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Endless Becoming: Identity Formation in Michèle Roberts’ Flesh and Blood

Year 2019, Volume: 13 Issue: 1, 14 - 26, 30.06.2019

Abstract

Working with a Chinese box narrative structure,
Michèle Roberts creates a set of embedded stories in her 1994 novel, Flesh and Blood that would seem like a
loose collage of unrelated stories of women at first sight, but are actually
interwoven by the novel’s protagonist, Frederica Stonehouse. The multitude of
histories responds to a variety of needs: personal, cultural, social or
religious, all alluding to the narratable self and its desire for recognition
and change. Roberts offers an alternative account of the Cartesian subject by
introducing Frederica’s character as an ‘agentic subject’ who embarks on a
psychological journey and moves freely through different identities. The
plurality of voices presented in the text alludes to the fragmented and
contextual nature of the self and shows how a contingent identity is able to
escape the notion of a single and stable meaning in a literary narration. The
endlessness of the embedded cyclic narration and its explicit function as a
force of transformation allows Frederica to become able to eventually re-invent
herself, find self-recognition and to formulate herself in her own terms, even
if only temporarily. By utilising recognition theory and focusing primarily on
Axel Honneth’s critical social theory of recognition and idea of autonomy, I
investigate the ways in which particular characters express their expectations
for appropriate levels of recognition. In choosing to weave my paper around the
histories of specific characters—namely, the protagonist Frederica, who
journeys from daughterhood into motherhood, and the late nineteenth-century
painter character of the embedded stories, Georgina, whose story most
powerfully portrays a struggle against social subordination—I wish to examine
how the characters face struggles between social obligations, family roles, and
individual desires and scrutinise the means by which the text questions a
fixed, stable, and homogeneous identity. Roberts’s fluid view of the self
emphasises the fact that we, as human beings, are formed through multiple
discourses of identity and always in-process, devoid of a complete inner,
secure or authentic self.

References

  • Anderson, Sybol C. Hegel’s Theory of Recognition: From Oppression to Ethical Liberal Modernity. Continuum, 2009.
  • Baur, Michael, and Frederick Neuhouser. Fichte: Foundations of Natural Right. Cambridge University Press, 2000.
  • Butler, Judith. Undoing Gender, Routledge, 2004.
  • Campbell, Kirsten. Jacques Lacan and Feminist Epistemology. Routledge, 2004.
  • Castle, Terry. Masquerade and Civilization, Stanford University Press, 1987.
  • Cixous, Hélène, and Jacques Derrida. Stigmata: Escaping Texts. Routledge, 2010.
  • Condra, Jill. The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing through World History: Volume 3. Greenwood Press, 2008.
  • Jacobus, Lee A. Helene Cixous: Critical Impressions. Gordon and Breach, 1999.
  • Hertel, Ralf. Making Sense: Sense Perception in the British Novel of the 1980s and 1990s. Rodopi, 2005.
  • Honneth, Axel. The Struggle for Recognition: The Moral Grammar of Social Conflicts. MIT Press, 2004.
  • Falcus, Sarah. Michèle Roberts: Myths, Mothers, and Memories. Peter Lang, 2007.
  • Frith, Gill. “Women, Writing and Language: Making the Silences Speak.” Thinking Feminist: Key Concepts in Women’s Studies, edited by Diane Richardson and Victoria Robinson, Guilford Press, 1993.
  • Fisk, Anna. Sex, Sin, and Our Selves: Encounters in Feminist Theology and Contemporary Women’s Literature. Pickwick Publications, 2014.
  • Garber, Marjorie. Vested Interests. Routledge, 1991.
  • Lengermann, Patricia M, and Jill Niebrugge-Brantley. The Women Founders: Sociology and Social Theory 1830-1930. Waveland Press, 2007.
  • McQueen, Paddy. Subjectivity, Gender and the Struggle for Recognition. Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
  • Roberts, Michèle. Flesh and Blood. Virago Press, 1994.
  • Stowers, Cath. “Journeying Back to Mother: Pilgrimages of Maternal Redemption in the Fiction of Michèle Roberts.” In Mothers and Daughters. Ed. Andrea O’Reilly and Sharon Abbey, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2000.
  • Taylor, C. “The Politics of Recognition.”Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition, edited by Amy Gutmann, Princeton University Press. 1994.
  • Todorov, Tzvetan. The Poetics of Prose. Translated by Richard Howard, Cornell University Press, 1977.
  • Woolf, Virginia. A Room of One’s Own. Edited by Susan Gubar and Mark Hussey Orlando Harcourt Inc., 2005.
  • Zurn, Christopher F. Axel Honneth: A Critical Theory of the Social. Polity Press, 2015.

Sonsuz Oluşum: Michèle Roberts’ın Flesh and Blood Adlı Eserinde Kimlik Oluşumu

Year 2019, Volume: 13 Issue: 1, 14 - 26, 30.06.2019

Abstract

Michèle
Roberts, 1994 yılında yazdığı eseri Flesh and Blood’da iç içe geçmiş bir anlatı yapısı
kullanarak romanın içerisine gömülü bir dizi hikâyeyi okuyucularına sunar. İlk
bakışta birbiriyle çok az bağlantılı hikâyeler derlemesi gibi görünen romanda
bu hikâyeler aslında ana karakter Frederica Stonehouse sayesinde
birbirlerine bağlanmıştır. Hikâyelerin çokluğu, tamamı anlatılabilir benlik
kavramını ve onun tanınma ve değişim isteklerini çağrıştıran kişisel, kültürel,
sosyal veya dini gibi birçok ihtiyaca hitap eder. Roberts, psikolojik bir
yolculuğa çıkıp farklı kimlikler arasında rahatça dolaşıp kendi hayatını
kendisi şekillendiren ‘temsili özne’ Frederica karakteriyle, Kartezyen varlık
anlayışına bir alternatif sunar. Roman içerisinde aktarılan hikâyelerin sarmal
anlatımının sonsuzluğu ve bu tarzın aşikâr bir biçimde bir dönüşüm gücü
oluşturması amacı Frederica’nın neticede kendini yeniden keşfetmesine ve her ne
kadar geçici de olsa kendi kendini tanımlamasına ve kendi şartlarıyla formüle
etmesine olanak sağlar. Metinde sunulan çok seslilik, benlik kavramının
bölümlenmiş ve bağlamsal doğasını çağrıştırır ve bir edebi anlatıda herhangi
bir kimliğin nasıl tek ve sabit bir anlam oluşturmaktan uzak olduğunu gösterir.
Roman içerisinde cinsiyet kavramının işlenmesi, bizim normatif cinsiyet
beklentilerimizi ve bireylerin kendi deneyimlerini ele alır. Daha çok karşı
cinsin giydiği kıyafetlerin giyilmesi, kılık değiştirip gizlenme, baskıcı
çevrelerden kaçınma gibi tekrar eden temalar yoluyla sunulan Robert’in
karakterlerinin deneyimleri, karakterler kişiler arası ve/veya sosyal
tanımlanma arayışları içerisindeyken onların tanımlanma yanlısı ve karşıtı
mücadeleler vermelerini temsil eder. Robert’in sabit olmayan—ve bazen de
belirsiz olan—cinsiyet ve kimlik kategorilerini kullanımı yeni tanımlanma
şekillerinin ve böylece yeni sübjektiflik modlarının oluşmasına yol açar.
Benliğin akışkan bir kavram olarak görülmesi bizim insanoğlu olarak çoklu
kimlik söylemlerince oluşturulduğumuzu ve sürekli bir oluşum süreci içerisinde
olup kendi içerisinde bütüncül, güvenli ve otantik bir benlik kavramından uzak
olduğumuzu vurgular.

References

  • Anderson, Sybol C. Hegel’s Theory of Recognition: From Oppression to Ethical Liberal Modernity. Continuum, 2009.
  • Baur, Michael, and Frederick Neuhouser. Fichte: Foundations of Natural Right. Cambridge University Press, 2000.
  • Butler, Judith. Undoing Gender, Routledge, 2004.
  • Campbell, Kirsten. Jacques Lacan and Feminist Epistemology. Routledge, 2004.
  • Castle, Terry. Masquerade and Civilization, Stanford University Press, 1987.
  • Cixous, Hélène, and Jacques Derrida. Stigmata: Escaping Texts. Routledge, 2010.
  • Condra, Jill. The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing through World History: Volume 3. Greenwood Press, 2008.
  • Jacobus, Lee A. Helene Cixous: Critical Impressions. Gordon and Breach, 1999.
  • Hertel, Ralf. Making Sense: Sense Perception in the British Novel of the 1980s and 1990s. Rodopi, 2005.
  • Honneth, Axel. The Struggle for Recognition: The Moral Grammar of Social Conflicts. MIT Press, 2004.
  • Falcus, Sarah. Michèle Roberts: Myths, Mothers, and Memories. Peter Lang, 2007.
  • Frith, Gill. “Women, Writing and Language: Making the Silences Speak.” Thinking Feminist: Key Concepts in Women’s Studies, edited by Diane Richardson and Victoria Robinson, Guilford Press, 1993.
  • Fisk, Anna. Sex, Sin, and Our Selves: Encounters in Feminist Theology and Contemporary Women’s Literature. Pickwick Publications, 2014.
  • Garber, Marjorie. Vested Interests. Routledge, 1991.
  • Lengermann, Patricia M, and Jill Niebrugge-Brantley. The Women Founders: Sociology and Social Theory 1830-1930. Waveland Press, 2007.
  • McQueen, Paddy. Subjectivity, Gender and the Struggle for Recognition. Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
  • Roberts, Michèle. Flesh and Blood. Virago Press, 1994.
  • Stowers, Cath. “Journeying Back to Mother: Pilgrimages of Maternal Redemption in the Fiction of Michèle Roberts.” In Mothers and Daughters. Ed. Andrea O’Reilly and Sharon Abbey, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2000.
  • Taylor, C. “The Politics of Recognition.”Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition, edited by Amy Gutmann, Princeton University Press. 1994.
  • Todorov, Tzvetan. The Poetics of Prose. Translated by Richard Howard, Cornell University Press, 1977.
  • Woolf, Virginia. A Room of One’s Own. Edited by Susan Gubar and Mark Hussey Orlando Harcourt Inc., 2005.
  • Zurn, Christopher F. Axel Honneth: A Critical Theory of the Social. Polity Press, 2015.
There are 22 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Krisztina Kitti Tóth This is me 0000-0002-7750-531X

Publication Date June 30, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 13 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Tóth, K. K. (2019). Endless Becoming: Identity Formation in Michèle Roberts’ Flesh and Blood. Cankaya University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 13(1), 14-26.

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