The Sauk and Mesquakie Cultural Resistance to Settler Colonialism
Abstract
This paper discusses two themes: “Place and belonging, ethnic, cultural and religious minorities,” and “How does literature depict the struggle for recognition”. It does so through an analysis of the actions of the Sauk and Mesquakie Indians living in Illinois, Wisconsin, and Iowa during the early nineteenth century, as they were seen by their white neighbors, and through the pages of Sauk leader Black Hawk’s biography. The first such account dictated by an anti-American, unacculturated Native American. It relates the tribal annual round of fall hunting, spring maple sugar harvesting, and summer farming as the villagers used their local resources with traditional labor and ceremonies. In his autobiography, Black Hawk recounts the villagers’ responses to a fraudulent treaty which stripped the tribes of their land, and their unsuccessful three decade-long struggle to overturn that document. He discusses their annual village ceremonies and relates their connections to a particular place. He expresses the Sauk determination to remain at their principal village because it was the site of their major cemetery and the religious rites related to their ancestors practices there. When several tribal leaders agreed to relocate west of the Mississippi River, conservative Sauks objected to abandoning the grave site. For the Mesquakie, the dispute focused more of the seizure of their traditional lead-mining lands in Iowa and Wisconsin which they claimed had never been surrendered to the United States. The existing literature demonstrates how the Indians’ ideas about culture and place underlay their actions and brought ultimate tragedy.
Keywords
References
- Stout, David. “Sac and Fox.” Indians of Eastern Missouri, Western Illinois, and Southern Wisconsin From the Proto-Historic Period to 1804, Garland Company, 1974, pp. 251-53.
- Hagan, William T. The Sac and Fox Indians. University of Oklahoma Press, 1958.
- Wallace, Anthony F. C. “Prelude to Disaster: The Course of Indian-White Relations Which Led to the Black Hawk War.” The Black Hawk War 1831-1823: Letters and Papers, edited by Ellen M. Whitney, Illinois State Historical Library, 1970-1978, pp. 1-51.
- Jackson, Donald D., editor. Black Hawk, Black Hawk: an Autobiography. University of Illinois Press, 1964.
- Nichols, Roger L. Black Hawk and the Warrior’s Path. 2nd ed., Wiley Blackwell, 2017.
- Carter, Clarence E., editor. Territorial Papers of the United States. GPO, 1934-1970.
- Kappler, Charles J., editor. Indian Laws and Treaties. GPO, 1903-1904.
- Jung, Patrick J. The Black Hawk War of 1832. University of Oklahoma Press, 2007.
Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
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Journal Section
Research Article
Authors
Roger L. Nichols
*
This is me
0000-0002-3190-5078
United States
Publication Date
June 30, 2019
Submission Date
May 13, 2019
Acceptance Date
July 17, 2019
Published in Issue
Year 2019 Volume: 13 Number: 1