified. The abundant eglandular and glandular trichomes were observed to be more intense on lower surface of the leaf. In cross section taken from the petiole, the eglandular and glandular trichomes were found to be gathered on the upper surface of petiole

Keywords

Aloysia citriodora, Verbenaceae, morphology, anatomy, powder drug

Yalancı Melisa adıyla satılan drogların morfolojik ve anatomik incelenmesi

Abstract

Aloysia citriodora Palau Verbenaceae , kışın yapraklarını döken çalı formunda bir bitkidir. Yaprak ve çiçeklerinin sahip olduğu limon kokusu nedeniyle kültürü ve ticareti yapılmaktadır. Drog olarak kullanılan bitki kısmı yapraklarıdır ve Avrupa Farmakopesi’nde “Lemon verbena leaf; Verbenae citriodoratae folium” adıyla kayıtlıdır. Ülkemizde doğal olarak yetişmeyen bu bitkiden elde edilen drog, “yalancı melisa, limon kokulu oğulotu” adlarıyla bilinir. Yapraklar halk arasında iştah açıcı ve yatıştırıcı olarak, ayrıca şeker hastalığına karşı kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada dört farklı bölgeden ve 5 değişik ilden Ankara, Hatay, İstanbul, Kayseri ve Muğla 14 ayrı örnek satın alınmıştır. Ayrıca standart numune olarak kullanılmak üzere Yalova Atatürk Bahçe Kültürleri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü’nden taze örnekler temin edilmiştir. Standart numunenin ve piyasadan satın alınan örneklerin öncelikle morfolojik özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Anatomik çalışmada standart numunenin yapraklarından enine ve yüzeysel kesitler, sap kısmından ise enine kesitler alınarak mikroskopta incelenmiş ve yaprağın anatomik yapısı belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca standart numunenin ve piyasadan alınan örneklerin toz drog örnekleri incelenerek, karakteristik anatomik yapıları tespit edilmiştir. Yapılan anatomik incelemeler sonucunda yaprağın bifasiyal olduğu, alt yüzünde anomositik tipte stoma 4-6 komşu hücresi taşıdığı belirlenmiştir. Alt yüzde daha yoğun olmak üzere bol miktarda örtü ve salgı tüyü gözlenmiştir. Yaprak sapından alınan enine kesitte ise örtü ve salgı tüylerinin üst yüzeyde toplandığı saptanmıştır

Keywords

Aloysia citriodora, Verbenaceae, morfoloji, anatomi, toz drog

References

• Abouri, M., Mousadik, A. E., Msanda, F., Boubaker, H., Saadi, B., Cherifi, K. (2012). An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in the Tata Province, Morocco. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 1, 99-123.
• Abuhamdah, S., Abuhamdah, R., Howes, M. R., Al-Olimat, S., Ennaceur, A., Chazot, P. L. (2015). Pharmacological and neuroprotective profile of an essential oil derived from leaves of Aloysia citrodora Palau. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 67 (9), 1306-1315.
• Ali, H. F. M., El-Beltagi, H. S., Nasr, N. F. (2008). Assessment of volatile components, free radical-scavenging capacity and anti- microbial activity of lemon verbena leaves. Research Journal of Phytochemistry, 2, 84-92.
• Argyropoulou, C., Akoumianaki-Ioannidou, A., Christodoulakis, N. S., Fasseas, C. (2010). Leaf anatomy and histochemistry of Lippia citriodora (Verbenaceae). Australian Journal of Botany, 58 (5), 398-409.
• Bayoub, K., Baibai, T., Mountassif, D., Retmane, A., Soukri, A. (2010). Antibacterial activities of the crude ethanol extracts of medicinal plants against Listeria monocytogenes and some other pathogenic strains. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9, 4251- 4258.
• Baytop T. (1999). Türkiye’de Bitkilerle Tedavi (Geçmişte ve Bugün). İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri.
• Begossi, A., Leitao-Filho, H. F., Richerson, P. I. (1993). Plants uses in a Brazil coastal fishing community (Buzios Island). Journal of Ethnobiology, 13, 233-256.
• Bensabah, F., Sbayou, H., Amghar, S., Lamiri, A., Naja, J. (2013). Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils of two aromatic plants: Mentha spicata and Lippia citriodora irrigated by urban wastewater. International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, 2 (12), 1560-1569.
• Bilia, A. R., Giomi, M., Innocenti, M., Gallori, S., Vincieri, F. F. (2008). HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS analysis of the constituents of aqueous preparations of verbena and lemon verbena and evaluation of the antioxidant activity. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 46 (3), 463-470.
• Carnat, A., Carnat, A. P., Fraise, D., Lamaison, J. L. (1999). The aromatic and polyphenolic composition of lemon verbena tea. Fitoterapia, 70, 44-49.
• Choupani, M., Delouee, S. A., Alami, M. (2014). Antioxidant properties of various solvent extracts of lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora) leaves. International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research, 2 (4), 1340-1346.
• Egea, T., Signorini, M. A., Bruschi, P., Rivera, D., Obón, C., Alcaraz, F., Palazón, J. A. (2015). Spirits and liqueurs in European traditional medicine: Their history and ethnobotany in Tuscany and Bologna (Italy). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 175, 241-55.
• El-Hawary, S. S., Yousif, M. F., Abdel Motaal, A. A., Abd-Hameed, L. M. (2012). Bioactivities, phenolic compounds and in-vitro propagation of Lippia citriodora Kunth cultivated in Egypt. Bulletin of Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, 50, 1-6.
• European Pharmacopoeia (2011). Lemon Verbena Leaf. 7th edn., Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
• Gattuso, S., Van Baren, C. M., Gil, A., Bandoni, A., Ferraro, G., Gattuso, M. (2008). Morpho-histological and quantitative parameters in the characterization of lemon verbena (Aloysia citriodora palau) from Argentina. Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas, 7(4), 190-198.
• Gruenwald, J., Brendler, T., Jaenicke, C. (Scientific Editors) (2004). Physicians Desk Reference (PDR) for Herbal Medicines. Thirth Edition. Montvale, New Jersey: Thomson/Medical Economics Company.
• Karik, Ü., Azkan, N. (2011). Farklı dikim aralıklarının limonotu (Lippia citriodora L.) bitkisinde herba ve uçucu yağ verimi ile uçucu yağın kalite özelliklerine etkisi. Bahçe, 40 (1), 23-34.
• Kızıl, S., Tonçer, Ö. (2016). Essential oil and microelement composition of Thymus citriodorus and Lippia citriodora H.B.K. Cercetări Agronomice în Moldova, Vol. XLIX, No. 2 (166), 97-105.
• Khabbach, A., Libiad, M., Ennabili, A., Bousta, D. (2012). Medicinal and cosmetic use of plants from the province of Taza, Northern Morocco. Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas, 11(1), 46-60.
• Khani, A., Basavand, F., Rakhshani, E. (2012). Chemical composition and insecticide activity of lemon verbena essential oil. Journal of Crop Protection, 1 (4), 313-320.
• Köroğlu, A., Altanlar, N., Kendir, G., Şimşek, D. (2015). Piyasada satışa sunulan Aloysia citriodora Palau örneklerinin antioksidan kapasite ve mikrobiyolojik kontaminasyon yönünden incelenmesi. Türk Mikrobiyoloji Cemiyeti Dergisi, 45 (3), 136-144.
• Libiad, M., Khabbach, A., Ennabili, A. (2011). Exploitation of plants from upstream of the Sebou-wadi watershed (province of Taounate, North of Morocco). Biological Diversity and Conservation, 4, 81 - 91.
• Mamadou, G., Meddah, B., Limas-Nzouzi, N., Ait El Haj, A.., Bipolo, S., Mokondjimobé, E., Mahraoui, L., Faouzi, A. M., Ducroc, R., Cherrah, Y., Eto, B. (2011). Antispasmodic phytomedicine, from traditional utilization to rational formulation: functional approach. Phytopharmacology, 1, 20-35.
• Metcalfe, C. R. and Chalk, L. (1965). Anatomy of Dicotyledones. Vol. 2, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
• Mothana, R. A. A., Abdo, S. A. A., Hasson, S., Althawab, F. M. N., Alaghbari, S. A. Z., Lindequist, U. (2010). Antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities and phytochemical screening of some Yemeni medicinal plants. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 7 (3), 323-330.
• Olivero-Verbel, J., Güette-Fernandez, J., Stashenko, E. (2009). Acute toxicity against Artemia franciscana of essential oils isolated from plants of the genus Lippia and Piper collected in Colombia. Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas, 8 (5), 419-427.
• Oskouei Shirvan, Z., Etemad, L., Zafari, R., Moallem, S. A., Vahdati-Mashhadian, N., Hosseinzadeh, H. (2016). Teratogenic effect of Lippia citriodora leaves aqueous extract in mice. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 6 (2), 175-180.
• Özek, T., Kırımer, N., Başer, K. H. C., Tümen, G. (1996). Composition of the essential oil of Aloysia triphylla (L’Herit.) Britton grown in Turkey. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 8, 581-583.
• Parodi, T. V., Vargas, A. P. C., Krewer, C., Flores, E. M. M., Baldisserotto, B., Heinzmann, B. M., Oliveira, J. V., Popiolski, M. S., Minozzo, M. (2013). Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of Aloysia triphylla (L'Hérit) Britton extracts obtained by pressurized CO2 extraction. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 56, 283-92.
• Ponce-Monter, H., Fernandez-Martinez, E., Ortiz, M. I., Ramirez-Montiel, M. L., Cruz-Elizalde, D., Perez-Hernandez, N., Carińo- Cortés, R. (2010). Spasmolytic and anti-inflammatory effects of Aloysia triphylla and citral, in vitro and in vivo studies. Journal of Smooth Muscle Research, 46, 309-319.
• Portmann, E., López Nigro, M. M., Reides, C. G., Llesuy, S., Ricco, R. A., Wagner, M. L., Gurni, A. A., Carballo, M. A. (2012). Aqueous extracts of Lippia turbinata and Aloysia citriodora (Verbenaceae): assessment of antioxidant capacity and DNA damage. International Journal of Toxicology, 31 (2), 192-202.
• Qnais, E., Abu-Safieh, K., Abu-Dieyeh, M. H., Abdulla, F. A. (2009). Antinociceptive effect of two flavonoids from Aloysia triphylla L. Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences, 2, 167-170.
• Quirantes-Piné, R., Funes, L., Micol, V., Segura-Carretero, A., Fernández-Gutiérrez, A. (2009). High-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection coupled to electrospray time-of-flight and ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry to identify phenolic compounds from a lemon verbena extract. Journal of Chromatography A, 1216, 5391-5397.
• Rashidian, A., Farhang, F., Vahedi, H., Dehpour, A. R., Ejtemai Mehr, S., Mehrzadi, S., Rezayat, S. M. (2016). Anticonvulsant effects of Lippia citriodora (Verbenaceae) leaves ethanolic extract in mice: Role of gabaergic system. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 7, 97.
• Roidaki, A., Zoumpoulakis, P. G., Proestos, C. (2015). Comparison of extraction methods for the determination of antioxidant activity in extracts of Hippophae rhamnoides L. and Lippia citriodora. The effect of seasonal collection. Austin Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences, 3 (1), 1057.
• Schmidt, D., Caron, B. O., Prochnow, D., Cocco, C., Elli, E. F., Stolzle, J., Altissimo, B., Heinzmann, B. M. (2016). Effect of frost on yield and composition of Aloysia triphylla essential oil. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 10 (7), 88-92.
• Stashenko, E. E., Martinez, J. R., Cala, M. P., Duran, D. C., Caballero, D. (2013). Chromatographic and mass spectrometric characterization of essential oils and extracts from Lippia (Verbenaceae) aromatic plants. Journal of Separation Science, 36 (1), 192-202.
• Vásquez, J., Alarcón, J. C., Jiménez, S. L., Jaramillo, G. I., Gómez-Betancur, I. C., Rey-Suarez, J. P., Jaramillo, K. M., Munoz, D. C., Marín, D. M., Romero, J. O. (2015). Main plants used in the traditional medicine for the treatment of snakes bites in the regions of the department of Antioquia, Colombia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 170, 158-166.
• Yeşil, Y., Akalın, E. (2015). Comparative morphological and anatomical characteristics of the species known as lemongrass (limonotu): Melissa officinalis L., Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf. and Aloysia citriodora Palau. İstanbul Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi Dergisi, 45(1), 29-37.
• Tajik, J., Kheirandish, R. , Amanollahi, R. , Shahabi, A. (2015). Gastroprotective effect of aqueous extracts of Lippia citriodora, ajowan (Trachyspermum copticum), and Dracocepalum polychaetum on induced gastric ulcer in rats. Comparative Clinical Pathology, 24 (6), 1605-1610.
• Tene, V., Malagón, O., Finzi, P. V., Vidari, G., Armijos, C., Zaragoza, T. (2007). An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in Loja and Zamora-Chinchipe, Ecuador. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 111, 63-81.
• Tuzlacı, E. (2011). Türkiye Bitkileri Sözlüğü (Genişletilmiş İkinci Basım). İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları.