<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>cujse</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Cankaya University Journal of Science and Engineering</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2564-7954</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Cankaya University</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id/>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Construction Materials</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Yapı Malzemeleri</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                                                            <article-title>Design of a White Cement-Based Concrete Fabric for Architectural Applications</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5200-9969</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Ünal</surname>
                                    <given-names>Serdal</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>ESKİŞEHİR OSMANGAZİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6347-843X</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Aybar</surname>
                                    <given-names>Kerem</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>ESKİŞEHİR OSMANGAZİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3755-8345</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Karagöz</surname>
                                    <given-names>Ömer</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>ESKİŞEHİR OSMANGAZİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0175-6155</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Canbaz</surname>
                                    <given-names>Mehmet</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>ESKİŞEHİR OSMANGAZİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20251101">
                    <day>11</day>
                    <month>01</month>
                    <year>2025</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>22</volume>
                                        <issue>2</issue>
                                        <fpage>102</fpage>
                                        <lpage>115</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20250815">
                        <day>08</day>
                        <month>15</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20250914">
                        <day>09</day>
                        <month>14</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2009, Cankaya University Journal of Science and Engineering</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2009</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Cankaya University Journal of Science and Engineering</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                                        <abstract><p>Modern architectural designs demand materials that are both aesthetically flexible and functionally lightweight and durable. To address this need, white cement-based, 3D textile-reinforced composites with waterproof membranes were developed. The aim was to produce structural elements that are flexible, lightweight, water-resistant, and capable of retaining complex shapes. During fabrication, 3D textile pieces were placed into wooden molds, filled with white cement, and a waterproof membrane was applied to the surface. The specimens were tested for unit weight, flexural, and tensile properties at 7 and 28 days. The results demonstrated that the composites exhibited remarkably low unit weights ranging from 0.77 to 0.83 kg/dm³, high flexural strength of up to 16.32 MPa, and tensile elongation exceeding 30%. While initial crumbling of the cement matrix was observed during tensile testing, the textile reinforcement effectively preserved specimen integrity, limited crack propagation, and enhanced energy absorption. Consistent performance under both static and dynamic loading confirmed the material’s ductility, shape adaptability, and robustness. These findings suggest that the composite is particularly suitable for architectural components requiring freeform geometries, flexibility, and portability. Additionally, its lightweight and water-resistant properties provide significant advantages for temporary or movable structures, as well as for integration with novel fabrication techniques such as 3D printing and modular construction systems.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>3D Textile Reinforced Concrete</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Architectural Applications</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Mechanical Performance</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  White Cement Composite.</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                                                                                                                    </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">C. Wu, Y. Pan, L. Yan, “Mechanical properties and durability of textile reinforced concrete (TRC)—a review,” Polymers, vol. 15, no.18, 3826, Sep. 2023, doi:10.3390/polym15183826.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">N. K. Barman, S. S. Bhattacharya, R. Alagirusamy, ‘’Textile structures in concrete reinforcement,’’ Text. Prog., vol.56, no.1, pp. 1-229, Jan 2024, doi: 10.1080/00405167.2023.2266930.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">M. Raupach, C. M. Cruz,  ‘’Textile-reinforced concrete: Selected case studies,’’in Textile Fibre Composites in Civil Engineering, Woodhead Publishing Series in Civil and Structural Engineering, 2016, pp. 275-299.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">S. G. Venigalla, , A. B. Nabilah, N. A. Mohd Nasir, N. A Safiee, F. N. A. Abd Aziz, ‘’Textile-reinforced concrete as a structural member: a review,’’ Buildings, vol. 12, no.4, 474, Apr. 2022, doi: 10.3390/buildings12040474.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">P. Valeri, P. Guaita, R. Baur, M. Fernández Ruiz, D. Fernández‐Ordóñez, A. Muttoni, ‘’Textile reinforced concrete for sustainable structures: Future perspectives and application to a prototype pavilion,’’ Struct. Concr., vol.21, no.6,  pp. 2251-2267, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1002/suco.201900511.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">S. Liu, X. Ma, Y. Ma, Z. Chen, Z.  Dong, P. Ma, ‘’Review on the design and application of concrete canvas reinforced with spacer fabric,’’ J. Eng. Fibers Fabr., vol. 18, 15589250231152591, Mar. 2023, doi:10.1177/15589250231152591.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Z. Jun., X. Wei, W. Xingzhong, ‘’Application and research status of concrete canvas and its application prospect 
in emergency engineering,’’ J. Eng. Fibers Fabr., vol.15, 1558925020975759, Nov. 2020, doi:10.1177/1558925020975759.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">N. S. Karaduman, Y. Karaduman, H. Ozdemir, G. Ozdemir, ‘’Textile reinforced structural composites for advanced applications,’’ in Textiles for Advanced Applications, IntechOpen. 2017, ch. 4, pp.87-113.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">M. Zhang, M. Deng, ‘’Tensile behavior of textile-reinforced composites made of highly ductile fiber-reinforced 
concrete and carbon textiles,’’ J. Build. Eng., vol. 57, 104824, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104824.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">K. Kong, Z. Mesticou, M. Michel, A. S. Larbi, A. Junes, ‘’Comparative characterization of the durability behaviour 
of textile-reinforced concrete (TRC) under tension and bending,’’ Compos. Struct., vol. 179, pp. 107-123, Nov. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.07.030.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">M. El Kadi, P. Kapsalis, D. Van Hemelrijck, J. Wastiels, T. Tysmans, ‘’Influence of loading orientation and knitted 
versus woven transversal connections in 3D textile reinforced cement (TRC) composites,’’ Appl. Sci., vol. 10, no.13, 4517, Jul. 2020, doi:10.3390/app10134517.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">D. Friese, M. Scheurer, L. Hahn, T. Gries, C. Cherif, ‘’Textile reinforcement structures for concrete construction 
applications––a review,’’ J. Compos. Mater., vol. 56, no.26, pp. 4041-4064, Nov. 2022, doi:10.1177/00219983221127181.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">V. Rubeziene, S. Varnaite, J. Baltusnikaite, I. Padleckiene, ‘’Effects of light exposure on textile durability,’’ in 
Understanding and Improving the Durability of Textiles, Woodhead Publishing, Oxford, 2012, pp.104-125.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">S. Yin, L. Jing, M. Yin, B. Wang, ‘’Mechanical properties of textile reinforced concrete under chloride wet-dry and freeze-thaw cycle environments,’’ Cem. Concr. Compos., vol. 96, pp. 118-127. Feb. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.11.020.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">J. Hill, ‘’Rolling out the Concrete.’’ Accessed: May 21, 2023. [Online.] Available: https://www.world architects.com/en/architecture-news/film/rolling-out-the-concrete.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">N. Williams Portal, K. Lundgren, H. Wallbaum, K. Malaga, ‘’Sustainable potential of textile-reinforced concrete,’’ 
J. Mater. Civ., vol. 27, no.7, 04014207, Jul. 2015, doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001160.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Y. Tarhan, İ. H. Tarhan, Y. Jacquet, A. Perrot, ‘’Mechanical behaviour of 3D printed and textile-reinforced eco
friendly composites,’’ J. Sustain. Cem.-Based Mater., vol.14, no.3, pp. 477-495, Mar.2025. doi: 10.1080/21650373.2024.2396420.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">F. Y. Han, H. S. Chen, X. Li, B. Bao, T. Lv, W.  Zhang, D. W. Hui, ‘’Improvement of mechanical properties of 
concrete canvas by anhydrite-modified calcium sulfoaluminate cement,’’ J. Compos. Mater., vol. 50, no.14, pp. 1937-1950, Jun. 2016, doi:10.1177/0021998315597743.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">F. Y. Han, H. S. Chen, WL. Zhang, T.  Lv, YJ. Yang, ’’Influence of 3D spacer fabric on drying shrinkage of 
concrete canvas,’’ J. Ind. Text., vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 1457-1476, May 2016, doi:10.1177/1528083714562087.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
