COVID-19 Pandemisi Sırasında Bir Grup Adölesanda Algılanan Stresin Değerlendirilmesi

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 12, 31 - 41, 31.07.2023

Berna Gökkaya , Serpil Kızıltaş Günyüz , Betul Kargul

https://doi.org/10.56955/bpd.1259196

Abstract

Amaç:Bu çalışma, pandeminin ilk döneminde Algılanan Stres Ölçeği-10'un (ASÖ-10) Türkçe versiyonunu kullanarak COVID-19 pandemisinin bir grup adölesan üzerindeki Algılanan Stres (AS) etkisini belirlemeyi amaçlamıştır.
Materyal ve Metot:Google Dokümanlar platformu aracılığıyla 14-18 yaş arası adölesanlara kesitsel bir anket uygulanmıştır. Analiz, IBM SPSS Statistics sürüm 1.0.0.1347 (IBM, New York, ABD) kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Demografik verilerin kategorik değişkenlerini analiz etmek için ki-kare testleri, bağımsız örneklemler için gruplar arasındaki farklılıkları karşılaştırmak için t-testi kullanılmıştır. Ortalama fark, 0.05'te istatistiksel olarak anlamlı kabul edilmiştir.
Bulgular:Çalışmaya 316 adölesan dahil edilmiştir. Adölesanlarda orta düzeyde AS (19,91±3,54) tespit etmiştir. Erkekler kızlardan anlamlı derecede daha yüksek puan almış (p=0,046), daha yüksek aile gelir grubu, düşük aile gelir gruplarından önemli ölçüde daha yüksek bir AS göstermiştir (p<0.05; F=5.144). Ebeveynlerinin sağlık çalışanı olduğunu bildiren adölesanların, ebeveynlerinin sağlık çalışanı olmadığını bildiren adölesanlara kıyasla daha yüksek AS'e sahip olduğu bulunmuştur. Çoklu doğrusal regresyon analizi, daha yüksek aile gelirinin ASÖ-10 puanlarını 1,71 (p=,016) artırdığını göstermiştir.
Sonuç:Bu çalışmada adölesanlara dikkat çekmeyi amaçladık. Sonuçlarımız ebeveynleri sağlık çalışanı olan, gelir düzeyi fazla olan erkeklerin daha fazla AS’e sahip olduklarını göstermektedir. ASÖ-10 kullanıcı dostudur ve özellikle pandemi sırasında hızlı bir ölçüm sağlayarak yalnızca birkaç dakika içinde uygulanabilmektedir.

Keywords

Algılanan Stres, Algılanan Stres Ölçeği, COVID-19

Supporting Institution

Sağlık Bakanlığı Bilimsel Araştırma Platformu

Project Number

2020-05-07T15_49_58

Evaluation of Perceived Stress Among a Group of Adolescents During the Covıd-19 Pandemic In Turkey

Abstract

Abstract: This study aimed to determine the Perceived Stress (AS) effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on a group of adolescents by using the Turkish version of the Perceived Stress Scale-10 (ASÖ-10) in the first period of the pandemic.
Objectives: The present study aimed to identify, among a group of adolescents, the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on Perceived Stress (PS) using Turkish version of Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10) at initial period of pandemic.
Materials and Metods: A cross-sectional survey was administered to adolescents aged 14–18 years who were invited to participate in the online survey via the Google Docs platform.The analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics version 1.0.0.1347 (IBM, New York, USA).Chi-squared tests were used to analyze the categorical variables of the demographic data, and the t-test was used to compare the differences between the groups for the independent samples.
Results:A sample of 316 adolescents were enrolled in the study.The study population reported moderate levels of PS (19.91±3.54).Boys scored significantly higher than girls (p=0.046). The higher family income group showed a significantly higher PS than low income groups (p<0.05; F=5.144). Participants who reported mother’s and father’s job were health care workers (HCWs) had higher PS compared with participants who reported mother’s and father’s job wasn’t related HCWs. Multiple linear regression analysis showed the higher family income increased their PSS-10 scores by 1.71 (p=.016).
Conclusion:We aimed to draw attention to adolescents in this study because we thought that they should receive support to help them cope with pandemic-related stress and get them through this period with a healthier spirit. The PSS-10 was user friendly and can be only applied in a few minutes providing a quick measurement especially during pandemic.

Keywords

Perceived Stress, PSS-10 (Perceived Stress Scale-10), COVID-19

Project Number

2020-05-07T15_49_58

References

• Archer, J. (2009). Does sexual selection explain human sex differences in aggression?. Behavioral and brain sciences, 32(3-4), 249-266.
• Bakker, M.P., Ormel, J., Verhulst, F.C., Oldehinkel, A.J. (2012). Childhood family instability and mental health problems during late adolescence: a test of two mediation models—the TRAILS study. J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol. 41 (2), 166–176.
• Bao, Y., Sun, Y., Meng, S., Shi, J., & Lu, L. (2020). 2019-nCoV epidemic: address mental health care to empower society. The lancet, 395(10224), e37-e38.3. Membride H. Mental health: early intervention and prevention in children and young people. British J Nurs. 2016; 25: 552–554. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2016.25.10.552.
• Barari, S., Caria, S., Davola, A., Falco, P., Fetzer, T., Fiorin, S., Kraft-Todd, G. (2020). Evaluating COVID-19 Public Health Messaging in Italy: Self-reported Compliance and Growing Mental Health Concerns. medRxiv.
• Becker, J. B., Berkley, K. J., Geary, N., Hampson, E., Herman, J. P., & Young, E. (Eds.). (2007). Sex differences in the brain: from genes to behavior. Oxford university press.
• Behice, E. R. C. İ. (2006). Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of perceived stress scale. J. Anatol. Nurs. Health Sci, 9, 58- 63.
• Bell, E. C., Willson, M. C., Wilman, A. H., Dave, S., & Silverstone, P. H. (2006). Males and females differ in brain activation during cognitive tasks. Neuroimage, 30(2), 529-538.
• Blakemore, S.J., Mills, K.L. (2014). Is adolescence a sensitive period for sociocultural processing? Annu. Rev. Psychol. 65, 187–207. Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry research, 287, 112934.
• Carstensen, L. L. (1995). Evidence for a life-span theory of socioemotional selectivity. Current directions in Psychological science, 4(5), 151-156.
• Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of health and social behavior, 385-396.
• Cohen, S., & Williamson, G. (1998). Perceived stress in a probability sample of the US In: Spacapam S, Oskamp S, editors. The social psychology of health: claremont symposium on applied social psychology.
• Dubey, S., Dubey, M. J., Ghosh, R., & Chatterjee, S. (2020). Children of frontline coronavirus disease-2019 warriors: our observati- ons. The Journal of Pediatrics, 224, 188-189.
• Eccles, A.M., Qualter, P., Madsen, K.R., Holstein, B.E. (2020). Loneliness in the lives of Danish adolescents: associations with he- alth and sleep. Scand. J. Public Health, 1403494819865429. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494819865429.
• Eskin, M., Harlak, H., Demirkıran, F., & Dereboy, Ç. (2013). The adaptation of the perceived stress scale into Turkish: a reliability and validity analysis. In Journal of New Symposium (Vol. 51, No. 3, p. 132).
• Flesia, L., Fietta, V., Colicino, E., Segatto, B., & Monaro, M. (2020). Stable psychological traits predict perceived stress related to the COVID-19 outbreak. J. Clin. Med, 9(3350), 10-3390.
• Flynn, H.K., Felmlee, D.H., Conger, R.D. (2017). The social context of adolescent friendships: parents, peers, and romantic part- ners. Youth Soc. 49 (5), 679–705.
• Golberstein, E., Wen, H., & Miller, B. F. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and mental health for children and adoles- cents. JAMA pediatrics, 174(9), 819-820.
• Gökler, M. E., & Turan, Ş. (2020). Covid-19 Pandemisi Sürecinde Problemli Teknoloji Kullanımı. ESTÜDAM Halk Sağlığı Dergisi, 5, 108-114.
• Greca La, A.M., Prinstein, M.J (1999). Peer group. Developmental Issues in the Clinical Treatment of Children. Allyn & Bacon, Needham Heights, MA, USA, pp. 171–198.
• Kazan Kızılkurt O, Dilbaz N. (2020). COVID-19 pandemisinde bağımlılık. Cosar B, editor. Psikiyatri ve COVID-19. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Turkish Clinics. p.59-65.
• Liao, Q., Cowling, B. J., Lam, W. W., Ng, D. M., & Fielding, R. (2014). Anxiety, worry and cognitive risk estimate in relation to pro- tective behaviors during the 2009 influenza A/H1N1 pandemic in Hong Kong: ten cross-sectional surveys. BMC infectious diseases, 14(1), 1-11. https ://doi.org/10.1186/ 1471-2334-14-169.
• Lim, G. Y., Tam, W. W., Lu, Y., Ho, C. S., Zhang, M. W., & Ho, R. C. (2018). Prevalence of depression in the community from 30 coun- tries between 1994 and 2014. Scientific reports, 8(1), 2861.
• Liu, N., Zhang, F., Wei, C., Jia, Y., Shang, Z., Sun, L., ... & Liu, W. (2020). Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during COVID-19 outb- reak in China hardest-hit areas: Gender differences matter. Psychiatry research, 287, 112921.
• Losada-Baltar, A., Jiménez-Gonzalo, L., Gallego-Alberto, L., Pedroso-Chaparro, M. D. S., Fernandes-Pires, J., &
• Márquez-González, M. (2021). “We are staying at home.” Association of self-perceptions of aging, personal and family resources, and loneliness with psychological distress during the lock-down period of COVID-19. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 76(2), e10-e16.
• Luna, B. (2009). Developmental changes in cognitive control through adolescence. Advances in child development and behavi- or, 37, 233-278. Magson, N.R., Freeman, J.Y.A., Rapee, R.M., Richardson, C.E., Oar, E.L., Fardouly, J. (2021). Risk and Protective Factors for Prospe- ctive Changes in Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Youth Adolesc. Jan;50(1):44-57. doi: 10.1007/ s10964-020-01332-9. Epub 2020 Oct 27. PMID: 33108542; PMCID: PMC7590912.
• Meuwese, R., Cillessen, A. H. N., & Güroğlu, B. (2017). Friends in high places: a dyadic perspective on peer status as predictor of friendship quality and the mediating role of empathy and proso- cial behavior. Social Development, 26(3), 503–519. https:// doi. org/10.1111/sode.12213.
• Nordin, M., & Nordin, S. (2013). Psychometric evaluation and normative data of the Swedish version of the 10‐item perceived stress scale. Scandinavian journal of psychology, 54(6), 502-507.
• Osofsky, J. D., Osofsky, H. J., & Mamon, L. Y. (2020). Psychological and social impact of COVID-19. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(5), 468.
• Pedrozo-Pupo JC, Pedrozo- Cortes M, Campo-Arias MJ. (2020). Perceived stress associated with COVİD-19 epidemic in Colom- bia: an online survey. Cad Saude Publica 2020; 36. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00090520.
• Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., & Xie, B. (2020). Xu YJGp. A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations, 33(2), e100213.
• Papini, D.R., Farmer, F.F., Clark, S.M., Micka, J.C., Barnett, J.K. (1990). Early adolescent age and gender differences in patterns of emotional self-disclosure to parents and friends. Adolescence 25 (100), 959–976.
• Pompili, M., Innamorati, M., Lamis, D.A., Erbuto, D., Venturini, P., Ricci, F., Girardi, P. (2014). The associations among childhood maltreatment, “male depression” and suicide risk in psychiatric patients Psychiatry Res 220 (1–2), 571–578.
• Prime, H., Wade, M., Browne, D.T. (2020). Risk and resilience in family well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. Am. Psychol. Putwain, D. W. (2007). Test anxiety in UK schoolchildren: Prevalence and demographic patterns. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 77(3), 579-593.
• Roberti, J. W., Harrington, L. N., & Storch, E. A. (2006). Further psychometric support for the 10‐item version of the perceived stress scale. Journal of College Counseling, 9(2), 135-147.
• Rolland B, Haesebaert F, Zante E, Benyamina A, Haesebaert J, Franck N. (2020). Global changes and factors of increase in calo- ric/salty food intake, screen use, and substance use during the early COVID-19 containment phase in the general population in France: survey study. JMIR public health and surveillance; 6(3): e19630.
• Schwartz, O.S., Byrne, M.L., Simmons, J.G., Whittle, S., Dudgeon, P., Yap, M.B., Allen, N.B. (2014). Parenting during early ado- lescence and adolescent-onset major depression: a 6-year prospective longitudinal study Clin. Psychol. Sci. 2 (3), 272–286.
• Shirtcliff, E. A. (2009). Biological underpinnings of adolescent development. Adolescent health: Understanding and preventing risk behaviors, 95-113.
• Spinelli, M., Lionetti, F., Pastore, M., & Fasolo, M. (2020). Parents’ stress and children’s psychological problems in families facing the COVID-19 outbreak in Italy. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 1713.
• Steinberg, L., Cauffman, E. Maturity of judgment in adolescence: Psychosocial factors in adolescent decision making. Law Hum Behav 20, 249–272 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01499023
• Şahin, B., Önal, B. S., & Hoşoğlu, E. (2021). Anxiety Levels and Sleep Disturbance in Children of Healthcare Workers with COVID-19. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi= Turkish Journal of Child and Adolescent Health, 28(Special Issue), 41.
• Taylor, M. R., Agho, K. E., Stevens, G. J., & Raphael, B. (2008). Factors influencing psychological distress during a disease epide- mic: data from Australia’s first outbreak of equine influenza. BMC public health, 8(1), 1-13.
• Van Bortel, T., Basnayake, A., Wurie, F., Jambai, M., Koroma, A. S., Muana, A. T., ... & Nellums, L. B. (2016). Psychosocial effects of an Ebola outbreak at individual, community and international levels. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 94(3), 210.
• Weich, S., Patterson, J., Shaw, R., Stewart-Brown, S. (2009). Family relationships in childhood and common psychiatric disorders in later life: systematic review of prospective studies. Br. J. Psychiatry 194 (5), 392–398.
• Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. Interna- tional journal of environmental research and public health, 17(5), 1729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph 17051729.
• World Health Organization. (2020). WHO director-general’s statement on ihr emergency committee on novel coronavirus (2019- nCoV).Geneva: WHO https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-statement-on-ihr-e- mergency-committee-on-novel-coronavirus
• Yan, S., Xu, R., Stratton, T. D., Kavcic, V., Luo, D., Hou, F., ... & Jiang, Y. (2021). Sex differences and psychological stress: responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in China. BMC public health, 21(1), 1-8.
• Yildiz, S. & Bektas, F. (2020). Evaluation of the Changes in the Way of Spending Leisure Time of Children in the COVID-19 Epide- mic with the Views of Parents. Gazi Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences.2020; 26(1): 99-122.
• Zhou, S. J., Zhang, L. G., Wang, L. L., Guo, Z. C., Wang, J. Q., Chen, J. C., ... & Chen, J. X. (2020). Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of psychological health problems in Chinese adolescents during the outbreak of COVID-19. European child & ado- lescent psychiatry, 29, 749-758. 11