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Case Formulation of Social Phobia in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 14, 65 - 71, 29.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.56955/bpd.1498818

Abstract

Social phobia is characterized by the fear and anxiety of being negatively evaluated by others, leading the individual to avoid or escape situations where they might be judged. This anxiety disorder causes significant personal distress and functional impairment, highlighting the importance and necessity of treating social phobia. While various psychotherapies play a significant role in the treatment of social phobia, cognitive-behavioral therapies are particularly prominent. Although the cognitive behavioral approach is known to be effective in treating social anxiety, the case formulation that precedes the treatment serves as a guide for the therapy's progression. Case formulation is a hypothesis that includes information about the client, addressing the factors that initiate, predispose, and maintain the client's problem. Additionally, it is seen that case formulation plays a crucial role in reducing the problem and in the development of the therapeutic alliance. This study examines case formulation and models within the framework of cognitive behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder. The models examined in this study provide a deeper understanding of the origins and maintainers of the problem, aiming to explain the complex nature of social phobia. This study aims to contribute to a better understanding of social phobia and the development of effective interventions by comprehensively reviewing these models.

References

  • Abel, A., Hayes, A. M., Henley, W., ve Kuyken, W. (2016). Sudden gains in cognitive–behavior therapy for treatment-resistant depression: Processes of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84(8), 726–737. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000101.
  • Acarturk, C., Cuijpers, P., van Straten, A., ve de Graaf, R. (2009). Psychological treatment of social anxiety disorder: a meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 39(2), 241-254. DOI: 10.1017/S0033291708003590.
  • Albano, A. M. (1995). Treatment of social anxiety in adolescents. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 2(2), 271–298. doi:10.1016/s1077-7229(95)80014-x.
  • American Psychological Association [APA] (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition (DSM-5). Washington DC, American Psychiatric Association.
  • Chambless, D. L., ve Ollendick, T. H. (2001). Empirically supported psychological interventions: Controversies and evidence. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 685-716. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.685.
  • Clark, D. M., Ehlers, A., Hackmann, A., Mcmanus, F., Fennell, …Wild, J. (2006). Cognitive Therapy Versus Exposure And Applied Relaxation in Social Phobia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(3), 568–578. DOI: 10.1037/0022-006X.74.3.568.
  • Easden, M. H., ve Kazantzis, N. (2018). Case conceptualization research in cognitive behavior therapy: A state of the science review. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 74(3), 356-384. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22516.
  • Fehm, L., Beesdo, K., Jacobi, F., ve Fiedler, A. (2008). Social anxiety disorder above and below the diagnostic threshold: prevalence, comorbidity and impairment in the general population. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43, 257-265. DOI: 10.1007/s00127-007-0299-4.
  • Gök, B. G., ve İnözü, M. (2023). Sosyal Kaygı Bozukluğu: Mevcut yaygınlık, eştanı ve bozulma durumu. Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi 7(3), 448-467. https://doi.org/10.5455/kpd.26024438m000101.
  • Heimberg, R. C., Brozovich, F. A., ve Rapee, R. M. (2010). A cognitive behavioral model of social anxiety disorder: Update and extension. In S. G. Hofmann ve P. M. DiBartolo (Eds.), Social anxiety: Clinical, Developmental, and Social Perspectives (2nd ed., pp. 395–422). Elsevier Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-375096-9.00015-8.
  • Hofmann, S. G., & Scepkowski, L. A. (2006). Social self-reappraisal therapy for social phobia: Preliminary findings. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 20(1), 45. doi: 10.1891/jcop.20.1.45.
  • Kessler, R. C., Petukhova, M., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., ve Wittchen, H. U. (2012). Twelve‐month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 21(3), 169-184. DOI: 10.1002/mpr.1359.
  • Kindred, R., Bates, G. W., ve McBride, N. L. (2022). Long-term outcomes of cognitive behavioural therapy for social anxiety disorder: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 92, 102640. DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102640.
  • Kuyken, W., Padesky, C. A., & Dudley, R. (2008). The science and practice of case conceptualization. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 36(6), 757-768.
  • Merikangas, K. R., Avenevoli, S., Acharyya, S., Zhang, H., ve Angst, J. (2002). The spectrum of social phobia in the Zurich cohort study of young adults. Biological Psychiatry, 51(1), 81-91. DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01309-9.
  • Moscovitch, D. A. (2009). What is the core fear in social phobia? A new model to facilitate individualized case conceptualization and treatment. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 16(2), 123-134.
  • Nattrass, A., Kellett, S., Hardy, G. E., ve Ricketts, T. (2015). The content, quality and impact of cognitive behavioural case formulation during treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 43(5), 590-601. doi:10.1017/S135246581400006X.
  • Özdel, K. (2022). Sosyal fobiden hayata yolculuk: kendi kendine yardım kitabı. (5. Baskı). İstanbul: Epsilon Yayınevi.
  • Özer, Ö. ve Yalçın, İ. (2020). Bilişsel-davranışçı terapiye dayalı psiko-eğitim programının üniversite öğrencilerinin sosyal anksiyete düzeylerine etkisi. Uluslararası Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 161-168. DOI: 10.47770/ukmead.788859.
  • Öztürk, E., ve Ayhan, H. (2021). Psikoterapinin temel ilkeleri ve temel bileşenleri. Artuklu İnsan ve Toplum Bilim Dergisi, 1(6), 136-158. https://doi.org/10.46628/itbhssj.908609.
  • Padesky, C. A. (2020). Collaborative case conceptualization: Client knows best. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 27(4), 392-404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2020.06.003.
  • Persons, J. B. (2008). The case formulation approach to cognitive-behavior therapy. New York: Guilford Press. Persons, J. B. (2022). Case formulation. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 29(3), 537-540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2022.02.014.
  • Rapee, R. M., ve Heimberg, R. G. (1997). A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(8), 741-756. DOI: 10.1016/s0005-7967(97)00022-3.
  • Rodebaugh, T. L., Holaway, R. M., ve Heimberg, R. G. (2004). The treatment of social anxiety disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 24(7), 883-908. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.07.007.
  • Russell, G., ve Topham, P. (2012). The impact of social anxiety on student learning and well-being in higher education. Journal of Mental Health, 21(4), 375-385. doi:10.3109/09638237.2012.69450.
  • Simmons, J. ve Griffiths, R. (2021). Yeni başlayanlar için bilişsel davranışçı terapi (Ç. Şaher, çev.). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Stein, M. B., ve Stein, D. J. (2008). Social anxiety disorder. The Lancet, 371(9618), 1115–1125. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60488-2.
  • Türkçapar, M. H. (1999). Sosyal fobinin psikolojik kuramı. Klinik Psikiyatri, 2(4), 247-253.
  • Türkçapar, M. H. (2018). Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapi: Temel İlkeler ve Uygulama. İstanbul: Epsilon Yayınevi.
  • Walker, J. R., ve Kjernisted, K. D. (2000). Fear: The impact and treatment of social phobia. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 14(2_suppl1), 13-23. https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811000142S103.
  • Waltman, S., Hall, B. C., McFarr, L. M., Beck, A. T., ve Creed, T. A. (2017). Insession stuck points and pitfalls of community clinicians learning CBT: Qualitative investigation. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 24(2), 256–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2016.04.002.
  • Wells, A. (2002). Cognitive Therapy for Social Phobia. F. W. Bond ve W. Dryden (Eds.), Handbook of Brief Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (1th ed., pp.141-159). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Wells, A., ve McMillan, D. (2004). Psychological treatment of social phobia. Psychiatry, 3(5), 56–60. doi:10.1383/psyt.3.5.56.33968.
  • Yoshinaga, N., Kobori, O., Iyo, M., ve Shimizu, E. (2013). Cognitive behaviour therapy using the Clark & Wells model: a case study of a Japanese social anxiety disorder patient. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 6, e3. doi:10.1017/S1754470X13000081.
  • Zivor, M., Salkovskis, P. M., ve Oldfield, V. B. (2013). If formulation is the heart of cognitive behavioural therapy, does this heart rule the head of CBT therapists? The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 6E6. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1754470x1300010x.

Sosyal Fobinin Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapi Çerçevesinde Vaka Formülasyonu

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 14, 65 - 71, 29.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.56955/bpd.1498818

Abstract

Sosyal fobi, bireyin diğerleri tarafından olumsuz değerlendirileceğine dair duyduğu korku ve kaygı ile karakterize olup bireyin değerlendirilme riski olan durumlardan kaçmasına veya kaçınmasına neden olan bir kaygı bozukluğudur. Sosyal fobinin ciddi kişisel rahatsızlık ve işlev kaybına yol açması, sosyal fobi tedavisinin önemli ve gerekli olduğunu göstermektedir. Sosyal fobinin tedavisinde, psikoterapiler önemli bir yer tutmakla birlikte bilişsel davranışçı tedaviler ön plana çıkmaktadır. Bilişsel davranışçı yaklaşımın, sosyal kaygının tedavisinde etkili olduğu bilinmekle birlikte tedaviden önce gelen vaka formülasyonu, tedavinin ilerleyişi için bir pusula görevi görmektedir. Vaka formülasyonu, danışanın problemini başlatan, hazırlayan ve sürdüren faktörlerin ele alındığı danışanın bilgilerini içeren bir hipotezdir. Bunun yanında vaka formülasyonunun, problemi azaltmada ve terapötik ittifakın gelişmesinde önemli bir rolü olduğu görülmektedir. Bu çalışma, sosyal kaygı bozukluğunun bilişsel davranışçı terapi çerçevesinde vaka formülasyonunu ve modellerini ele almaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında incelenen modeller sosyal fobinin karmaşık doğasını açıklamak amacıyla problemin kökenleri, sürdürücüleri hakkında daha derin bir anlayış sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışma, modelleri kapsamlı biçimde inceleyerek sosyal fobinin daha iyi anlaşılması ve etkili müdahaleleri için katkıda bulunmayı hedeflemektedir.

References

  • Abel, A., Hayes, A. M., Henley, W., ve Kuyken, W. (2016). Sudden gains in cognitive–behavior therapy for treatment-resistant depression: Processes of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84(8), 726–737. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000101.
  • Acarturk, C., Cuijpers, P., van Straten, A., ve de Graaf, R. (2009). Psychological treatment of social anxiety disorder: a meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 39(2), 241-254. DOI: 10.1017/S0033291708003590.
  • Albano, A. M. (1995). Treatment of social anxiety in adolescents. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 2(2), 271–298. doi:10.1016/s1077-7229(95)80014-x.
  • American Psychological Association [APA] (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition (DSM-5). Washington DC, American Psychiatric Association.
  • Chambless, D. L., ve Ollendick, T. H. (2001). Empirically supported psychological interventions: Controversies and evidence. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 685-716. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.685.
  • Clark, D. M., Ehlers, A., Hackmann, A., Mcmanus, F., Fennell, …Wild, J. (2006). Cognitive Therapy Versus Exposure And Applied Relaxation in Social Phobia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(3), 568–578. DOI: 10.1037/0022-006X.74.3.568.
  • Easden, M. H., ve Kazantzis, N. (2018). Case conceptualization research in cognitive behavior therapy: A state of the science review. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 74(3), 356-384. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22516.
  • Fehm, L., Beesdo, K., Jacobi, F., ve Fiedler, A. (2008). Social anxiety disorder above and below the diagnostic threshold: prevalence, comorbidity and impairment in the general population. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43, 257-265. DOI: 10.1007/s00127-007-0299-4.
  • Gök, B. G., ve İnözü, M. (2023). Sosyal Kaygı Bozukluğu: Mevcut yaygınlık, eştanı ve bozulma durumu. Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi 7(3), 448-467. https://doi.org/10.5455/kpd.26024438m000101.
  • Heimberg, R. C., Brozovich, F. A., ve Rapee, R. M. (2010). A cognitive behavioral model of social anxiety disorder: Update and extension. In S. G. Hofmann ve P. M. DiBartolo (Eds.), Social anxiety: Clinical, Developmental, and Social Perspectives (2nd ed., pp. 395–422). Elsevier Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-375096-9.00015-8.
  • Hofmann, S. G., & Scepkowski, L. A. (2006). Social self-reappraisal therapy for social phobia: Preliminary findings. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 20(1), 45. doi: 10.1891/jcop.20.1.45.
  • Kessler, R. C., Petukhova, M., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., ve Wittchen, H. U. (2012). Twelve‐month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 21(3), 169-184. DOI: 10.1002/mpr.1359.
  • Kindred, R., Bates, G. W., ve McBride, N. L. (2022). Long-term outcomes of cognitive behavioural therapy for social anxiety disorder: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 92, 102640. DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102640.
  • Kuyken, W., Padesky, C. A., & Dudley, R. (2008). The science and practice of case conceptualization. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 36(6), 757-768.
  • Merikangas, K. R., Avenevoli, S., Acharyya, S., Zhang, H., ve Angst, J. (2002). The spectrum of social phobia in the Zurich cohort study of young adults. Biological Psychiatry, 51(1), 81-91. DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01309-9.
  • Moscovitch, D. A. (2009). What is the core fear in social phobia? A new model to facilitate individualized case conceptualization and treatment. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 16(2), 123-134.
  • Nattrass, A., Kellett, S., Hardy, G. E., ve Ricketts, T. (2015). The content, quality and impact of cognitive behavioural case formulation during treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 43(5), 590-601. doi:10.1017/S135246581400006X.
  • Özdel, K. (2022). Sosyal fobiden hayata yolculuk: kendi kendine yardım kitabı. (5. Baskı). İstanbul: Epsilon Yayınevi.
  • Özer, Ö. ve Yalçın, İ. (2020). Bilişsel-davranışçı terapiye dayalı psiko-eğitim programının üniversite öğrencilerinin sosyal anksiyete düzeylerine etkisi. Uluslararası Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 161-168. DOI: 10.47770/ukmead.788859.
  • Öztürk, E., ve Ayhan, H. (2021). Psikoterapinin temel ilkeleri ve temel bileşenleri. Artuklu İnsan ve Toplum Bilim Dergisi, 1(6), 136-158. https://doi.org/10.46628/itbhssj.908609.
  • Padesky, C. A. (2020). Collaborative case conceptualization: Client knows best. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 27(4), 392-404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2020.06.003.
  • Persons, J. B. (2008). The case formulation approach to cognitive-behavior therapy. New York: Guilford Press. Persons, J. B. (2022). Case formulation. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 29(3), 537-540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2022.02.014.
  • Rapee, R. M., ve Heimberg, R. G. (1997). A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(8), 741-756. DOI: 10.1016/s0005-7967(97)00022-3.
  • Rodebaugh, T. L., Holaway, R. M., ve Heimberg, R. G. (2004). The treatment of social anxiety disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 24(7), 883-908. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.07.007.
  • Russell, G., ve Topham, P. (2012). The impact of social anxiety on student learning and well-being in higher education. Journal of Mental Health, 21(4), 375-385. doi:10.3109/09638237.2012.69450.
  • Simmons, J. ve Griffiths, R. (2021). Yeni başlayanlar için bilişsel davranışçı terapi (Ç. Şaher, çev.). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Stein, M. B., ve Stein, D. J. (2008). Social anxiety disorder. The Lancet, 371(9618), 1115–1125. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60488-2.
  • Türkçapar, M. H. (1999). Sosyal fobinin psikolojik kuramı. Klinik Psikiyatri, 2(4), 247-253.
  • Türkçapar, M. H. (2018). Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapi: Temel İlkeler ve Uygulama. İstanbul: Epsilon Yayınevi.
  • Walker, J. R., ve Kjernisted, K. D. (2000). Fear: The impact and treatment of social phobia. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 14(2_suppl1), 13-23. https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811000142S103.
  • Waltman, S., Hall, B. C., McFarr, L. M., Beck, A. T., ve Creed, T. A. (2017). Insession stuck points and pitfalls of community clinicians learning CBT: Qualitative investigation. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 24(2), 256–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2016.04.002.
  • Wells, A. (2002). Cognitive Therapy for Social Phobia. F. W. Bond ve W. Dryden (Eds.), Handbook of Brief Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (1th ed., pp.141-159). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Wells, A., ve McMillan, D. (2004). Psychological treatment of social phobia. Psychiatry, 3(5), 56–60. doi:10.1383/psyt.3.5.56.33968.
  • Yoshinaga, N., Kobori, O., Iyo, M., ve Shimizu, E. (2013). Cognitive behaviour therapy using the Clark & Wells model: a case study of a Japanese social anxiety disorder patient. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 6, e3. doi:10.1017/S1754470X13000081.
  • Zivor, M., Salkovskis, P. M., ve Oldfield, V. B. (2013). If formulation is the heart of cognitive behavioural therapy, does this heart rule the head of CBT therapists? The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 6E6. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1754470x1300010x.
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Clinical Psychology
Journal Section Derleme Makalesi
Authors

Aslı Yüksel 0009-0002-8309-2029

Early Pub Date July 28, 2024
Publication Date July 29, 2024
Submission Date June 10, 2024
Acceptance Date July 19, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 7 Issue: 14

Cite

APA Yüksel, A. (2024). Sosyal Fobinin Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapi Çerçevesinde Vaka Formülasyonu. Türkiye Bütüncül Psikoterapi Dergisi, 7(14), 65-71. https://doi.org/10.56955/bpd.1498818
AMA Yüksel A. Sosyal Fobinin Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapi Çerçevesinde Vaka Formülasyonu. TBPD. July 2024;7(14):65-71. doi:10.56955/bpd.1498818
Chicago Yüksel, Aslı. “Sosyal Fobinin Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapi Çerçevesinde Vaka Formülasyonu”. Türkiye Bütüncül Psikoterapi Dergisi 7, no. 14 (July 2024): 65-71. https://doi.org/10.56955/bpd.1498818.
EndNote Yüksel A (July 1, 2024) Sosyal Fobinin Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapi Çerçevesinde Vaka Formülasyonu. Türkiye Bütüncül Psikoterapi Dergisi 7 14 65–71.
IEEE A. Yüksel, “Sosyal Fobinin Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapi Çerçevesinde Vaka Formülasyonu”, TBPD, vol. 7, no. 14, pp. 65–71, 2024, doi: 10.56955/bpd.1498818.
ISNAD Yüksel, Aslı. “Sosyal Fobinin Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapi Çerçevesinde Vaka Formülasyonu”. Türkiye Bütüncül Psikoterapi Dergisi 7/14 (July 2024), 65-71. https://doi.org/10.56955/bpd.1498818.
JAMA Yüksel A. Sosyal Fobinin Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapi Çerçevesinde Vaka Formülasyonu. TBPD. 2024;7:65–71.
MLA Yüksel, Aslı. “Sosyal Fobinin Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapi Çerçevesinde Vaka Formülasyonu”. Türkiye Bütüncül Psikoterapi Dergisi, vol. 7, no. 14, 2024, pp. 65-71, doi:10.56955/bpd.1498818.
Vancouver Yüksel A. Sosyal Fobinin Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapi Çerçevesinde Vaka Formülasyonu. TBPD. 2024;7(14):65-71.