Ticari Olarak Satılan Spirulina Platensis’in Üç Farklı Çözücü İle Elde Edilen Ekstraktlarının Seçilmiş Patojenik Bakteri ve Mantarlara Karşı Antimikrobiyal Aktivitelerinin Belirlenmesi

Year 2024, , 1031 - 1035, 15.09.2024

Aysel Veyisoğlu , Abdulğani Yeşilyer , Demet Tatar

https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1533314

Abstract

Spirulina cinsi üyelerinin, diğer birçok siyanobakteri türü gibi çok sayıda antimikrobiyal madde üretme potansiyeline sahip olduğu bilinmektedir. Çalışmamızda, ticari olarak satılan toz formundaki Spirulina platensis’in üç farklı çözücü (aseton, hekzan, metanol) kullanılarak elde edilen ekstraktlarının yedi bakteri suşu (Bacillus cereus ATCC 10987, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6623, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 70060, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853) ve iki fungus türüne (Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404) karşı beş farklı konsantrasyonda (30 mg/ml, 15 mg/ml, 6 mg/ml, 3 mg/ml ve 1 mg/ml) disk difüzyon yöntemi kullanılarak antimikrobiyal aktivitesinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.Sonuçlarımıza göre, kullanılan çözücüler arasında en iyi sonucu metanolden elde edilen ekstraktın verdiği görülmüştür. Metanolden elde edilen ekstrakt Bacillus cereus ATCC 10987, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6623, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 70060 ve Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 suşlarına karşı antimikrobiyal aktivite gösterirken, hekzandan elde edilen ekstrakt Bacillus cereus ATCC 10987 ve Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6623 suşlarına karşı aktivite göstermiş, asetondan elde edilen ekstrakt ise sadece Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 suşuna karşı antimikrobiyal aktivite göstermiştir. Metanol, aseton ve hekzandan elde edilen ekstraktlar kullanılan funguslara karşı aktivite göstermemiştir.

Keywords

Spirulina platensis, Antimikrobiyal aktivite, Ekstrakt, Disk difüzyon

Ethical Statement

Bu araştırmada hayvanlar ve insanlar üzerinde herhangi bir çalışma yapılmadığı için etik kurul onayı alınmamıştır.

Supporting Institution

Tübitak 2209-A

Project Number

Tübitak 2209-A/ 1919B012317670

Thanks

Bu çalışma TÜBİTAK 2209-A proje kapsamında desteklenmiş olup. TÜBİTAK’a teşekkür ederiz.

Determination of Antimicrobial Activity of Commercially Sold Spirulina Platensis Extracts Obtained With Three Different Solvents against Selected Pathogenic Bacteria and Fungi

Abstract

Members of the genus Spirulina, like many other species of cyanobacteria, are known to have the potential to produce numerous antimicrobial substances. In our study, extracts of the commercial powder form of Spirulina platensis were tested using three different solvents (acetone, hexane, methanol) against seven bacterial strains (Bacillus cereus ATCC 10987, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6623, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 70060, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853) and two fungal species (Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404) at five different concentrations (30 mg/ml, 15 mg/ml, 6 mg/ml, 3 mg/ml and 1 mg/ml) using the disc diffusion method. According to our results, it was observed that the extract obtained from methanol gave the best result among the solvents used. The extract obtained from methanol showed antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus ATCC 10987, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6623, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 70060 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 strains, The extract obtained from hexane showed activity against Bacillus cereus ATCC 10987 and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6623 strains, while the extract obtained from acetone showed antimicrobial activity only against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 strain. The extracts obtained from methanol, acetone and hexane did not show activity against the fungi used.

Keywords

Spirulina platensis, Antimicrobial activity, Extract, Disc diffusion

Project Number

Tübitak 2209-A/ 1919B012317670

References

• Abdel-Moneim AE, El-Saadony MT, Shehata AM, Saad AM, Aldhumri SA, Ouda SM, Mesalam NM. 2022. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Spirulina platensis extracts and biogenic selenium nanoparticles against selected pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Saudi J Biol Sci, 29(2): 1197-1209.
• Becker EW. 1994. Microalgae, biotechnology and microbiology. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press; New York, US, pp: 291.
• Belay A, Ota Y, Miyakawa K, Shimamatsu H. 1994. Production of high quality Spirulina at Earthrise Farms. In: Phang et al., eds. Algal Biotechnology in the Asia-Pacific Region. University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malezya, pp: 92-102.
• Bradshaw LJ. 1992. Laboratory of microbiology. Saunders College Publishing, Saunders, US, pp: 435.
• Collins CM, Lyne PM, Grange JM. 1989. Microbiological methods. Butterworths, London, UK, pp: 410.
• El-Baz FK, El-Senousy WM, El-Sayed AB, Kamel MM 2013. In vitro antiviral and antimicrobial activities of Spirulina platensis extract. J Appl Pharm Sci, 3(12): 52-56.
• Elnabris KJ, Elmanama AA, Chihadeh WN. 2013. Antibacterial activity of four marine seaweeds collected from the coast of Gaza Strip, Palestine. Mesopotamian J Marine Sci, 28(1): 81-92.
• El-Sheekh MM, Dawah AM, Abd El-Rahman AM, El-Adel HM, Abd El-Hay RA. 2008. Antimicrobial activity of the cyanobacteria Anabaena wisconsinense and Oscillatoria curviceps against pathogens of fish in aquaculture. Annals Microbiolh, 58: 527- 534.
• Gümüş B, Ünlüsayin M. 2016. Tüketilebilir iki makroalg ekstraktının antimikrobiyal aktivitelerinin belirlenmesi. Ege Üniv Su Ürün Derg, 33(4): 389-395.
• Gümüş B, Ünlüsayın M, Gümüş E. 2018. A review on antimicrobial properties of marine macroalgae extracts. Ege J Fish Aquat Sci. 35(3): 343-351.
• Hassanin AA, Saad AM, Bardisi EA, Salama A, Sitohy MZ. 2020. Transfer of anthocyanin accumulating delila and rosea1 genes from the transgenic tomato micro-tom cultivar to antibacterial property of seaweeds of southeast coast of India. African J Biotech, 7(12): 1958-1961.
• Hernández-Corona A, Nieves I, Meckes M, Chamorro G, Barron BL. 2002. Antiviral activity of Spirulina maxima against Herpes simplex virus type 2. Antiviral Research, 56(3):279-285.
• Hirahashi T, Matsumoto M, Hazeki K, Saeki Y, Ui M, Seya T. 2002. Activation of the human innate immune system by Spirulina: Augmentation of interferon production and NK cytotoxicity by oral administration of hot water extract of Spirulina platensis. International Immunopharmacology, 2(4):423-434.
• Hsiao G, Chou PH, Shen MY, Chou DS, Lin CH, Sheu JR. 2005. C- phycocyanin, a very potent and novel platelet aggregation inhibitor from Spirulina platensis. J Agric Food Chem, 53:7734–7740.
• Kandhasamy M, Arunachalam KD. 2008. Evaluation of in vitro antibacterial property of seaweeds of southeast coast of India. African J Biotech, 7(12):1958-1961.
• Khan M, Shobha JC, Mohan IK, Naidu MUR, Sundaram C, Singh S, Kuppusamy P, Kutala VK. 2005. Protective effect of Spirulina against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Phytother Res, 19(12): 1030-1037.
• Khan M, Shobha JC, Mohan IK, Naidu MUR, Prayag A, Kutala VK. 2006. Spirulina attenuates cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. J Appl Toxico, 26: 444-451.
• Mendiola JA, Jaime L, Santoyo S, Reglero G, Cifuentes A, Ibañez E, Señoráns FJ. 2007. Screening of Functional Compounds in Supercritical Fluid Extracts from Spirulina platensis. Food Chem, 102(4): 1357-1367.
• Mohan IK, Khan M, Shobha JC, Naidu MUR, Prayag A, Kuppusamy P, Kutala VK. 2006. Protection against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by Spirulina in rats. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 58: 802-808.
• Muteeb G, Rehman MT, Shahwan M, Aatif M. 2023. Origin of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance, and their impacts on drug development: A narrative review. Pharmaceuticals, 16(11): 1615.
• Nagaoka S, Shimizu K, Kaneko H, Shibayama F, Morikawa K, Kanamaru Y, Otsuka A, Hirahashi T, Kato T. 2005. A novel protein C-phcocyanin plays a crucial role in the Hypocholesterolemic action of Spirulina platensis concentrate in rats. J Nutr, 135: 2425-2430.
• Noaman NH, Khaleafa AM, Zaky SH. 2004. Factors affecting antimicrobial activity of Synechococcus leopoliensis. Microbiol Res, 159: 395-402.
• Ozdemir G, Karabay NU, Dalay MC, Pazarbasi B. 2004. Antibacterial activity of volatile component and various extracts of Spirulina platensis. Phytotherapy Res, 18: 754-757.
• Ramalingam A, Amutha C. 2013. Antibacterial activity of four seaweed collected from Thondi Coast, Tamilnadu, India. Int J Res Biol Sci, 3(1): 60-64.
• Rania M, Abedin A, Taha HM. 2008. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of cyanobacteria and green microalgae. evaluation of medium components by placket-burman design for antimicrobial activity of spirulina platensis. Global J Biotechnol Biochem, 3(1): 22-31.
• Saad AM, Mohamed AS, Ramadan MF. 2020. Storage and heat processing affect flavors of cucumber juice enriched with plant extracts. Int J Veg Sci, 2020: 1-11.
• Subhashini J, Mahipal SV, Reddy M, Mallikarjuna Redd M, Rachamallu A, Reddanna P. 2004. Molecular mechanisms in C- phycocyanin induced apoptosis in human chronic myeloid leukemia cell line-K562. Biochemical Pharmacol, 68(3): 453-462.
• Usharani G, Srinivasan G, Sivasakthi S, Saranraj P. 2015. Antimicrobial activity of Spirulina platensis solvent extracts against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Biol Res, 9: 292-298.