<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                    <journal-id></journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">2147-3129</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2147-3188</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Bitlis Eren University</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17798/bitlisfen.1738879</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Transportation Engineering</subject>
                                                            <subject>Construction Materials</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Ulaştırma Mühendisliği</subject>
                                                            <subject>Yapı Malzemeleri</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>Enhancing Sustainability in Pavement Concrete: Utilization of Waste Glass Powder in Two Distinct Sizes as a Cement Replacement Material</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7400-7211</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Pekrıoglu Balkıs</surname>
                                    <given-names>Ayse</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>ULUSLARARASI KIBRIS ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260324">
                    <day>03</day>
                    <month>24</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>15</volume>
                                        <issue>1</issue>
                                        <fpage>48</fpage>
                                        <lpage>61</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20250709">
                        <day>07</day>
                        <month>09</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20260108">
                        <day>01</day>
                        <month>08</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2012, Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2012</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>This study investigates the influence of waste glass powder (WGP) with two particle sizes (75 µm and 300 µm) used as partial cement replacement (5–20%) in pavement concrete. The use of glass powder in two different particle sizes and the application of glass in concrete pavements represent the original and distinctive aspects of this research. A systematic experimental program including slump, density, water absorption, and compressive strength tests was conducted. Results showed that increasing WGP content improved slump values, reduced density, and significantly decreased water absorption. While the control mix exhibited the highest 7 days strength, the mix with 15% WGP achieved the highest 28 days compressive strength (2.5% higher than control). The findings demonstrate that WGP is an effective and sustainable cement replacement, offering environmental benefits through reduced cement use while maintaining or enhancing concrete performance. These results suggest practical potential for using WGP-modified concrete in pavement construction and other large-scale infrastructure works where cost efficiency and sustainability are priorities.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Cement replacement</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Durability</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Mechanical Properties</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Sustainability</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Waste Glass Powder</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                                                                                    <funding-group specific-use="FundRef">
                    <award-group>
                                                    <funding-source>
                                <named-content content-type="funder_name">cyprus international university</named-content>
                            </funding-source>
                                                                    </award-group>
                </funding-group>
                                </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">M. W. Bardeesi and Y. Attallah, “Economic and environmental considerations for pavement management systems,” European Scientific Journal, vol. 11, no. 29, 2015.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">D. K. Nayak et al., “Fly ash for sustainable construction: A review of fly ash concrete and its beneficial use case studies,” Cleaner Materials, 2022, Art. no. 100143.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">A. Yilmazoglu et al., “Performance evaluation of fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag-based geopolymer concrete: A comparative study,” Structural Concrete, vol. 23, no. 6, 2022.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">K. Khan et al., “Nano-silica-modified concrete: A bibliographic analysis and comprehensive review of material properties,” Nanomaterials, 2022.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">H. AlTawaiha, F. Alhomaidat, and T. Eljufout, “Review of the effect of nano-silica on the mechanical and durability properties of cementitious composites,” Infrastructures, vol. 8, p. 132, 2023, doi: 10.3390/infrastructures8090132.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Y. H. Labaran et al., “Nano enhanced concrete: Unveiling the impact of nano silica on strength, durability, and cost efficiency,” Discover Civil Engineering, vol. 1, p. 116, 2024, doi: 10.1007/s44290-024-00120-9.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">S. Haruehansapong, T. Pulngern, and S. Chucheepsakul, “Effect of nanosilica particle size on the water permeability, abrasion resistance, drying shrinkage, and repair work properties of cement mortar containing nano-SiO₂,” Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 2017, Art. no. 4213690, 2017.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">B. B. Mukharjee and S. V. Barai, “Influence of incorporation of colloidal nano-silica on behaviour of concrete,” Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering, vol. 44, pp. 657–668, 2020.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">T. Yahyaee and H. S. Elize, “A comprehensive study on mechanical properties, durability, and environmental impact of fiber-reinforced concrete incorporating ground granulated blast furnace slag,” Case Studies in Construction Materials, 2024, Art. no. e03190.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">ASTM C150/C150M-21, Standard Specification for Portland Cement, 2020.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">ASTM C1602/C1602M-18, Standard Specification for Mixing Water Used in the Production of Hydraulic Cement Concrete, 2018.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">ASTM C33/C33M-18, Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates, 2018.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">ASTM C128-17a, Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density, 2017.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">M. Malik, M. Bashir, S. Ahmed, T. Tariq, and U. Chowdhary, “Study of concrete involving use of waste glass as partial replacement of fine aggregates,” IOSR Journal of Engineering, vol. 3, no. 7, pp. 8–13, 2013.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">H. Wang, “Life-cycle analysis of repair of concrete pavements,” in Eco-Efficient Repair and Rehabilitation of Concrete Infrastructures, Woodhead Publishing Series in Civil and Structural Engineering, pp. 723–738, 2018.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">B. Balasubramanian, G. Krishna, and K. Srinivasan, “Experimental investigation on concrete partially replaced with waste glass powder and waste E-plastic,” Construction and Building Materials, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122400.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">J. Ahmad et al., “Concrete with partial substitution of waste glass and recycled concrete aggregate,” Materials, vol. 15, p. 430, 2022, doi: 10.3390/ma15020430.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">M. Mejdi et al., “Investigating the pozzolanic reaction of post-consumption glass powder and the role of portlandite in the formation of sodium-rich C-S-H,” Cement and Concrete Research, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2019.105790.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">D. Patel, R. P. Tiwari, R. Shrivastava, and R. K. Yadav, “Effective utilization of waste glass powder as the substitution of cement in making paste and mortar,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 199, pp. 406–415, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.017.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">S. C. Figueiredo, O. Çopuroğlu, and E. Schlangen, “Effect of viscosity modifier admixture on Portland cement paste hydration and microstructure,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 212, pp. 818–840, 2019.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">M. Omran and A. Tagnit-Hamou, “Green ultra-high-performance glass concrete,” in Proc. 1st Int. Interactive Symp. on UHPC, 2016.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Y. Shao, T. Lefort, S. Moras, and D. Rodriguez, “Studies on concrete containing ground waste glass,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 91–100, 2000.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">K. Afshinnia and P. R. Rangaraju, “Impact of combined use of ground glass powder and crushed glass aggregate on selected properties of Portland cement concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 75, pp. 9–16, 2015.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">G. M. S. Islam, M. H. Rahman, and N. Kazi, “Waste glass powder as partial replacement of cement for sustainable concrete,” Journal of Materials and Environmental Sciences, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 2076–2083, 2017.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
