TAVŞANLI ZONE: THE NORTHERN SUBDUCTED MARGIN OF THE ANATOLIDETAURIDE BLOCK

Year 2011, Volume: 142 Issue: 142, 191 - 221, 01.11.2011

Aral İ. Okay

Abstract

The Tavşanlı Zone constitutes the northern margin of the Anatolide-Tauride Block that has
undergone high pressure-low temperature metamorphism during the Cretaceous. It is bounded in the north by the İzmir-Ankara suture and in the south by the rocks of the Afyon Zone. The Tavşanlı Zone is subdivided into four
tectonic units. At the base there is the Orhaneli Group, which shows a regular stratigraphic succession that has
underdone metamorphism at ~24 kbar pressure and 430-500 °C temperature during the Late Cretaceous (~80
Ma). From the base upward the Orhaneli Group consists of micaschist, marble and metabasite-metachertphyllite,
and is tectonically overlain by ophiolitic mélange or directly by ophiolite. The ophiolitic mélange consists
of basalt, chert, pelagic shale and limestone, and has undergone an incipient blueschist facies metamorphism.
The ophiolite constitutes the topmost member of the tectonic stack. It consists mainly of peridotite (>%90) with
minor gabbro and pyroxenite, and is cut by isolated diabase dykes. In the western part of the Tavşanlı Zone all
these tectonic units are intruded by Lower to Middle Eocene granodiorites, and in the eastern part of the Tavşanlı Zone the blueschists and ophiolite are overlain by Lower Eocene marine limestones. The northern margin of the
Anatolide-Tauride Block was buried in an intra-oceanic subduction zone during the Campanian and Paleocene
underwent HP/LT metamorphism. The blueschists were exhumed during ongoing subduction and prior to continental
collision through a thrust fault at the base and a normal fault at the top. In terms of tectonic setting and the
timing of the geological events, the Tavşanlı Zone exhibits close similarities to the Semail ophiolite and the underlying
blueschists.

Keywords

blueschist, ophiolite, northwest Turkey, Tavşanlı Zone, subduction

References

• Akdeniz, N. 1980. Baþlamýþ Formasyonu. Jeoloji Mü- hendisliði, 10, 39-47.
• Akyüz, S. and Okay, A.I. 1996. A section across a Tethyan suture in northwest Turkey. Interna- tional Geological Review, 38, 405-418.
• Akyüz, H.S. and Okay, A.I. 1999. Manyas güneyinin jeolojisi (Balýkesir) ve maviþistlerin tektonik konumu. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi, 120, 105-120.
• Altunkaynak, Þ. 2007. Collision-driven slab breakoff magmatism in northwestern Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Geology, 115, 63-82.
• Arnaud, N.O. and Kelley, S.P. 1995. Evidence for excess argon during high-pressure metamor- phism in the Dora Maira Massif (western Alps, Italy), using an ultra-violet laser ablation micro- probe 40Ar-39Ar technique. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 121, 1-11.
• Asutay, H.J., Küçükayman, A. and Gözler, M.Z. 1989. Daðküplü (Eskiþehir kuzeyi) ofiyolit karmaþýðý- nýn stratigrafisi, yapýsal konumu and kümülat- larýn petrografisi. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Der- gisi, 109, 1-8.
• Ataman, G. 1972. L'age radiometrique du massif gra- nodioritique d'Orhaneli. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni, 15, 125-130.
• Ataman, G. 1973 a. Gürgenyayla (Domaniç) granodi- yoritik kütlesinin radyometrik yaþý. Türkiye Jeo- loji Kurumu Bülteni, 16, 22-26. 1973 b. Mihallýçcýk (Eskiþehir) granit kütlesinin radyometrik yaþý üzerine bir çalýþma. TÜBÝTAK IV Bilim Kongresi, 1-5.
• Baþ, H. 1986. Domaniç-Tavþanlý-Kütahya-Gediz yö- resinin Tersiyer jeolojisi. Jeoloji Mühendisliði, 27,11-18.
• Batman, B. 1978. Haymana kuzeyinin jeolojik evrimi ve yöredeki melanjýn incelenmesi I: Stratigrafi birimleri. Yerbilimleri, 4, 95-124.
• Beccaletto, L., Bonev, N., Bosch, D. and Bruguier, O. 2007. Record of a Paleogene syn-collisional extension in the north Aegean region: evidence from the Kemer micaschists (NW Turkey). Geological Magazine, 144, 393-400.
• Bingöl, E., M. Delaloye, and Genç, Þ. 1994. Mag- matism of northwestern Anatolia. Excursion Guide Book. International Volcanological Congress, pre-congress excursion September 06-11, 1994, 56 s.
• Blumenthal, M.M. 1956. Geologie des hohen Bolkar- dað, seiner nördlichen Randgebirge und westlichen Auslaufer. MTA Enstitüsü yayýnlarý, D7, 153 s.
• Bragin, N.Y. and Tekin, U.K. 1996. Age of radiolarian chert blocks from the Senonian ophiolitic melange (Ankara, Turkey). The Island Arc, 5, 114-122.
• Candan, O. Çetinkaplan, M., Oberhansli, R., Rimmele, G. and Akal, C. 2005. Alpine high-P/ low-T metamorphism of the Afyon Zone and implications for the metamorphic evolution of Western Anatolia, Turkey. Lithos, 84, 102-124.
• Çalapkulu, F. 1980. Horoz granodiyoritinin jeolojik incelemesi. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni, 23, 59-68.
• Çelik, Ö.F., Delaloye, M. and Feraud, G. 2006. Precise 40Ar-39Ar ages from the metamorphic sole rocks of the Tauride Belt Ophiolites, southern Turkey: implications for the rapid cooling history. Geological Magazine, 143, 213-227.
• Çetinkaplan, M., Candan, O., Oberhänsli, R. and Bousquet, R. 2008. Pressure-temperature evo- lution of lawsonite eclogite in Sivrihisar; Tavþanlý Zone-Turkey. Lithos, 104, 12-32.
• Çoðulu, E. 1965. Remarques sur les schistes a glau- cophane et lawsonite de la region de Mihal- liçcik (Turquie). Arch. Sc. Soc. Phys. His. Nat. Geneve, 18, 126-131.
• Çoðulu, E. 1967. Etude pétrographique de la région de Mihaliçcik (Turquie). Schweizerisch mineralo- gische und petrographische Mitteilungen, 47, 683-824. and Krummenacher, D. 1967. Problèmes géochronométriques dans le partie NW de l'Anatolie Centrale (Turquie). Schweizerisch mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilun- gen, 47, 825-831.
• witness of the Palaeotethyan active margin.
• Eclogae geologica Helvetica, 97, 293-306.
• Forbes, R.B., Evans, B.W. and Thurston, S.P. 1984. Regional progressive high-pressure metamor- phism, Seward Peninsula, Alaska. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 2, 43-54.
• Gautier, Y. 1984. Déformations et métamorphismes associés à la fermeture téthysienne en Anatolie Centrale (Région de Sivrihisar, Turquie). Ph.D. thesis, University Paris-Sud, s 236 (unpub- lished).
• Gökten, E. and Floyd, P.A. 2007. Stratigraphy and geochemistry of pillow basalts within the ophio- litic melange of the Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan suture zone: implications for the geotectonic character of the northern branch of Neotethys. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 96, 725-741.
• Gözler, M.Z., Cevher, F. and Küçükayman, A. 1985. Eskiþehir civarýnýn jeolojisi ve sýcak su kay- naklarý. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi, 103/104, 40-54.
• Gutnic, M., Monod, O., Poisson, A. and Dumont, J.F. 1979. Géologie des Taurides Occidentales (Turquie). Mémoire Societe geologique de France no. 137, 109 s.
• Gürsü, S. and Göncüoðlu, M.C. 2006. Petrogenesis and tectonic setting of Cadomian felsic igneous rocks, Sandýklý area of the western Taurides, Turkey. International Journal Earth Sciences, 95, 741-757.
• Hacker, B.R., Mosenfelder, J.L. and Gnos, E. 1996. Rapid emplacement of the Oman ophiolite: Thermal and geochronological constraints. Tectonics, 15, 1230-1247.
• Harris, N.B.W., Kelley, S.P. and Okay, A.I. 1994. Post- collision magmatism and tectonics in northwest Turkey. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 117, 241-252.
• Hetzel, R. and Reischmann, T. 1996. Intrusion age of Pan-African augen gneisses in the southern Menderes Massif and the age of cooling after Alpine ductile extensional deformation. Geo- logical Magazine, 133, 565-572.
• Iþýk, V. and Tekeli, O. 2001. Late orogenic crustal extension in the northern Menderes massif (western Turkey): evidence for metamorphic core complex formation. International Journal Earth Sciences, 89, 757-765. , of extensional ductile deformation and granitoid intrusion in the northern Menderes core comp- lex: implications for the initiation of extensional tectonics in western Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 23,555-566.
• Karacýk, Z., Yýlmaz, Y., Pearce, J.A. and Ece, Ö.I. 2008. Petrochemistry of the south Marmara granitoids, northwest Anatolia, Turkey. Interna- tional Journal of Earth Sciences, DOI 10.1007/ s00531-007-0222-y (in press).
• Karaman, E. 1986. Altýnekin (Konya) çevresinin jeolo- jisi ve tektonik evrimi. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni, 29, 157-170.
• Kaya, O. 1972a. Tavþanlý yöresi ofiolit sorununun ana çizgileri. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni, 15, 26-108. 1972b. Aufbau und Geschichte einer anato- lischen Ophiolith - Zone. Z. deutsch. geol. Gesellschaft, 123, 491-501. 1981. Preliminary study on the paragenetic relationships in the polymetamorphic blue- schist rocks of the Tavþanlý area, West Anatolia. Aegean Earth Sciences, 1, 27-43.
• Kaya, O., Kozur, H., Sadeddin, W. and Helvacý, H. 2001. Late Norian conodont age for a metacar- bonate unit in NW Anatolia, Turkey. Geobios, 34, 527-532.
• Keskin, M., Ustaömer, T., and Yeniyol, M. 2003. Ýstan- bul kuzeyinde yüzeyleyen Üst Kretase yaþlý volkano-sedimenter birimlerin stratigrafisi, petrolojisi ve tektonik ortamý. Ýstanbul'un jeolo- jisi sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabý, 23-35.
• Konak, N. 2002. Türkiye jeoloji haritasý, Ýzmir paftasý 1:500 000. MTA Genel Müdürlüðü, Ankara.
• Kröner, A. and Þengör, A.M.C. 1990. Archean and Proterozoic ancestry in late Precambrian to early Palaeozoic crustal elements of southern Turkey as revealed by single-zircon dating. Geology, 18, 1186-1190.
• Kulaksýz, S. 1978. Sivrihisar kuzeybatý yöresi eklojit- leri. Yerbilimleri, 4, 89-94. , 1981. Sivrihisar kuzeybatý yöresinin jeolo- jisi (Geology of the region of northwest of Sivrihisar). Yerbilimleri, 8, 103 124.
• Lippard, S.J., Shelton, A.W. and Gass, I.G. 1986. The Ophiolites of Northern Oman. The Geological Society of London, Memoir 11, 178 p.
• Lisenbee, A. 1971. The Orhaneli ultramafic-gabbro thrust sheet and its surroundings. In A.S. Campbell (Editor), Geology and History of Turkey. Petroleum Exploration Society of Libya, Tripoli, s 349-360. 1972. Structural setting of the Orhaneli ultra- mafic massif near Bursa, northwestern Turkey. Ph.D. thesis. Pennsylvania State University, s157 (unpublished).
• Loos, S. and Reischmann, T. 1999. The evolution of the southern Menderes Massif in SW Turkey as revealed by zircon dating. J. Geol. Soc. London, 156, 1021-1030.
• Distribution and characteristics of the
• northwest Turkish blueschists. In: The Geo- logical Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean (eds. J.E. Dixon and A.H.F. Robertson), Geological Society Special Publication No. 17, 455-466.
• Okrusch, M. and Bröcker, M. 1990. Eclogites associa- ted with high-grade blueschists in the Cyclades archipelago, Greece: A review. European Journal of Mineralogy, 2, 451-478.
• Önen A.P. 2003. Neotethyan ophiolitic rocks of the Anatolides of NW Turkey and comparison with Tauride ophiolites. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 160, 947-962. and Hall, R. 1993. Ophiolites and related metamorphic rocks from the Kütahya region, north-west Turkey. Geological Journal, 28, 399- 412. and phic rocks from NW Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 18, 483-495.
• Özgen-Erdem, N., Akyaz, M. and Karabaþoðlu, A. 2007. Biostratigraphic interpretation and sys- tematics of Alveolina assemblages from the Ilerdian-Cuisian limestones of southern Eski- þehir, Central Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 29, 911-927.
• Özgül, L. and Göncüoðlu, M.C., 1999. Koçyaka meta- morfik Complex'nin metamorfik evrimi: Batý Orta Anadolu'da HP/LT metamorfizmalý tek- tonik bir birim. 52. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayý Bildiriler Kitabý, 279-286.
• Özgül, N. 1976. Toroslarýn bazý temel jeoloji özellikleri. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni, 19, 65-78.
• Parlak, O. 2000. Geochemistry and significance of mafic dyke swarms in the Pozantý-Karsantý ophiolite (southern Turkey). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 24, 29-38. and Delaloye, M. 1996. Geochemistry and timing of post-metamorphic dyke emplacement in the Mersin Ophiolite (southern Turkey): New age constraints from 40Ar/39Ar geochronology. Terra Nova, 8, 585-592. and from the metamorphic sole of the Mersin ophio- lite (southern Turkey). Tectonophysics, 301, 145-158.
• Patrick, B.E. and Evans, B.E. 1989. Metamorphic evolution of the Seward Peninsula blueschist terrane. J. Petrol., 30, 531-555.
• Perkins, D. III, Holland, T.J.B. and Newton, R.C. 1981. The Al2O3contents of enstatite in equilibrium with garnet in the system MgO-Al2O3-SiO2at 15-40 kbar and 900-1600°C. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 78, 99-109.
• Poupeau, G., Saddiqi, O., Michard, A., Goffe, B. and Oberhansli, R. 1998. Late thermal evolution of the Oman Mountains subophiolitic windows: Apatite fission-track thermochronology. Geo- logy, 26, 1139-1142.
• Rojay, B., Altýner, D., Altýner, S.Ö., Önen, A.P., James, S. and Thirwall, M.F. 2004. Geodynamic sig- nificance of the Cretaceous pillow basalts from North Anatolian Ophiolitic Melange Belt (Central Anatolia, Turkey): geochemical and paleontological constraints. Geodinamica Acta, 17, 349-361.
• Satir, M. and Friedrichsen, H. 1986. The origin and evolution of the Menderes Massif, W Turkey: a rubidium/strontium and oxygen isotope study. Geologische Rundschau, 75,703-714.
• Tansel, Ý. 1980. Nallýhan ve dolayýnýn biyostratigrafi incelemesi. Yerbilimleri, 5/6, 31-47.
• Tekin, U.K., Göncüoðlu, M.C. and Turhan, N. 2002. First evidence of Late Carnian radiolarians from the Izmir-Ankara suture complex, central Sakarya, Turkey: implications for the opening age of the Izmir-Ankara branch of Neo-Tethys. Geobios, 35, 127-135.
• Topuz, G., Okay, A.I., Altherr, R., Meyer, H.P. and Nasdala, L. 2006. Partial high-pressure arago- nitization of micritic limestones in an accre- tionary complex, Tavþanlý Zone, NW Turkey. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 24, 603-613.
• Turhan, N. 2002. Türkiye jeoloji haritasý, Ankara paf- tasý 1:500 000. MTA Genel Müdürlüðü, Ankara.
• Türkay, O. and Kuþçu, M. 1992. Atlas-Çaykoz (Sivrihisar-Eskiþehir) dolayýnýn jeolojisi ve mer- mer yataklarý. C.Ü. Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, Yerbilimleri, 9, 59-65.
• Ünalan, G., Yüksel, V., Tekeli, T., Gönenç, O., Seyirt, Z. and Selahi, H. 1976. Haymana-Polatlý yöresinin (güneybatý Ankara) Üst Kretase-Alt Tersiyer stratigrafisi ve paleocoðrafik evrimi. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni, 19, 159-176.
• Van der Kaaden, G. 1966. The significance and distribution of glaucophane rocks in Turkey. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Explo- ration Institute of Turkey, 67, 37-67.
• von Raumer J.F., Stampfli, G.M., Borel G. and Bussy, F. 2002. Organization of pre-Variscan base- ment areas at the north-Gondwanan margin. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 91, 35- 52.
• Warren, C.J., Parrish, R.A., Waters, D.J. and Searle, M.P. 2005. Dating the geologic history of Oman's Semail ophiolite: insights from U-Pb geochronology. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 150, 403-422.
• Whitney, D.L. 2002. Coexisting andalusite, kyanite, and sillimanite: Sequential formation of three Al2SiO5polymorphs during progressive meta- morphism near the triple point, Sivrihisar, Turkey. American Mineralogist, 87, 405-416.
• Whitney, D. L. and Davis, P. B. 2006. Why are law- sonite eclogites so rare?: Metamorphism and preservation of lawsonite eclogite, Sivrihisar, Turkey. Geology, 34, 473-476.
• Williams, H. and Smyth, R. 1973. Metamorphic aureoles beneath ophiolite suites and Alpine peridotites: tectonic implications with west Newfoundland examples. American Journal of Science, 273, 594-621.
• Woodcock, N.H. and Robertson, A.H.F. 1977. Origins of some ophiolite-related metamorphis rocks of the "Tethyan" belt. Geology, 5, 373-376.
• Yeniyol, M. 1979. Yunak (Konya) magnezitlerinin oluþum sorunlarý, deðerlendirilmesi ve yöre kayaçlarýnýn petrojenezi. Ýstanbul Yerbilimleri, 3, 21-51.
• Yýkýlmaz, M.B. 2002. Eosen yaþlý bir kývrým-bindirme kuþaðýnýn yapýsý (Nallýhan-Ankara). Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ýstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Avrasya Yerbilimleri Enstitüsü, 85 s.
• Yýlmaz, Ý.Ö. 2008. Cretaceous pelagic red beds and black shales (Aptian-Santonian), NW Turkey: Global oceanic anoxic and oxic events. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 17, 263-296. bos sayfa