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Year 2024, Volume: 13 Issue: 3, 646 - 658, 26.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.17798/bitlisfen.1470481

Abstract

References

  • [1] S. Hiller-Sturmhöfel and A. Bartke, "The endocrine system: an overview," Alcohol health and research world, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 153, 1998.
  • [2] N. E. Muda, M. A. A. Bakar, and B. Y. Majlis, "The Use of Electronic Sensor in Hormone Analysis," The Malaysian journal of medical sciences: MJMS, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 12, 1999.
  • [3] S. Dalirirad and A. J. Steckl, "Aptamer-based lateral flow assay for point of care cortisol detection in sweat," Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, vol. 283, pp. 79-86, 2019.
  • [4] L. Lu, J. Zhang, Y. Xie, F. Gao, S. Xu, X. Wu, and Z. Ye, "Wearable health devices in health care: Narrative systematic review," JMIR mHealth and uHealth, vol. 8, no. 11, pp. e18907, 2020.
  • [5] R. Royea, K. J. Buckman, M. Benardis, J. Holmes, R. L. Fletcher, E. Y. K. Ng, and J. D. Ellenhorn, "An introduction to the Cyrcadia Breast Monitor: A wearable breast health monitoring device," Computer methods and programs in biomedicine, vol. 197, pp. 105758, 2020.
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  • [8] G. Gridling and B. Weiss, Introduction to microcontrollers, Vienna University of Technology Institute of Computer Engineering Embedded Computing Systems Group, 2007.
  • [9] Y. Güven, E. Coşgun, S. Kocaoğlu, H. Gezici, and E. Yılmazlar, "Understanding the concept of microcontroller based systems to choose the best hardware for applications," 2017.
  • [10] K. Hintz and D. Tabak, Microcontrollers: architecture, implementation, and programming. McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1992.
  • [11] H. K. Kondaveeti, N. K. Kumaravelu, S. D. Vanambathina, S. E. Mathe, and S. Vappangi, "Computer Science Review," 2021.
  • [12] R. Santos, "ESP32-CAM Take Photo and Display in Web Server," randomnerdtutorials.com, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://randomnerdtutorials.com/. [Accessed: 01-Jul-2022].
  • [13] S. Santos, "ESP32-CAM Save Picture in Firebase Storage," randomnerdtutorials.com, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://randomnerdtutorials.com/. [Accessed: 18-Jul-2022].
  • [14] E. Tu, P. Pearlmutter, M. Tiangco, G. Derose, L. Begdache, and A. Koh, "Comparison of colorimetric analyses to determine cortisol in human sweat," ACS omega, vol. 5, no. 14, pp. 8211-8218, 2020.
  • [15] S. Bandyopadhyay, T. Sáha, D. Sanétrník, N. Saha, and P. Sáha, "Thermo Compression of Thermoplastic Agar-Xanthan Gum-Carboxymethyl Cellulose Blend," Polymers, vol. 13, no. 20, pp. 3472, 2021.
  • [16] M. Liu, Y. Zhao, H. Monshat, Z. Tang, Z. Wu, Q. Zhang, and M. Lu, "An IoT-enabled paper sensor platform for real-time analysis of isothermal nucleic acid amplification tests," Biosensors and Bioelectronics, vol. 169, pp. 112651, 2020.
  • [17] D. C. Harris, Quantitative Chemical Analysis, W. H. Freeman, New York, 1995, pp. 750.

Determination of Cortisol Hormone from Sweat Samples and Interpretation with Microcontroller

Year 2024, Volume: 13 Issue: 3, 646 - 658, 26.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.17798/bitlisfen.1470481

Abstract

Cortisol, known as the body's stress hormone, regulates metabolism, inflammation, and the immune system. It affects various bodily systems such as the nervous, immune, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, and musculoskeletal systems. Normal sweat cortisol levels range from 8 to 142 ng/ml, with elevated levels indicating stress (200 ng/ml in women, 500 ng/ml in men).

This study focuses on colorimetric cortisol analysis using a microfluidic layer to collect sweat samples. Samples are mixed with a specific color reagent. Cortisol levels are quantitatively analyzed using Z-Score values and RGB channel density via photographs taken with the ESP 32 module. The aim is to determine cortisol levels, aiding in diagnosing conditions like Cushing's syndrome and Addison's Disease, leveraging wearable technology.

The developed system integrates a microcontroller into the wearable microfluidic system for cortisol measurements throughout the day. Data is displayed and recorded on a computer for streamlined cortisol monitoring.

The blue tetrazolium method used offers stable colors and rapid reactions (10 minutes). The Limit of Detection (LOD) is 0.3 ug/mL, with a detection limit of 1.1 ug/mL. Combined with the ESP 32 Cam module, the system detects cortisol concentrations from 0.8 – 60 ug/mL.

Ethical Statement

"The prepared article does not require ethical approval." "The prepared article does not have any conflict of interest with any individual/institution."

Supporting Institution

This study was supported within the scope of ISTANBUL GEDIK University BAP Graduate Thesis Project numbered BAP.FR.25. This study was supported within the scope of ISTANBUL University BAP Graduate Thesis Project numbered FYL-2022-38254 Project Id 38254.

References

  • [1] S. Hiller-Sturmhöfel and A. Bartke, "The endocrine system: an overview," Alcohol health and research world, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 153, 1998.
  • [2] N. E. Muda, M. A. A. Bakar, and B. Y. Majlis, "The Use of Electronic Sensor in Hormone Analysis," The Malaysian journal of medical sciences: MJMS, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 12, 1999.
  • [3] S. Dalirirad and A. J. Steckl, "Aptamer-based lateral flow assay for point of care cortisol detection in sweat," Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, vol. 283, pp. 79-86, 2019.
  • [4] L. Lu, J. Zhang, Y. Xie, F. Gao, S. Xu, X. Wu, and Z. Ye, "Wearable health devices in health care: Narrative systematic review," JMIR mHealth and uHealth, vol. 8, no. 11, pp. e18907, 2020.
  • [5] R. Royea, K. J. Buckman, M. Benardis, J. Holmes, R. L. Fletcher, E. Y. K. Ng, and J. D. Ellenhorn, "An introduction to the Cyrcadia Breast Monitor: A wearable breast health monitoring device," Computer methods and programs in biomedicine, vol. 197, pp. 105758, 2020.
  • [6] M. Rafiquzzaman, Microcontroller Theory and Applications with the PIC18F. John Wiley & Sons, 2018.
  • [7] W. A. Stapleton, "Development Of A Library For Teaching And Implementing Resource-Limited Embedded Systems," in Proceedings of the International Conference on Embedded Systems, Cyber-physical Systems, and Applications (ESCS), The Steering Committee of The World Congress in Computer Science, Computer Engineering and Applied Computing (WorldComp), 2011, pp. 1.
  • [8] G. Gridling and B. Weiss, Introduction to microcontrollers, Vienna University of Technology Institute of Computer Engineering Embedded Computing Systems Group, 2007.
  • [9] Y. Güven, E. Coşgun, S. Kocaoğlu, H. Gezici, and E. Yılmazlar, "Understanding the concept of microcontroller based systems to choose the best hardware for applications," 2017.
  • [10] K. Hintz and D. Tabak, Microcontrollers: architecture, implementation, and programming. McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1992.
  • [11] H. K. Kondaveeti, N. K. Kumaravelu, S. D. Vanambathina, S. E. Mathe, and S. Vappangi, "Computer Science Review," 2021.
  • [12] R. Santos, "ESP32-CAM Take Photo and Display in Web Server," randomnerdtutorials.com, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://randomnerdtutorials.com/. [Accessed: 01-Jul-2022].
  • [13] S. Santos, "ESP32-CAM Save Picture in Firebase Storage," randomnerdtutorials.com, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://randomnerdtutorials.com/. [Accessed: 18-Jul-2022].
  • [14] E. Tu, P. Pearlmutter, M. Tiangco, G. Derose, L. Begdache, and A. Koh, "Comparison of colorimetric analyses to determine cortisol in human sweat," ACS omega, vol. 5, no. 14, pp. 8211-8218, 2020.
  • [15] S. Bandyopadhyay, T. Sáha, D. Sanétrník, N. Saha, and P. Sáha, "Thermo Compression of Thermoplastic Agar-Xanthan Gum-Carboxymethyl Cellulose Blend," Polymers, vol. 13, no. 20, pp. 3472, 2021.
  • [16] M. Liu, Y. Zhao, H. Monshat, Z. Tang, Z. Wu, Q. Zhang, and M. Lu, "An IoT-enabled paper sensor platform for real-time analysis of isothermal nucleic acid amplification tests," Biosensors and Bioelectronics, vol. 169, pp. 112651, 2020.
  • [17] D. C. Harris, Quantitative Chemical Analysis, W. H. Freeman, New York, 1995, pp. 750.
There are 17 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Instrumental Methods, Circuits and Systems, Digital Electronic Devices, Electronic Sensors
Journal Section Araştırma Makalesi
Authors

Muhammed Ertuğrul Çapan 0000-0001-9398-7171

Ebru Cingöz 0000-0002-5296-0009

Hasan Uğur Öncel 0000-0002-6900-1955

Ercan Arıcan 0000-0002-1676-5919

Early Pub Date September 20, 2024
Publication Date September 26, 2024
Submission Date April 18, 2024
Acceptance Date September 2, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 13 Issue: 3

Cite

IEEE M. E. Çapan, E. Cingöz, H. U. Öncel, and E. Arıcan, “Determination of Cortisol Hormone from Sweat Samples and Interpretation with Microcontroller”, Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 646–658, 2024, doi: 10.17798/bitlisfen.1470481.

Bitlis Eren University
Journal of Science Editor
Bitlis Eren University Graduate Institute
Bes Minare Mah. Ahmet Eren Bulvari, Merkez Kampus, 13000 BITLIS