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Nonverbal Behavior Training Program: A Pilot Study on Psychological Counselors

Year 2024, Volume: 13 Issue: 3, 646 - 656, 31.07.2024

Abstract

Bu çalışmada sözsüz davranışların gözlemlenmesi, yorumlanması ve psikolojik danışmanlar üzerindeki etkilerinin değerlendirilmesine yönelik bir eğitim programı geliştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Sözsüz Davranış Eğitim Programı (SÖDEP), kuramsal, gözlem becerisini geliştirme, hipotez yazma ve hipotezleri test etme modüllerinden oluşmaktadır. Programın etkililiğini değerlendirmek için çalışmaya en az iki yıl deneyimli biri erkek olan yedi psikolojik danışman (Mage=29.57; SD=7.11) katılmıştır. Araştırmanın verilerinin toplanmasında kişisel bilgi formu, JACFEE fotoğraf seti, Kısa Süreli İfadeleri Tanıma Testi ve Sözsüz Davranış Bilgi Düzeyi Değerlendirme Testi kullanılmıştır. Sonuçlar, katılımcıların Sözsüz Davranış Bilgi Düzeyi Değerlendirme Testi (z= -2,366, p<.05) ve Kısa Süreli İfadeleri Tanıma Testi (z= -2,201, p<.05) ön-test ve son-test puanları arasında anlamlı bir fark olduğunu gösterirken; JACFEE için anlamlı bir fark yoktur (z-1.682, p>.05). Bulgular ışığında SÖDEP'in geliştirilmesi için nelerin gerekli olduğu tartışılmıştır.

References

  • Adigwe, P., & Okoro, E. (2016). Human communication and effective interpersonal relationships: An analysis of client counseling and emotional stability. International Journal of Economics & Management Sciences, 5(03), 3-6. https://doi.org/10.4172/2162-6359.1000336
  • Ambady, N., & Weisbuch, M. (2010). Nonverbal behavior. In S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (pp. 464–497). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy001013
  • Arpita, P. (2012). A comparative study on facial emotion recognition ability and empathy in mental health, medical and non-clinical university students (Order No: 10169148). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global (1825309150).
  • Babad, E. (2007). Teachers' nonverbal behavior and its effects on students. In The scholarship of teaching and learning in higher education: An evidence-based perspective (pp. 201-261). Springer, Dordrecht.
  • Benecke, C., Peham, D., & Bänninger-Huber, E. (2007). Nonverbal relationship regulation in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 15(1-2), 81-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503300512331327065
  • Bibring, E. (1954). Psychoanalysis and the dynamic psychotherapies. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 2, 745–770. https://doi.org/10.1177/000306515400200412
  • Brugel, S., Postma-Nilsenová, M., & Tates, K. (2015). The link between perception of clinical empathy and nonverbal behavior: The effect of a doctor's gaze and body orientation. Patient Education and Counseling, 98(10), 1260–1265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2015.08.007
  • Chen, L., Shen, X., Yang, H., & Sui, H. (2018, May). Micro expression recognition training in college students. In 2018 First Asian Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (ACII Asia) (pp. 1-3). IEEE. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=8470376
  • Darwin, C. (1872). The expression of the emotions in man and animals (3rd ed.) (P. Ekman, Ed.). Oxford University Press.
  • Demirel, Ö. (2021). Eğitimde program geliştirme kuramdan uygulamaya. Pegem Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • DePaulo, B. M., & Friedman, H. S. (1998). Nonverbal communication. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The Handbook of social psychology (pp. 3–40). McGraw-Hill.
  • Dowell, N. M., & Berman, J. S. (2013). Therapist nonverbal behavior and perceptions of empathy, alliance, and treatment credibility. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 23(2), 158–165. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031421
  • Ekman, P. (1971). Universals and cultural differences in facial expressions of emotion. In Nebraska symposium on motivation. University of Nebraska Press. https://www.paulekman.com/resources/journal-articles/
  • Ekman, P. (2007). Emotions revealed. New York: Times Books
  • Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1971). Constants across cultures in the face and emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 17(2), 124–129. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030377
  • Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1978). Facial action coding system: Investigatoris guide. California: Consulting Psychologists Press.
  • Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1986). A new pan-cultural facial expression of emotion. Motivation and Emotion, 10(2), 159–168. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00992253
  • Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (2003). Unmasking the face: A guide to recognizing emotions from facial clues. California: Ishk.
  • Ekman, P., & Heider, K. G. (1988). The universality of a contempt expression: A replication. Motivation and Emotion, 12(3), 303–308. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00993116
  • Ekman, P., Sorenson, E. R., & Friesen, W. V. (1969). Pan-cultural elements in facial displays of emotion. Science, 164(3875), 86–88. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.164.3875.86
  • Endres, J., & Laidlaw, A. (2009). Micro-expression recognition training in medical students: a pilot study. BMC Medical Education, 9, 47. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-9-47
  • Foley, G. N., & Gentile, J. P. (2010). Nonverbal communication in psychotherapy. Psychiatry (Edgmont), 7(6), 38.
  • Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education (8th.ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Frijda, N. H. (1986). The emotions. Cambridge University Press.
  • Gao, Z., Zhao, W., Liu, S., Liu, Z., Yang, C., & Xu, Y. (2021). Facial Emotion Recognition in Schizophrenia. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 633717. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.633717
  • Griffin, J. W., Bauer, R., & Scherf, K. S. (2021). A quantitative meta-analysis of face recognition deficits in autism: 40 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 147(3), 268–292. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000310
  • Halberstadt, A. G. (1986). Family socialization of emotional expression and nonverbal communication styles and skills. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(4), 827–836. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.4.827
  • Hall E. T. (1966). The hidden dimension. New York, NY: Doubleday.
  • Hutchison, A. N., & Gerstein, L. H. (2012). What's in a face? Counseling trainees' ability to read emotions. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 6(2), 100–112. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028807
  • Izard, C. E. (1977). Human emotions. Springer Science & Business Media.
  • Jurist, E. L. (2005). Mentalized affectivity. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 22(3), 426–444. https://doi.org/10.1037/0736-9735.22.3.426
  • Kollareth, D., Fernandez-Dols, J.-M., & Russell, J. A. (2018). Shame as a culture-specific emotion concept. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 18(3-4), 274–292. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685373-12340031
  • Krause, F. C., Linardatos, E., Fresco, D. M., & Moore, M. T. (2021). Facial emotion recognition in major depressive disorder: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 293, 320–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.053
  • Matsumoto, D., & Hwang, H. S. (2013). Facial expressions. In D. Matsumoto, M. G. Frank, & H. S. Hwang (Eds.), Nonverbal communication: Science and applications: Science and applications. (pp. s. 15–52). California: Sage.
  • Matsumoto, D., & Willingham, B. (2009). Spontaneous facial expressions of emotion of congenitally and noncongenitally blind individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014037
  • Mehrabian, A. (1972). Nonverbal communication. Routledge.
  • Panić, D., Mitrović, M., & Ćirović, N. (2022). Early Maladaptive Schemas and the Accuracy of Facial Emotion Recognition: A Preliminary Investigation. Psychological Reports, 332941221075248. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941221075248
  • Paulick, J., Rubel, J. A., Deisenhofer, A.-K., Schwartz, B., Thielemann, D., Altmann, U., Boyle, K., Strauß, B., & Lutz, W. (2018). Diagnostic features of nonverbal synchrony in psychotherapy: Comparing depression and anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 42(5), 539–551. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-018-9914-9
  • Philippot, P., Feldman, R. S., & Coats, E. J. (Eds.). (2003). Nonverbal behavior in clinical settings. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195141092.001.0001
  • Rogers, C. R. (1957). The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21(2), 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0045357
  • Roter, D. L., Frankel, R. M., Hall, J. A., & Sluyter, D. (2006). The Expression of Emotion Through Nonverbal Behavior in Medical Visits: Mechanisms and Outcomes. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21(Suppl1), S28–S34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00306.x
  • Russell, T. A., Chu, E., & Phillips, M. L. (2006). A pilot study to investigate the effectiveness of emotion recognition remediation in schizophrenia using the micro-expression training tool. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45(4), 579–583. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466505X90866
  • Salazar Kämpf, M., Nestler, S., Hansmeier, J., Glombiewski, J., & Exner, C. (2021). Mimicry in psychotherapy – an actor partner model of therapists' and patients' non-verbal behavior and its effects on the working alliance. Psychotherapy Research, 31(6), 752–764. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2020.1849849
  • Schore, A. N. (1994). Affect regulation and the origin of the self: The neurobiology of emotional development. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Sheeler, R. (2013). Nonverbal Communications in Medical Practice. In D. Matsumoto, M. G. Frank, & H. S. Hwang (Eds.), Nonverbal communication: Science and applications: Science and applications. (pp. s. 15–52). California: Sage. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452244037
  • Staff, A. I., Luman, M., van der Oord, S., Bergwerff, C. E., van den Hoofdakker, B. J., & Oosterlaan, J. (2021). Facial emotion recognition impairment predicts social and emotional problems in children with (subthreshold) adhd. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01709-y
  • Tomkins, S. S. (1962). Affect, imagery, consciousness: The positive affects. Springer.
  • YÖK (2022). Guidance and psychological counseling undergraduate program. https://www.yok.gov.tr/Documents/Kurumsal/egitim_ogretim_dairesi/Yeni-Ogretmen-Yetistirme-Lisans-Programlari/Rehberlik_ve_Psikolojik_Danismanlik_Lisans_Programi.pdf
Year 2024, Volume: 13 Issue: 3, 646 - 656, 31.07.2024

Abstract

References

  • Adigwe, P., & Okoro, E. (2016). Human communication and effective interpersonal relationships: An analysis of client counseling and emotional stability. International Journal of Economics & Management Sciences, 5(03), 3-6. https://doi.org/10.4172/2162-6359.1000336
  • Ambady, N., & Weisbuch, M. (2010). Nonverbal behavior. In S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (pp. 464–497). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy001013
  • Arpita, P. (2012). A comparative study on facial emotion recognition ability and empathy in mental health, medical and non-clinical university students (Order No: 10169148). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global (1825309150).
  • Babad, E. (2007). Teachers' nonverbal behavior and its effects on students. In The scholarship of teaching and learning in higher education: An evidence-based perspective (pp. 201-261). Springer, Dordrecht.
  • Benecke, C., Peham, D., & Bänninger-Huber, E. (2007). Nonverbal relationship regulation in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 15(1-2), 81-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503300512331327065
  • Bibring, E. (1954). Psychoanalysis and the dynamic psychotherapies. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 2, 745–770. https://doi.org/10.1177/000306515400200412
  • Brugel, S., Postma-Nilsenová, M., & Tates, K. (2015). The link between perception of clinical empathy and nonverbal behavior: The effect of a doctor's gaze and body orientation. Patient Education and Counseling, 98(10), 1260–1265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2015.08.007
  • Chen, L., Shen, X., Yang, H., & Sui, H. (2018, May). Micro expression recognition training in college students. In 2018 First Asian Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (ACII Asia) (pp. 1-3). IEEE. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=8470376
  • Darwin, C. (1872). The expression of the emotions in man and animals (3rd ed.) (P. Ekman, Ed.). Oxford University Press.
  • Demirel, Ö. (2021). Eğitimde program geliştirme kuramdan uygulamaya. Pegem Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • DePaulo, B. M., & Friedman, H. S. (1998). Nonverbal communication. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The Handbook of social psychology (pp. 3–40). McGraw-Hill.
  • Dowell, N. M., & Berman, J. S. (2013). Therapist nonverbal behavior and perceptions of empathy, alliance, and treatment credibility. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 23(2), 158–165. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031421
  • Ekman, P. (1971). Universals and cultural differences in facial expressions of emotion. In Nebraska symposium on motivation. University of Nebraska Press. https://www.paulekman.com/resources/journal-articles/
  • Ekman, P. (2007). Emotions revealed. New York: Times Books
  • Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1971). Constants across cultures in the face and emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 17(2), 124–129. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030377
  • Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1978). Facial action coding system: Investigatoris guide. California: Consulting Psychologists Press.
  • Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1986). A new pan-cultural facial expression of emotion. Motivation and Emotion, 10(2), 159–168. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00992253
  • Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (2003). Unmasking the face: A guide to recognizing emotions from facial clues. California: Ishk.
  • Ekman, P., & Heider, K. G. (1988). The universality of a contempt expression: A replication. Motivation and Emotion, 12(3), 303–308. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00993116
  • Ekman, P., Sorenson, E. R., & Friesen, W. V. (1969). Pan-cultural elements in facial displays of emotion. Science, 164(3875), 86–88. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.164.3875.86
  • Endres, J., & Laidlaw, A. (2009). Micro-expression recognition training in medical students: a pilot study. BMC Medical Education, 9, 47. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-9-47
  • Foley, G. N., & Gentile, J. P. (2010). Nonverbal communication in psychotherapy. Psychiatry (Edgmont), 7(6), 38.
  • Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education (8th.ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Frijda, N. H. (1986). The emotions. Cambridge University Press.
  • Gao, Z., Zhao, W., Liu, S., Liu, Z., Yang, C., & Xu, Y. (2021). Facial Emotion Recognition in Schizophrenia. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 633717. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.633717
  • Griffin, J. W., Bauer, R., & Scherf, K. S. (2021). A quantitative meta-analysis of face recognition deficits in autism: 40 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 147(3), 268–292. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000310
  • Halberstadt, A. G. (1986). Family socialization of emotional expression and nonverbal communication styles and skills. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(4), 827–836. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.4.827
  • Hall E. T. (1966). The hidden dimension. New York, NY: Doubleday.
  • Hutchison, A. N., & Gerstein, L. H. (2012). What's in a face? Counseling trainees' ability to read emotions. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 6(2), 100–112. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028807
  • Izard, C. E. (1977). Human emotions. Springer Science & Business Media.
  • Jurist, E. L. (2005). Mentalized affectivity. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 22(3), 426–444. https://doi.org/10.1037/0736-9735.22.3.426
  • Kollareth, D., Fernandez-Dols, J.-M., & Russell, J. A. (2018). Shame as a culture-specific emotion concept. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 18(3-4), 274–292. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685373-12340031
  • Krause, F. C., Linardatos, E., Fresco, D. M., & Moore, M. T. (2021). Facial emotion recognition in major depressive disorder: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 293, 320–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.053
  • Matsumoto, D., & Hwang, H. S. (2013). Facial expressions. In D. Matsumoto, M. G. Frank, & H. S. Hwang (Eds.), Nonverbal communication: Science and applications: Science and applications. (pp. s. 15–52). California: Sage.
  • Matsumoto, D., & Willingham, B. (2009). Spontaneous facial expressions of emotion of congenitally and noncongenitally blind individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014037
  • Mehrabian, A. (1972). Nonverbal communication. Routledge.
  • Panić, D., Mitrović, M., & Ćirović, N. (2022). Early Maladaptive Schemas and the Accuracy of Facial Emotion Recognition: A Preliminary Investigation. Psychological Reports, 332941221075248. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941221075248
  • Paulick, J., Rubel, J. A., Deisenhofer, A.-K., Schwartz, B., Thielemann, D., Altmann, U., Boyle, K., Strauß, B., & Lutz, W. (2018). Diagnostic features of nonverbal synchrony in psychotherapy: Comparing depression and anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 42(5), 539–551. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-018-9914-9
  • Philippot, P., Feldman, R. S., & Coats, E. J. (Eds.). (2003). Nonverbal behavior in clinical settings. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195141092.001.0001
  • Rogers, C. R. (1957). The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21(2), 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0045357
  • Roter, D. L., Frankel, R. M., Hall, J. A., & Sluyter, D. (2006). The Expression of Emotion Through Nonverbal Behavior in Medical Visits: Mechanisms and Outcomes. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21(Suppl1), S28–S34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00306.x
  • Russell, T. A., Chu, E., & Phillips, M. L. (2006). A pilot study to investigate the effectiveness of emotion recognition remediation in schizophrenia using the micro-expression training tool. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45(4), 579–583. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466505X90866
  • Salazar Kämpf, M., Nestler, S., Hansmeier, J., Glombiewski, J., & Exner, C. (2021). Mimicry in psychotherapy – an actor partner model of therapists' and patients' non-verbal behavior and its effects on the working alliance. Psychotherapy Research, 31(6), 752–764. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2020.1849849
  • Schore, A. N. (1994). Affect regulation and the origin of the self: The neurobiology of emotional development. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Sheeler, R. (2013). Nonverbal Communications in Medical Practice. In D. Matsumoto, M. G. Frank, & H. S. Hwang (Eds.), Nonverbal communication: Science and applications: Science and applications. (pp. s. 15–52). California: Sage. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452244037
  • Staff, A. I., Luman, M., van der Oord, S., Bergwerff, C. E., van den Hoofdakker, B. J., & Oosterlaan, J. (2021). Facial emotion recognition impairment predicts social and emotional problems in children with (subthreshold) adhd. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01709-y
  • Tomkins, S. S. (1962). Affect, imagery, consciousness: The positive affects. Springer.
  • YÖK (2022). Guidance and psychological counseling undergraduate program. https://www.yok.gov.tr/Documents/Kurumsal/egitim_ogretim_dairesi/Yeni-Ogretmen-Yetistirme-Lisans-Programlari/Rehberlik_ve_Psikolojik_Danismanlik_Lisans_Programi.pdf
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Studies on Education
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ahmet Metin 0000-0001-6519-2523

Türkan Doğan 0000-0002-5976-7666

Early Pub Date July 19, 2024
Publication Date July 31, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 13 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Metin, A., & Doğan, T. (2024). Nonverbal Behavior Training Program: A Pilot Study on Psychological Counselors. Bartın University Journal of Faculty of Education, 13(3), 646-656.

All the articles published in the journal are open access and distributed under the conditions of CommonsAttribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License 

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