Mineral chemistry, petrography and crystallization conditions of the Middle Eocene Kazıkbeli Pluton (Eastern Pontides, NE Türkiye)

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 175 Sayı: 175, 83 - 109, 05.12.2024

Zikrullah Samet Güloğlu Abdullah Kaygusuz , Emre Aydınçakır , Cem Yücel

https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.1529525

Öz

The Eastern Pontides host a diverse suite of plutonic rocks spanning a wide range of ages and compositions. Among these, the Middle Eocene Kazıkbeli pluton, located in the Kürtün district
of Gümüşhane, stands out due to its distinctive petrological characteristics. This study aims to unravel the petrological implications of petrographic and mineral chemical data to determine the
physicochemical conditions (temperature, pressure, oxygen fugacity) under which the Kazıkbeli magma crystallized and was emplaced. By integrating mineral chemical data, we seek to quantify
emplacement pressure, crystallization temperature, and oxygen fugacity. A comprehensive understanding of the genetic relationships and physicochemical properties of the Kazıkbeli
pluton rocks, as determined through geological, petrographic and mineral chemistry, is crucial for elucidating the geological evolution of the Eastern Pontides. The Kazıkbeli Pluton exhibits a
predominant NE-SW orientation and encompasses an area of roughly 46 km². Modal mineralogical analysis reveals a compositional spectrum ranging from gabbroic diorite to monzogranite, with
granodiorite and tonalite being the most prominent rock types. Textural variations encompass fineto medium-grained, porphyritic, poikilitic, and occasionally graphic textures. The primary mineral
assemblage of the pluton comprises plagioclase, orthoclase, quartz, amphibole, biotite, and Fe-Ti oxides. Accessory minerals include zircon, apatite, sphene, and allanite. Plagioclases are labradorite to oligoclase (An26 to An66) in composition. K-feldspar minerals exhibited an orthoclase composition (Or80 to Or97). All amphiboles belong to the calcic amphibole field and exhibit a magnesio-hornblende (Mg#=0.63-0.73) composition. Biotites crystallized as solidified melt products with compositions between annite and phlogopite endmembers, plotting close to the magnesium-rich (Mg#=0.52- 0.58) end of the phlogopite solid solution series. Calculated crystallization temperatures derived from amphibole and biotite data range from 712°C to 824°C. Pressure estimations calculated using amphibole-plagioclase, amphibole and biotite suggest a range of 0.04 to 2.06 kbar. Oxygen fugacity (ƒO2) values calculated using amphibole and biotite fall between -12.5 and -16.1. Amphibole-based water content estimations indicate a range of 3.7% to 5.7% for the pluton. Biotite compositions within the studied Kazıkbeli pluton rocks exhibit characteristics suggestive of a potential mantle origin. Geobarometric calculations based on mineral chemistry data with geological and petrographic features indicate the emplacement of the Kazıkbeli Pluton at relatively shallow depths within the crust (~1 to 8 km).

Anahtar Kelimeler

Petrography, Mineral Chemistry, Geothermobarometer, Kürtün (NE Türkiye), Eastern Pontides.

Etik Beyan

This research was financially supported by the Scientific Research Projects Unit of Gümüşhane University through project codes 20.F5114.01.04 and 22.F5114.02.03. The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to Hüseyin Enes Atay, Muhammet Emin Ay, and Mertcan Yılmaz for their invaluable assistance during fieldwork. The authors are also grateful to editor Halim Mutlu, reviewer Zafer Aslan and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive criticism and comments, which significantly improved the quality of this manuscript.

Destekleyen Kurum

This research was financially supported by the Scientific Research Projects Unit of Gümüşhane University through project codes 20.F5114.01.04 and 22.F5114.02.03.

Proje Numarası

20.F5114.01.04 and 22.F5114.02.03

Teşekkür

The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to Hüseyin Enes Atay, Muhammet Emin Ay, and Mertcan Yılmaz for their invaluable assistance during fieldwork. The authors are also grateful to editor Halim Mutlu, reviewer Zafer Aslan and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive criticism and comments, which significantly improved the quality of this manuscript.

Kaynakça

• Abbott Jr., R. N. 1985. Muscovite-bearing granites in the AFM liquidus projection. Canadian Mineralogist, 23, 553-561.
• Abdel–Rahman, A. M. 1994. Nature of biotites from alkaline, calc-alkaline, and peraluminous magmas. Journal of Petrology 35, 525-541.
• Ağar, Ü. 1977. Demirözü (Bayburt) ve Köse (Kelkit) bölgesinin jeolojisi. Doktora tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul (unpublished).
• Anderson, J. L. 1996. Status of thermobarometry in granitic batholiths. Trans Royal Society Edinburgh, Earth Sciences, 87, 125-138.
• Anderson, J. L., Smith, D. R. 1995. The effects of temperature and ƒO2 on the Al-in hornblende barometer. American Mineralogist 80, 549-559.
• Arslan, M., Aslan, Z. 2006. Mineralogy, petrography and whole-rock geochemistry of the Tertiary granitic intrusions in the eastern Pontides, Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 27, 177-193.
• Arslan, M., Temizel, İ., Abdioğlu, E., Kolaylı, H., Yücel, C., Boztuğ, D., Şen, C. 2013. 40Ar–39Ar dating, whole-rock and Sr–Nd–Pb isotope geochemistry of post-collisional Eocene volcanic rocks in the southern part of the Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey): Implications for magma evolution in extension- induced origin. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 166, 113–142.
• Arslan, M., Temizel, İ., Ackerman, L., Yücel, C., Abdioğlu Yazar, E. 2022. Highly siderophile element and Os isotope systematics of the Cenozoic volcanic rocks from the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: Constraints on the origin and evolution of subcontinental mantle-derived magmas. Lithos 410–411.
• Aslan, Z., Arslan, M., Temizel, İ., Kaygusuz, A. 2014. K-Ar dating, whole-rock and Sr-Nd isotope geochemistry of calc-alkaline volcanic rocks around the Gümüşhane area: Implications for post-collisional volcanism in the Eastern Pontides, Northeast Turkey. Mineralogy and Petrology 108, 245–267.
• Aydınçakır, E. 2014. The Petrogenesis of Early-Eocene non- adakitic volcanism in NE Turkey: Constraints on geodynamic implications. Lithos 208, 361-377.
• Aydınçakır, E., Gündüz, R., Yücel, C. 2020. Emplacement conditions of magma(s) forming Jurassic plutonic rocks in Gümüşhane (Eastern Pontides, Turkey). Bullettin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 162, 175–196.
• Aydınçakır, E., Yücel, C., Ruffet, G., Gücer, M. A., Akaryalı, E., Kaygusuz, A. 2022. Petrogenesis of post-collisional Middle Eocene volcanism in the Eastern Pontides (NE, Turkey): Insights from geochemistry, whole-rock Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes, zircon U-Pb and 40Ar-39Ar geochronology. Geochemistry 125871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. chemer.2022.125871.
• Aydınçakır, E., Yücel, C., Kaygusuz, A., Bilici, Ö., Yi, K., Jeong, Y-Z., Güloğlu, Z. S. 2023. Magmatic evolution of the Calc-alkaline Middle Jurassic igneous rocks in the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: Insights from geochemistry, whole-rock Sr- Nd-Pb, in situ zircon Lu-Hf isotopes, and U-Pb geochronology. International Geology Review 65, 20, 3146–3167.
• Blundy, J. D., Holland, T. J. B. 1990. Calcic amphibole equilibria and a new amphibole-plagioclase geothermometer, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 104, 208-224.
• Blundy, J., Cashman, K. 2001. Ascent driven crystallization of dacite magmas at Mount St. Helens, 1980- 1986. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 140, 631-650.
• Blundy, J., Cashman, K., Humhreys, M. 2006. Magma heating by decompression-driven crystallization beneath andesite volcanoes. Nature 443, 76-80.
• Boztuğ, D., Jonckheere, R., Wagner, G.A., Yeğingil, Z. 2004. Slow Senonian and fast Palaeocene–Early Eocene uplift of the granitoids in the Central eastern Pontides, Turkey: Apatite fission–track results. Tectonophysics 382, 213–228.
• Boztuǧ, D., Erçin, A. İ., Kuruçelik, M. K., Göç, D., Kömür, I., İskenderoǧlu, A. 2006. Geochemical characteristics of the composite Kaçkar batholith generated in a Neo-Tethyan convergence system, Eastern Pontides, Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 27, 286–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jseaes.2005.03.008.
• Couch, S., Sparks, R. S. J., Carroll, M. R. 2001. Mineral disequilibrium in lavas explained by convective self-mixing in open magma chambers. Nature 411, 1037-1039.
• Çoğulu, E. 1975. Gümüşhane ve Rize granitik plutonlarının mukayeseli petrojeolojik ve jeokronolojik etüdü. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, İstanbul Tech. Univ.
• Deer, W. A., Howie, R. A., Zussman, J. 1992. An introduction to the rock forming minerals, (second edition), London, Longman, p, 696.
• Dokuz, A. 2011. A slab detachment and delamination model for the generation of Carboniferous high- potassium I-type magmatism in the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: The Köse composite pluton. Gondwana Research 19, 926–944.
• Dokuz, A., Sünnetçi, K. 2019. Jurassic acidic magmatism. in a back-arc setting, eastern Sakarya Zone, Turkey: Geochemical constraints and an evolutionary model: Lithos 10.1016/j.lithos.2019.02.022.
• Dungan, M. A., Rhodes, J. M. 1978. Residual glasses and melt inclusions in basalts from DSDP Legs 45 and 46: Evidence for magma mixing. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 67, 417-431.
• Eggler, D. H. 1972. Water-saturated and undersaturated melting relations in a paricutin andesite and an estimate of water content in the natural magma, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 34, 261-271.
• Eyüboğlu, Y., Dudas, F. O., Santosh, M., Xiao, Y., Yi, K., Chatterjee, N., Wu, F. Y., Bektaş, O. 2016. Where are the remnants of a Jurassic Ocean in the Eastern Mediterranean Region? Gondwana Research v. 33, p. 63–92.
• Eyüboğlu, Y., Dudas, F. O., Thorkelson, D., Zhu, D. C., Liu, Z., Chatterjee, N., Yi, K., Santosh, M. 2017. Eocene granitoids of northern Turkey: Polybaric magmatism in an evolving arc–slab window system. Gondwana Research.
• Eyüboğlu, Y., Dudas, F. O., Santosh, M., Eroğlu-Gümrük, T., Akbulut, K., Yi, K., Chatterjee, N. 2018. The final pulse of the Early Cenozoic adakitic activity in the Eastern Pontides Orogenic Belt (NE Turkey): An integrated study on the nature of transition from adakitic to non-adakitic magmatism in a slab window setting. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 157, 141–165.
• Eyüboğlu, Y., Dudas, F. O., Zhu, D.C., Liu, Z., Chatterjee, N. 2019. Late Cretaceous I- and A-type magmas in eastern Turkey: Magmatic response to double- sided subduction of Paleo- and Neo-Tethyan lithospheres. Lithos 326–327, 39–70.
• Gedikoğlu, A. 1979. Harşit (Giresun-Doğankent) granit karmaşığının jeokronolojik etüdü. Türkiye Jeoloji Bilimsel ve Teknik Kurultayı Bildiri Özleri Kitabı, 33, 59-60.
• Gücer, M. A., Sarı, E. 2021. Karbonifer Pamuktaş Plütonu’nun petrografisi, jeokimyası ve petrolojik özellikleri, Bayburt (KD Türkiye). Yerbilimleri, 41(2), 85-120.
• Güloğlu, Z. S. 2022. Eosen yaşlı Kazıkbeli Plütonu’nun (Kürtün-Gümüşhane) petrografisi, petrokimyası, U-Pb zirkon jeokronolojisi, tüm-kayaç Sr-Nd-Pb ve zirkon Lu-Hf izotop jeokimyası ve petrolojisi. Doktora tezi, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, Gümüşhane (unpublished).
• Güven, İ. H. 1993. Doğu Pontidler’in 1/ 250 000 ölçekli kompilasyonu, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
• Hammarstrom, J. M., Zen, E. 1986. Aluminum in hornblende: An empirical igneous geobarometer, American Mineralogist 71, 1297-1313.
• Helmy, H. M., Ahmed, A. F., El Mahallawi, M. M., Ali, S. M. 2004. Pressure, temperature and oxygen fugacity conditions of calc-alkaline granitoids, Eastern Desert of Egypt, and tectonic implications. Journal of African Earth Sciences 38, 255-268.
• Helz, R. T. 1973. Phase relations of basalts in their melting ranges at PH2O=5 kb as a function of oxygen fugacity, Journal of Petrology 14, 249-302.
• Holland, T. J. B., Blundy, J. D. 1994. Non-ideal interactions in calcic amphiboles and their bearing on amphibole-plagioclase thermometry. Contribution to Mineralogy and Petrology 116, 433-447.
• Hollister, L. S., Grisson, G. C., Peters, E.K., Stowell, H. H., Sisson, V. B. 1987. Confirmation of the empirical calibration of aluminum in amphibole with pressure of solidification of calc-alkaline plutons. American Mineralogist 72, 231-239.
• Ilbeyli, N. 2008. Geochemical characteristics of the Sebinkarahisar granitoids in the Eastern Pontides, northeast Turkey: Petrogenesis and tectonic implications. International Geology Review 50, 563–582.
• Johnson, M. C., Rutherford, M. J. 1989. Experimental calibration of the aluminum in-hornblende geobarometer with application to Long Valley Caldera (California) volcanic rocks, Geology 17, 837-841.
• Karslı, O., Chen, B., Aydın, F., Şen, C. 2007. Geochemical and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions of the Eocene Dölek and Sariçiçek Plutons, Eastern Turkey: Implications for magma interaction in the genesis of high-K calc-alkaline granitoids in a post-collision extensional setting. Lithos 98, 67–96.
• Karslı, O., Dokuz, A., Uysal, I., Aydın, F., Chen, B., Kandemir, R., Wijbrans, J. 2010. Relative contributions of crust and mantle to generation of Campanian high-K calc-alkaline I-type granitoids in a subduction setting, with special reference to the Harşit Pluton, Eastern Turkey. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 160, 467–487.
• Karslı, O., Ketenci, M., Uysal, İ., Dokuz, A., Aydın, F., Chen, B., Kandemir, R., Wijbrans, J. 2011. Adakite-like granitoid porphyries in the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: Potential parental melts and geodynamic implications. Lithos 127, 354–372.
• Karslı, O., Uysal, İ., Ketenci, M., Dokuz, A., Kandemir, R., Wijbrans, J. 2011. Adakite-like granitoid porphyries in the Eastern Turkey: potential parental melts and geodynamic implications. Lithos 127, 354-372.
• Karslı, O., Dokuz, A., Uysal, İ., Ketenci, M., Chen, B., Kandemir, R. 2012. Deciphering the shoshonitic monzonites with I-type characteristic, the Sisdağı pluton, NE Turkey: magmatic response to continental lithospheric thinning. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 51, 45-62.
• Karslı, O., Dokuz, A., Kandemir, R. 2017. Zircon Lu-Hf isotope systematics and U–Pb geochronology, whole-rock Sr-Nd isotopes and geochemistry of the early Jurassic Gokcedere pluton, Sakarya Zone-NE Turkey: a magmatic response to roll- back of the Paleo-Tethyan oceanic lithosphere. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 172, 31.
• Kaygusuz, A. 2000. Torul ve çevresinde yüzeylenen kayaçlarınpetrografikvejeokimyasalincelenmesi, Doktora tezi, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Trabzon (unpublished).
• Kaygusuz, A., Öztürk, M. 2015. Geochronology, geochemistry, and petrogenesis of the Eocene Bayburt intrusions, Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: Evidence for lithospheric mantle and lower crustal sources in the high-Kcalc-alkalinemagmatism. Journal Asian Earth Sciences 108, 97–116.
• Kaygusuz, A., Şahin, K. 2016. Petrographical, geochemical and petrological characteristics of Eocene volcanic rocks in the Mescitli area, Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey), Journal of Engineering Research and Applied Science, 5 (2), 473-486.
• Kaygusuz, A., Siebel, W., Şen, C., Satır, M. 2008. Petrochemistry and petrology of I-type granitoids in an arc setting: The composite Torul pluton, Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey. International Journal Earth Sciences 97, 739–764 .
• Kaygusuz, A., Arslan, M., Siebel, W., Şen, C. 2011. Geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic characteristics of post-collisional calc-alkaline volcanics in the eastern pontides (NE Turkey). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 20, 137–159.
• Kaygusuz, A., Arslan, M., Siebel, W., Sipahi, F., Ilbeyli, N. 2012. Geochronological evidence and tectonic significance of Carboniferous magmatism in the southwest Trabzon area, eastern Pontides, Turkey. International Geology Review 54, 1776–1800.
• Kaygusuz, A., Arslan, M., Sipahi, F., Temizel, İ. 2016. U–Pb zircon chronology and petrogenesis of Carboniferous plutons in the northern part of the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: Constraints for Paleozoic magmatism and geodynamic evolution. Gondwana Research 39, 327–346.
• Kaygusuz, A., Merdan Tutar, Z., Yücel, C. 2017. Mineral chemistry, crystallization conditions and petrography of Cenozoic volcanic rocks in the Bahçecik (Torul/Gümüşhane) area, Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey). Journal of Engineering Research and Applied Science, 6 (2), 641-651.
• Kaygusuz, A., Yücel, C., Arslan, M., Sipahi, F., Temizel, İ., Çakmak, G., Güloglu, Z. S. 2018. Petrography, mineral chemistry and crystallization conditions of Cenozoic plutonic rocks located to the north of Bayburt (Eastern Pontides, Turkey). Bullettin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 157, 75–102.
• Kaygusuz, A., Yücel, C., Arslan, M., Temizel, İ., Yi, K., Jeong, Y. J., Siebel, W., Sipahi, F. 2020. Eocene I-type magmatism in the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: insights into magma genesis and magma- tectonic evolution from whole-rock geochemistry, geochronology and isotope systematics. International Geology Review 62, 1406–1432.
• Kaygusuz, A., Arslan, M., Temizel, İ., Yücel, C., Aydınçakır, E. 2021. U–Pb zircon ages and petrogenesis of the Late Cretaceous I-type granitoids in arc setting, Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey. Journal of African Earth Sciences 174, 104040.
• Kaygusuz, A., Yücel, C., Aydınçakır, E., Gücer, M. A., Ruffet, G. 2022. 40Ar–39Ar dating, whole-rock and Sr-Nd isotope geochemistry of the Middle Eocene calc-alkaline volcanic rocks in the Bayburt area, Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey): Implications for magma evolution in an extension-related setting. Mineralogy and Petrology 116, 379–399.
• Kaygusuz, A., Güloğlu, Z. S., Aydınçakır, E., Yücel, C., Vural, A., Siebel, W., Jeong, Y-J. 2023. U–Pb zircon dating, Sr-Nd whole-rock and Lu-Hf zircon isotope analyses of the Eocene Arslandede pluton, Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: Implications for mantle source and magma evolution. Chemie der Erde- Geochemistry.
• Kemp, A. I. S. 2001. Petrogenesis of granitic rocks: A source- based perspective. PhD Thesis, Autralian National University, Canberra, Australia (unpublished).
• Kemp, A. I. S. 2004. Petrology of high-Mg, low-Ti igneous rocks of the Glenelg River Complex (SE Australia) and the nature of their interaction with crustal melts, Lithos, 78, 119-156.
• Leake, E. B., Wooley, A. R., Arps, C. E. S., Birch, W. D., Gilbert, M. C., Grice, J. D., Hawthorne, F. C., Kato, A., Kisch, H. J., Krivovichev, V. G., Linthout, K., Laird, J., Mandarino, J., Maresch, W. V., Nickhel, E. H., Rock, N. M. S., Schumacher, J. C., Smith, D. C., Stephenson, N. C. N., Ungaretti, L., Whittaker, E. J. W., Youzhi, G. 1997. Nomenclature of amphiboles report of the subcommittee on amphiboles of the international mineralogical association commission on new minerals and mineral names. European Journal Mineralogy, 9, 623-651.
• Liu, Z., Zhu, D. C., Wang, Q., Eyüboğlu, Y., Zhao, Z. D., Liu, S. A., Xu, L. J. 2018. Transition from low-K to high-K calc-alkaline magmatism at approximately 84 Ma in the Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey): Magmatic response to slab rollback of the Black Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth 123, 7604–7628.
• Luhr, J. F., Carmichael, I. S. E., Varekamp, J. C. 1984. The 1982 eruptions of El Chicón Volcano, Chiapas, Mexico: Mineralogy and petrology of the anhydrite-bearing pumices: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 23, 69-108.
• Merzbacher, C., Eggler, D. H. 1984. A magmatic geohygrometer: Application to Mount St. Helens and other dacitic magmas, Geology 12, 587-590.
• Moazzen, M., Droop, G. T. R. 2004. Application of mineral thermometers and barometers to granitoid igneous rocks: The etive complex, W Scotland. Mineralogy and Petrology 83, 27-53.
• Naney, M. T. 1983. Phase equilibria of rock-forming ferromagnesian silicates in granitic systems, American Journal of Science 283, 993-1033.
• Nielsen, C. H., Sigurdsson, H. 1981. Quantitative methods for electron microprobe analysis of sodium in natural and synthetic glasses. American Mineralogist 66(5-6), 547-552.
• Nixon, G. T. 1988. Petrology of the younger andesites and dacites of Iztaaccihuatl volcano, Mexico: Disequilibrium phenocryst assemblages as indicators of magma chamber processes. Journal of Petrology 29, 213-264.
• Oğuz-Saka, S., Aydin, F., Karsli, O., Dokuz, A., Aiglsperger, T., Miggins, D. P., Şen, C., Kandemir, R., Sarı, B., Koppers, A. A. P. 2023. Two-stage bimodal volcanism in a Late Cretaceous arc/ back-arc setting, NE Turkey: Constraints from volcano-stratigraphy, zircon U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology and whole-rock elemental and Sr- Nd-Pb isotope geochemistry. Lithos.
• Okay, A., Şahintürk, Ö. 1997. Geology of the eastern Pontides. In: Robinson AG (Ed.) Regional and petroleum geology of the Black Sea and surrounding region. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoirs 68, 291–311.
• Özdamar, Ş. 2016. Geochemistry and geochronology of late Mesozoic volcanic rocks in the northern part of the Eastern Pontide Orogenic Belt (NE Turkey): implications for the closure of the Neo-Tethys Ocean. Lithos 248–251, 240–256.
• Özdamar, Ş., Roden, M. F., Billor, M. Z. 2017. Petrology of the shoshonitic Çambaşı pluton in NE Turkey and implications for the closure of the Neo- Tethys Ocean: Insights from geochemistry, geochronology and Sr–Nd isotopes. Lithos 284– 285, 477–492.
• Parsons, I., Mason, R. A., Becker, S. M., Finch, A. A. 1991. Biotite equilibria and fluid circulation in the Klokken Intrusion. Journal of Petrology 32, 1299- 1333.
• Perugini, D., Busa, T., Poli, G., Nazzareni, S. 2003. The role of chaotic dynamics and flow fields in the development of disequilibrium textures in volcanic rock. Journal of Petrology 44, 733-756.
• Revan, M. K., Demir, Y., Uysal, İ., Özkan, M., Dumanlılar, Ö., Şen, C., Kara, R. T., Hamzaçebi, S., Göç, D., Müller, D., Tokoğlu, M. 2023. Recently- discovered Bahçecik Au±Ag mineralization in the Eastern Pontides, Gümüşhane-NE Türkiye: geological and geochemical implications on the intermediate sulfidation epithermal deposit. Internatıonal Geology Review.
• Rezeau, H., Hässig, M., Sadikhov, E., Chiaradia, M., Moritz, R. 2023. Magmatic record along the Eastern Pontides-Lesser Caucasus orogenic belt: Implications for magma petrogenesis, regional tectonics and metallogeny. Earth-Science Reviews.
• Ridolfi, F., Renzulli, A. 2012. Calcic amphiboles in calc- alkaline and alkaline magmas: Thermobarometric and chemometric empirical equations valid up to 1,130 °C and 2.2 Gpa. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 163, 877-895.
• Ridolfi, F., Renzulli, A., Puerini, M. 2010. Stability and chemical equilibrium of amphibole in calc-alkaline magmas: An overview, new thermobarometric formulations and application to subduction-related volcanos, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 160, 45-66.
• Rutherford, M. J., Hill, P. M. 1993. Magma ascent rates from amphibole breakdown: an experimental study applied to the 1980-1986 Mount St. Helens eruptions. Journal of Geophysical Research 98, 19667-19685.
• Sakumaya, M. 1981. Petrological study of the Myoko and Kurohime Volcanoes, Japan: crystallization sequence and evidence magma mixing. Journal of Petrology 22, 553-583.
• Sar, A., Kürüm, S., Bingöl, A. F. 2023. Early Cretaceous to Middle Eocene magmatic evolution of Eastern Pontides: Zircon U-Pb ages and Hf isotopes, and geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic constraints from multiphase granitoids, NE Turkey. Journal of Earth Science 34, 2, 518-535.
• Schmidt, M. W. 1992. Amphibole composition in tonalite as a function of pressure: An experimental calibration of the Al-in-hornblende barometer, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 110, 304-310.
• Simonetti, A., Shore, M., Bell, K. 1996. Diopside phenocrysts from nephelinite lavas, Napak Volcano, Eastern Uganda: Evidence from magma mixing. Canadian Mineralogist 34, 411-442.
• Sipahi, F., Akpınar, İ., Saydam Eker, Ç., Kaygusuz, A., Vural, A., Yılmaz, M. 2017. Formation of the Eğrikar (Gümüşhane) Fe–Cu skarn type mineralization in NE Turkey: U–Pb zircon age, lithogeochemistry, mineral chemistry, fluid inclusion, and O-H-C-S isotopic compositions. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 182, 32–52.
• Smith, J. V., Brown, W. L. 1988. Feldspar minerals I: Crystal structures, physical, chemical, and microtextural properties, Springer Verlage, New York.
• Speer, J. A. 1984. Micas in igneous rocks, Micas, Reviews in Mineralogy, ed: Bailey S.W, 13, 299-35.Stimac, J. A., Pearce, T. H. 1992. Textural evidence of mafic-felsic magma interaction in dacite lavas, Clear Lake, California. American Mineralogist 77, 795-809.
• Streck, M. J. 2008. Mineral textures and zoning as evidence for open system processes. In: Putirka KD, Tepley III FJ (eds) Minerals, inclusions and volcanic processes. Miner. Soc. Am and Geochemical Soc, Rev Minaral 595-622.
• Streckeisen, A. 1976. To each plutonic rock its proper name. Earth Science Reviews 12, 1–33.
• Temizel, İ., Arslan, M., Ruffet, G., Peucat, J.J. 2012. Petrochemistry, geochronology and Sr-Nd isotopic systematics of the Tertiary collisional and post- collisional volcanic rocks from the Ulubey (Ordu) area, eastern Pontide, NE Turkey: implications for extension-related origin and mantle source characteristics. Lithos 128, 126–147
• Temizel, İ., Abdioğlu Yazar, E., Arslan, M., Kaygusuz, A., Aslan, Z. 2018. Mineral chemistry, whole-rock geochemistry and petrology of Eocene I-type shoshonitic plutons in the Gölköy area (Ordu, NE Turkey). Bullettin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 157, 121–152.
• Temizel, İ., Arslan, M., Yücel, C., Abdioğlu Yazar, E., Kaygusuz, A., Aslan, Z. 2019. U-Pb geochronology, bulk-rock geochemistry and petrology of Late Cretaceous syenitic plutons in the Gölköy (Ordu) area (NE Turkey): Implications for magma generation in a continental arc extension triggered by slab roll-back. Journal Asian Earth Sciences 171, 305–320.
• Temizel, İ., Arslan, M., Yücel, C., Abdioğlu Yazar, E., Kaygusuz, A., Aslan, Z. 2020. Eocene tonalite– granodiorite from the Havza (Samsun) area, northern Turkey: adakite-like melts of lithospheric mantle and crust generated in a post-collisional setting. International Geology Review 62, 1131– 1158.
• Temizel, İ., Arslan, M., Abdioğlu Yazar, E., Aslan, Z., Kaygusuz, A., Baki Eraydın, T. 2022. Zircon U-Pb geochronology and petrology of the tholeiitic gabbro from the Kovanlık (Giresun) area: Constraints for the Late Cretaceous bimodal arc magmatism in the Eastern Pontides Orogenic Belt, NE Turkey. Lithos 428–429. Toksoy- Köksal, F. 2016. Ekecidağ Magmatik Birliği (Orta Anadolu) Granitoyidlerinin Petrojenezi: Mineral Kimyası Perspektifi. Yerbilimleri 37(2), 139-178.
• Topuz, G., Altherr, R., Schwarz, W. H., Siebel, W., Satır, M., Dokuz, A. 2005. Post-collisional plutonism with adakite-like signatures: The Eocene Saraycik granodiorite (Eastern Pontides, Turkey). Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 150, 441–455.
• Topuz, G., Altherr, R., Siebel, W., Schwarz, W.H., Zack, T., Hasözbek, A., Barth, M., Satir, M., Şen, C. 2010. Carboniferous high-potassium I-type granitoid magmatism in the Eastern Pontides: The Gümüşhane pluton (NE Turkey). Lithos 116, 92–110.
• Topuz, G., Okay, A. I., Altherr, R., Schwarz, W. H., Siebel, W., Zack, T., Satir, M., Sen, C. 2011. Post- collisional adakite-like magmatism in the Agvanis Massif and implications for the evolution of the Eocene magmatism in the Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey). Lithos 125, 131–150.
• Tulloch, A. J., Challis, G. A. 2000. Emplacement depths of Palaeozoic-Mesozoic plutons from western New Zealand estimated by hornblend-Al geobarometry. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 43, 555-567.
• Uchida, E., Endo, S., Makino, M. 2007. Relationship between solidification depth of granitic rocks and formation of hydrothermal ore deposits: Resource Geology 57, 47-56.
• Ustaömer, T., Robertson, A. H. F., Ustaömer, P. A., Gerdes, A., Peytcheva, I. 2013. Constraints on Variscan and Cimmerian magmatism and metamorphism in the Pontides (Yusufeli-Artvin area), NE Turkey from U-Pb dating and granite geochemistry. Geological Society Special Publication 372, 49– 74.
• Venezky, D. Y., Rutherford, M. J. 1997. Preeruption conditions and timing of dacite-andesite magma mixing in the 2.2 ka eruption at Mount Rainier. Journal Geophys Res. 102, 20069-20086.
• Vural, A., Kaygusuz, A. 2021. Geochronology, petrogenesis and tectonic importance of Eocene I-type magmatism in the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 14. https://doi. org/10.1007/s12517-021-06884-z.
• Wallace, P. J., Carmichael, I. S. E. 1994. Petrology of Volcan Tequila, Jalisco, Mexico: Disequilibrium phenocryst assemblages and evolution of the subvolcanic magma system. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 117, 345-361.
• Wones, D. R. 1989. Significance of the assemblage titanite, magnetite, quartz in granitic rocks. American Mineralogist 74, 744-749.
• Yılmaz, Y. 1972. Petrology and structure of the Gümüşhane Granite and surrounding rocks, North-Eastern Anatolia. PhD Thesis, Univ. London 260 p.
• Yücel, C., Arslan, M., Temizel, İ., Abdioğlu Yazar, E., Ruffet, G. 2017. Evolution of K-rich magmas derived from a net veined lithospheric mantle in an ongoing extensional setting: Geochronology and geochemistry of Eocene and Miocene volcanic rocks from Eastern Pontides (Turkey). Gondwana Research 45, 65–86.
• Yücel, C., Aydınçakır, E., Kaygusuz, A., Arslan, M., Yi, K., Jeong, Y-J., Cicerali, D. 2023. Petrogenesis of Late Cretaceous A-type plutonic rocks from the Eastern Pontides Orogenic Belt (NE Turkey): Constraints from zircon U-Pb geochronology, zircon Lu-Hf and whole-rock Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotopes. International Geology Review.