Determination of the Chemical Content of Shilajit in Terms of Ten Different Polyphenolic Compounds by UAE Method and HPLC Analysis

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 4, 649 - 653, 15.07.2024

Levent Nuralın

https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1464890

Abstract

Shilajit (Mumio) is a complex of natural bioactive compounds that has historically been used as a therapeutic cream for many skin diseases. It is also used in traditional medicine for diseases such as diabetes Alzheimer's and cancer. In this study, to determine the polyphenolic content of Shilajit, ultrasound assisted extracts (UAE) were obtained at 45 °C and analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) for the quantitative analysis of ten different polyphenolic compounds. Such a comprehensive content analysis has not been done for Shilajit before. As a result of the experimental study, 28.99±1.23 µg/g rutin, 25.47±1.67 µg/g ferulic acid, 41.49±0.41 µg/g resveratrol and 532.19±8.21 µg/g taxifolin was determined. In this study, 532.19±8.21 µg/g of taxifolin, which is found to be very effective against many diseases in the literature, is a very high value compared to the literature. The results of this research will shed an important light to researchers working in the fields of extraction of bioactive substances, food supplement production and pharmaceutical applications.

Keywords

Shilajit, Mumio, Polyphenols, Taxifolin, Resveratrol, HPLC

Ethical Statement

Çalışmanın tüm süreçlerinin araştırma ve yayın etiğine uygun olduğunu, etik kurallara ve bilimsel atıf gösterme ilkelerine uyduğumu beyan ederim.

Supporting Institution

Gazi Üniversitesi

Project Number

Grant numbers: FGA-2023-8160 and 06/2016-11

Thanks

Bu çalışmaya katkılarından dolayı Prof. Dr. Metin GÜRÜ ve Cem TAŞDEMİR'e canı gönülden teşekkür ederim.

References

• Agarwal SP, Khanna R, Karmarkar R, Anwer MK, Khar RK. 2007. Shilajit: a review. Phytother Res, 21(5): 401-405.
• Aiello A, Fattorusso E, Menna M, Vitalone R, Schröder HC, Müller WEG. 2011. Mumijo traditional medicine: fossil deposits from antarctica (chemical composition and beneficial bioactivity). Altern Med EC, 2011: 738131.
• Carrasco-Gallardo C, Guzmán L, Maccioni RB. 2012. Shilajit: a natural phytocomplex with potential procognitive activity. Int J Alzheimers Dis, 2012: 254235..
• Chung KT, Wong TY, Wei CI, Huang YW, Lin Y. 1998. Tannins and human health: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 38(6): 421-464.
• Cornejo A, Jiménez JM, Caballero L, Melo F, Maccioni RB. 2011. Fulvic acid inhibits aggregation and promotes disassembly of tau fibrils associated with Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis, 27(1): 143-153.
• Fan EG, Lin S, Du DL, Jia YJ, Kang L, Zhang K. 2011. Current separative strategies used for resveratrol determination from natural sources. Anal Methods, 3(11): 2454-2462.
• Ghoreishi S, Hedayati A, Mohammadi S. 2016. Optimization of periodic static-dynamic supercritical CO2 extraction of taxifolin from pinus nigra bark with ethanol as entrainer. J Supercrit Fluids, 113: 53-60.
• Ghosal S, Lal J, Singh SK, Goel RK, Jaiswal AK, Bhattacharya SK. 1991. The need for formulation of shilajit by its isolated active constituents. Phytother Res, 5(5): 211-216.
• Ghosal S, Singh S. K, Kumar Y, Srivastava R, Goel RK, Dey R, Bhattacharya SK. 1988. Anti‐ulcerogenic activity of fulvic acids and 4′‐methoxy‐6‐carbomethoxybiphenyl isolated from shilajit. Phytother Res, 2(4): 187-191.
• Kamgar E, Kaykhaii M, Zembrzuska J. 2023. A comprehensive review on Shilajit: what we know about its chemical composition. Crit Rev Anal Chem, 1-13.
• Kloskowski T, Szeliski K, Krzeszowiak K, Fekner Z, Kazimierski L, Jundzill A, Pokrywczynska M. 2021. Mumio (Shilajit) as a potential chemotherapeutic for the urinary bladder cancer treatment. Sci Rep, 11(1).
• Mahian RA, Sani AM. 2016. Essential oils in food systems: A systemic review. Int J PharmTech Res, 9(6): 409-416.
• Nijveldt RJ, van Nood E, van Hoorn DEC, Boelens PG, van Norren K, van Leeuwen PAM. 2001. Flavonoids: a review of probable mechanisms of action and potential applications. Am J Clin Nutr, 74(4): 418-425.
• Nuralin L, Gürü M. 2022. Berberis vulgaris fruit: determination of phenolic compounds in extracts obtained by supercritical CO2 and soxhlet methods using HPLC. Food Anal Methods, 15(4): 877-889.
• Nuralın L. 2024. Investigation of ziziphus jujube seeds as a new source of taxifolin and silibinin with three different extraction methods. Microchem J, 198 110137.
• Pandit S, Biswas S, Jana U, De RK, Mukhopadhyay SC, Biswas TK. 2016. Clinical evaluation of purified Shilajit on testosterone levels in healthy volunteers. Andrologia, 48(5) 570-575.
• Pravin C Sunayana R. 2022. Shilajit: a wonder drug of Ayurveda. World J Pharm Med Res, 8(4): 125-127.
• Purgatorio R, Boccarelli A, Pisani L, de Candia M, Catto M, Altomare CD. 2024. A critical appraisal of the protective activity of polyphenolic antioxidants against iatrogenic effects of anticancer chemotherapeutics. Antioxidants, 13(1).
• Rhiger M. 2013. Adaptogens in medical herbalism: elite herbs and natural compounds for mastering stress aging and chronic disease: Simon and Schuster. Libr J, 138(20): 117-118.
• Routray W, Orsat V. 2012. Microwave-assisted extraction of flavonoids: a review. Food Bioprocess Technol, 5(2): 409-424.
• Schepetkin IA, Xie G, Jutila MA, Quinn MT. 2009. Complement‐fixing activity of fulvic acid from Shilajit and other natural sources. Phytother Res, 23(3): 373-384.
• Tapia-Quirós P, Montenegro-Landívar MF, Reig M, Vecino X, Cortina JL, Saurina J Granados M. 2022. Recovery of polyphenols from agri-food by-products: the olive oil and winery industries cases. Foods, 11(3): 362.
• Tran N, Pham B, Le L. 2020. Bioactive compounds in anti-diabetic plants: from herbal medicine to modern drug discovery. Biol (Basel), 9(9): 252.