Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Social Change during the Early Bronze Age in Western Anatolia

Year 2018, Volume: 6 , 105 - 124, 29.06.2018

Abstract

This article considers the social transformations as reflected in the archaeological record from western Anatolian Early Bronze Age sites during the III. millennium B.C. From the changes in the EBA in western Anatolia, it is obvious that around 2500 B.C. some major changes occur both in the material culture and in the architecture. This newly established culture manifests itself especially through the monumental representations of centralized buildings surrounded by heavily built fortifications. These architectural developments correspond with the introduction of wheel-made pottery and the appearance of some other new types of import objects. Cultural development during this time can also be observed from the intensive use of metals. These developments indicate the ability of western Anatolian EBA society to participate in long distance exchange and the trade in commodities.  After this rapid development, we find a period of apparent “decline” and a break with earlier traditions. The subject at stake is the attempt to determine the dynamics behind such a vast scale of cultural change. The cultural transformation that took place during the III. millennium B.C. in Western Anatolia is analysed in three phases; An “intro-ductory” phase, in which the foundations of the EBA period are established. A second phase, characterized by sudden and rapid changes, when ruling elites emerge and invest in prestige building and conspicuous consumption. A third and final phase, was when all of these developments came to a sudden end. Finally, the general implications of these changes for the social and political structure of EBA society are considered.

References

  • Begemann et al. 2003 F. Begemann, S. Scmitt-Stecker – E. Pernicka, “The Metal Finds From Thermi III-V: A Chemical and Lead Isotope Study”. Studia Troica 2 (1992) 219-239.
  • Bilgen et al. 2015 A. N. Bilgen, Z. Bilgen – S. Çırakoğlu, “Erken Tunç Çağ Yerleşimi (V. Tabaka)”. Ed. A. N. Bilgen, Seyitömer Höyük I. İstanbul (2015) 119-186.
  • Blegen et al. 1951 C. W. Blegen, J. L. Caskey, M. Rawson – J. Sperling, Troy I. The First and the Second Settlements. Princeton 1950.
  • D’Altroy – Earle 1985 T. D’Altroy – T. Earle, “Staple Finance, Wealth Finance and Storage in the Inca Political Economy”. Current Anthropology 26/2 (1985) 187-206.
  • Dörpfeld 1902 W. Dörpfeld, Troja und Ilion. Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen in den vorhistorischen und historischen Schichten von Ilion 1870-1894. Athens 1902.
  • Duru 2008 R. Duru, MÖ 8000’den MÖ 2000’e Burdur-Antalya Bölgesi’nin Altıbin Yılı. Antalya 2008.
  • Earle 2002 T. Earle, Bronze Age Economics. The Beginnings of Political Economies. Colorado 2002.
  • Easton 1997 D. F. Easton, “The Excavation of the Trojan Treasures and Their History up to the Death of Schliemann in 1890”. Ed. E. Simpson, The Spoils of War. World War II and its Aftermath: The Loss, Reappearence, and Recovery of Cultural Property. New York (1997) 194-199.
  • Easton 2002 D. F. Easton, Schliemann’s Excavations at Troia 1870-1873. Mainz am Rhein 2002.
  • Efe – Fidan 2008 T. Efe – E. Fidan, “Complex Two in the Early Bronze Age II Upper Town of Küllüoba Near Eskişehir”. Anatolica XXXIV (2008) 67-102.
  • Efe 2007 T. Efe, “The Theories of the ‘Great Caravan Route’ Between Cilicia and Troy: the Early Bronze Age III Period in Inland Western Anatolia”. Anatolian Studies LVII (2007) 47-64.
  • Efe et al. 1995 T. Efe, A. İlaslı – A. Topbaş, “Salvage Excavations of the Afyon Archaeological Museum, Part 1: Kaklık Mevkii, A Site Transitional to the Early Bronze Age”. Studia Troica V (1995) 357-399.
  • Erkanal – Şahoğlu 2016 H. Erkanal – V. Şahoğlu, “Liman Tepe, An Early Bronze Age Trade Center in Western Anatolia: Recent Investigations”. Eds. E. Pernicka, S. Ünlüsoy – S. W. E. Blum, Early Bronze Age Troy. Chronology, Cultural Development and Interregional Contacts. Bonn (2016) 157-166.
  • Erkanal 2008 H. Erkanal, “Liman Tepe: New Light on Prehistoric Aegean Cultures”. Eds. H. Erkanal, H. Hauptmann, V. Şahoğlu – R. Tuncel, Proocedings of the International Symposium The Aegean in the Neolithic, Chalcolithic and the Early Bronze Age. Ankara (2008) 179-190.
  • Erkanal et al. 2003 H. Erkanal, M. Artzy – O. Kouka, “2001 Yılı Liman Tepe Kazıları”. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı XXIV/1 (2003) 423-436.
  • Fidan 2012 E. Fidan, “Küllüoba İlk Tunç Çağı Mimarisi”. Mimarlar, Arkeologlar, Sanat Tarihçileri, Restoratörler Ortak Platformu 7 (2012) 1-44.
  • Fidan 2015 E. Fidan, “Batı Anadolu’da Sosyal Sınıf Farklılıklarının Ortaya Çıkması: Aşağı ve Yukarı Yerleşme Sistemi”. Ed. A. Baysal, İletişim Ağları ve Sosyal Organizasyon. İstanbul (2015) 175-184.
  • Fidan et al. 2015 E. Fidan, D. Sarı – Murat Türkteki, “An Overview of the Western Anatolian Early Bronze Age”. European Journal of Archaeology XVIII/1 (2015) 60-89.
  • Horejs 2009 B. Horejs, “Metalworkers at the Çukuriçi Höyük? An Early Bronze Age Mould and a “Near Eastern Weight” from Western Anatolia”. Eds. T. L. Kienlin – B. Roberts, Metals and Societies. Studies in Honour of Barbara S. Ottoway. Bonn (2009) 358-368.
  • Ivanova 2008 M. Ivanova, Befestigte Siedlungen auf dem Balkan, in der Ägäis und in Westanatolien, ca. 5000-2000 v. Chr. Münster 2008.
  • Ivanova 2013 M. Ivanova, “Domestic Architecture in the Early Bronze Age of Western Anatolia: The Row-Houses of Troy I”. Anatolian Studies 63 (2013) 17-33.
  • Jablonka 2016 P. Jablonka, “Beyond the Citadel: A Map of Greater Bronze Age Troy”. Eds. E. Pernicka, S. Ünlüsoy – S. W. E. Blum, Early Bronze Age Troy. Chronology, Cultural Development and Interregional Contacts. Bonn (2016) 61-74.
  • Keskin 2011 L. Keskin, “Metalworking in Western Anaolian Coastal Region during the 3rd Millennium BC”. Eds. V. Şahoğlu – P. Sotirakopoulou, Across. The Cyclades and Western Anatolia during the 3rd Millennium BC. İstanbul (2011) 144-152.
  • Korfmann 1983 M. Korfmann, Demircihüyük. Die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen 1975-1978: Architektur, Stratigraphie und Befunde. Mainz am Rhein 1983.
  • Korfmann 1993 M. Korfmann, “Troia-Ausgrabungen 1992”. Studia Troica 3 (1993) 1-38.
  • Korfmann 2011 M. Korfmann, “Neue Aspekte zum “Schatz des Priamos”. Der Scatz A von Troia, sein Auffindungsort und seine Datierung”. Troia-Düş ve Gerçek. Sergi Kataloğu. Stuttgart 2011.
  • Kristiansen 1998 K. Kristiansen, “Chiefdoms, States and Systems of Social Evolution”. Eds. K. Kristiansen – M. Rowlands, Social Transformations in Archaeology. Global and Local Perspectives. London (1998) 243-267.
  • Lamb 1936 W. Lamb, Excavations at Thermi on Lesbos. London 1936.
  • M. Rowlands – S. Frankenstein, “The Internal Structure and Regional Context of Early Iron Age Society in South-Western Germany”. Eds. K. Kristiansen – M. Rowlands, Social Transformations in Archaeology. Global and Local Perspectives. London (1998) 334-374.
  • Massa – Şahoğlu 2015 M. Massa – V. Şahoğlu, “The 4. 2 ka BP Climatic Event in West and Central Anatolia: Combining Paleo-Climatic Proxies and Archaeological Data”. Eds. H. Meller, H. W. Arz, R. Jung – R. Risch, A Climatic Breakdown as a Cause of the Collapse of the Old World?Halle (2015) 61-78.
  • Massa 2014 M. Massa, “Destructions, Abandonments, Social Reorganisation and Climatic Change in West and Central Anatolia at the End of the Third Millennium BC”. Eds. B. Erciyas – E. Sökmen, Arkeolojide Bölgesel Çalışmalar Sempozyum Bildirileri/Regional Studies in Archaeology Symposium Proceedings. İstanbul (2014) 89-123.
  • Massa 2017 M. Massa, “Madenlerden Mezarlara: MÖ 3700-1600 Yıllarında Kuzeybatı Anadolu’da Metalürji ve Metal Ürünlerin Değiş Tokuşu”. Arkeoloji ve Sanat 154 (2017) 166-169.
  • Mehofer 2014 M. Mehofer, “Metallurgy During the Chalcolithic and the Beginning of the Early Bronze Age in Western Anatolia”. Eds. B. Horejs – M. Mehofer, Western Anatolia Before Troy-Proto-Urbanisation in the 4th Millennium BC. Vienna (2014) 463-490.
  • Peebles – Kus 1977 C. Peebles – S. Kus, “Some Archaeological Correlates of Ranked Societies”. American Antiquity 42 (1977) 421-448.
  • Pernicka et al. 2003 E. Pernicka, C. Eibner, Ö. Öztunalı – G. A. Wagner, “Early Bronze Age Metallurgy in the North-East Aegean”. Eds. G. A. Wagner, E. Pernicka – H. P. Uerpmann, Troia and the Troad. Scientific Approaches. Berlin (2003) 143-172.
  • Renfrew 1972 C. Renfrew, The Emergence of Civilisation. The Cyclades and the Aegean in the Third Millennium B.C. London 1972.
  • Renfrew 1973 C. Renfrew, “Monuments, Mobilisation, and Social Organisation in Neolithic Wessex”. Ed. C. Renfrew, The Exploration of Cultural Change. London (1973) 539-558.
  • Rowlands – Frankenstein 1998
  • Şahoğlu 2005 V. Şahoğlu, “The Anatolian Trade Network and the İzmir Region During the Early Bronze Age”. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 24 (1985) 339-360.
  • Şahoğlu 2008 V. Şahoğlu, “Liman Tepe and Bakla Tepe: New Evidence for the Relations Between the Izmir Region, The Cyclades and the Greek Mainland during the Late Fourth and Third Millennia BC”. Eds. H. Erkanal, H. Hauptmann, V. Şahoğlu – R. Tuncel, Proocedings of the International Symposium The Aegean in the Neolithic, Chalcolithic and the Early Bronze Age. Ankara (2008) 483-501.
  • Şahoğlu 2011 V. Şahoğlu, “MÖ 3. Bin’de Anadolu ile Kikladlar Arasında Ticaret ve Karşılıklı İlişkiler”. Eds. V. Şahoğlu – P. Sotirakopoulou, Karşıdan Karşıya. MÖ. 3. Bin’de Kiklad Adaları ve Batı Anadolu. İstanbul (2011) 172-177.
  • Sarı 2012 D. Sarı, “İlk Tunç Çağı ve Orta Tunç Çağı’nda Batı Anadolu’nun Kültürel ve Siyasal Gelişimi”. Mimarlar, Arkeologlar, Sanat Tarihçileri, Restoratörler Ortak Platformu 7 (2012) 112-249.
  • Sazcı – Korfmann 2000 G. Sazcı – M. Korfmann, “Metallfunde des 3. Jahrtausends v. u. Z. Aus Troia – Eine Studie in Verbindung mit den Ergebnissen der neuen Ausgrabungen”. Ed. Ü. Yalçın, Anatolien Metal I. Der Anschnitt, Beiheft 13. Bochum (2000) 93-100.
  • Service 1962 E. R. Service, Primitive Social Organization. New York 1962.
  • Sevinç – Takaoğlu 2004 N. Sevinç – T. Takaoğlu, “The Early Bronze Age on Tenedos/Bozcaada”. Studia Troica 14 (2004) 135-140.
  • Topbaş et al. 1998 A. Topbaş, T. Efe – A. İlaslı, “Salvage Excavations of the Afyon Archaeological Museum, Part 2: The Settlement of Karaoğlan Mevkii and the Early Bronze Age Cemetery of Kaklık Mevkii”. Anatolia Antiqua VI (1998) 21-94.
  • Türkteki 2012 M. Türkteki, “Batı ve Orta Anadolu’da Çark Yapımı Çanak Çömleğin Ortaya Çıkışı ve Yayılımı”. Mimarlar, Arkeologlar, Sanat Tarihçileri, Restoratörler Ortak Platformu VII (2012) 45-111.
  • Ünlüsoy 2010 S. Ünlüsoy, “Die Stratigraphie der Burg von Troia II”. Kaynak: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:21-opus-45097.
  • Ünlüsoy 2016 S. Ünlüsoy, “Troy and the Aegean During the Third Millennium BC”. Eds. E. Pernicka, S. Ünlüsoy – S. W. E. Blum, Early Bronze Age Troy. Chronology, Cultural Development and Interregional Contacts. Bonn (2016) 397-405.
  • Weiss et al. 1993 H. Weiss, M. A. Courty, W. Wellerstrom, F. Guichard, L. Senior, R. Meadow – A. Currow, “The Genesis and Collapse of Third Millennium North Mesopotamian Civilization”. Science 291 (1993) 995-1088.

İlk Tunç Çağları Boyunca Batı Anadolu’da Toplumsal Değişim

Year 2018, Volume: 6 , 105 - 124, 29.06.2018

Abstract

Bu makalede, Batı Anadolu’da İlk Tunç Çağı (MÖ III. binyıl) dönemini kapsayan binyıllık süreçte gerçekleşen toplumsal dönüşümler tartışılmaktadır. Bu bağlamda özellikle İlk Tunç Çağı’nın tüm gelişim aşamalarının izlenebildiği Batı Anadolu’daki merkezi yerleşmelerde gözlemlenen değişikliklerin nasıl bir toplumsal düzene ve dönüşüme işaret ettiği üzerinde durulacaktır. MÖ III. binyılın ilk yarısında istikrarlı ve ağır ilerleyen bir gelişim gösteren İTÇ Batı Anadolu toplumu özellikle binyılın ortalarından itibaren ani ve hızlı bir değişime uğrar. Bu durum özellikle Batı Anadolu İTÇ yerleşmelerinde anıtsal mimari, aşağı-yukarı kent ayrımı gibi mekân kullanımına ve tasarımına ilişkin yeniliklerin ortaya çıkmasının yanı sıra, uzun mesafeli ticaret ilişkilerinin yoğunlaşmasına ve gösteriş amaçlı tüketime işaret eden bazı ekzotik nesnelerin varlığı ile kendisini belli eder. Yaklaşık MÖ 2200’lere gelindiğinde ise bu gelişmelerin sekteye uğradığı görülmektedir. İTÇ’de gözlemlenen toplumsal dönüşümler her biri bir diğerinin devamı olan üç ana dönem altında incelenecektir. Bunlardan ilki İlk Tunç Çağı’nı şekillendiren gelişmelerin temellerinin atıldığı “Başlangıç” dönemi, ikincisi anıtsal mimari, kalaylı tunç ve çömlekçi çarkı gibi tüm bu gelişmelerin ani ve hızlı bir toplumsal dönüşümle gerçekleştiği “Olgunlaşma ve Dönüşüm” dönemi, üçüncüsü ise Anadolu’nun birçok yerinde yıkım ve yangın tabakalarıyla kendini belli eden “Buhran ve Çöküş” dönemi olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Ayrıca, tüm bu aşamaların İTÇ toplumunun ekonomik ve siyasi yapısını nasıl etkilemiş olabileceği üzerinde durulmaktadır.

References

  • Begemann et al. 2003 F. Begemann, S. Scmitt-Stecker – E. Pernicka, “The Metal Finds From Thermi III-V: A Chemical and Lead Isotope Study”. Studia Troica 2 (1992) 219-239.
  • Bilgen et al. 2015 A. N. Bilgen, Z. Bilgen – S. Çırakoğlu, “Erken Tunç Çağ Yerleşimi (V. Tabaka)”. Ed. A. N. Bilgen, Seyitömer Höyük I. İstanbul (2015) 119-186.
  • Blegen et al. 1951 C. W. Blegen, J. L. Caskey, M. Rawson – J. Sperling, Troy I. The First and the Second Settlements. Princeton 1950.
  • D’Altroy – Earle 1985 T. D’Altroy – T. Earle, “Staple Finance, Wealth Finance and Storage in the Inca Political Economy”. Current Anthropology 26/2 (1985) 187-206.
  • Dörpfeld 1902 W. Dörpfeld, Troja und Ilion. Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen in den vorhistorischen und historischen Schichten von Ilion 1870-1894. Athens 1902.
  • Duru 2008 R. Duru, MÖ 8000’den MÖ 2000’e Burdur-Antalya Bölgesi’nin Altıbin Yılı. Antalya 2008.
  • Earle 2002 T. Earle, Bronze Age Economics. The Beginnings of Political Economies. Colorado 2002.
  • Easton 1997 D. F. Easton, “The Excavation of the Trojan Treasures and Their History up to the Death of Schliemann in 1890”. Ed. E. Simpson, The Spoils of War. World War II and its Aftermath: The Loss, Reappearence, and Recovery of Cultural Property. New York (1997) 194-199.
  • Easton 2002 D. F. Easton, Schliemann’s Excavations at Troia 1870-1873. Mainz am Rhein 2002.
  • Efe – Fidan 2008 T. Efe – E. Fidan, “Complex Two in the Early Bronze Age II Upper Town of Küllüoba Near Eskişehir”. Anatolica XXXIV (2008) 67-102.
  • Efe 2007 T. Efe, “The Theories of the ‘Great Caravan Route’ Between Cilicia and Troy: the Early Bronze Age III Period in Inland Western Anatolia”. Anatolian Studies LVII (2007) 47-64.
  • Efe et al. 1995 T. Efe, A. İlaslı – A. Topbaş, “Salvage Excavations of the Afyon Archaeological Museum, Part 1: Kaklık Mevkii, A Site Transitional to the Early Bronze Age”. Studia Troica V (1995) 357-399.
  • Erkanal – Şahoğlu 2016 H. Erkanal – V. Şahoğlu, “Liman Tepe, An Early Bronze Age Trade Center in Western Anatolia: Recent Investigations”. Eds. E. Pernicka, S. Ünlüsoy – S. W. E. Blum, Early Bronze Age Troy. Chronology, Cultural Development and Interregional Contacts. Bonn (2016) 157-166.
  • Erkanal 2008 H. Erkanal, “Liman Tepe: New Light on Prehistoric Aegean Cultures”. Eds. H. Erkanal, H. Hauptmann, V. Şahoğlu – R. Tuncel, Proocedings of the International Symposium The Aegean in the Neolithic, Chalcolithic and the Early Bronze Age. Ankara (2008) 179-190.
  • Erkanal et al. 2003 H. Erkanal, M. Artzy – O. Kouka, “2001 Yılı Liman Tepe Kazıları”. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı XXIV/1 (2003) 423-436.
  • Fidan 2012 E. Fidan, “Küllüoba İlk Tunç Çağı Mimarisi”. Mimarlar, Arkeologlar, Sanat Tarihçileri, Restoratörler Ortak Platformu 7 (2012) 1-44.
  • Fidan 2015 E. Fidan, “Batı Anadolu’da Sosyal Sınıf Farklılıklarının Ortaya Çıkması: Aşağı ve Yukarı Yerleşme Sistemi”. Ed. A. Baysal, İletişim Ağları ve Sosyal Organizasyon. İstanbul (2015) 175-184.
  • Fidan et al. 2015 E. Fidan, D. Sarı – Murat Türkteki, “An Overview of the Western Anatolian Early Bronze Age”. European Journal of Archaeology XVIII/1 (2015) 60-89.
  • Horejs 2009 B. Horejs, “Metalworkers at the Çukuriçi Höyük? An Early Bronze Age Mould and a “Near Eastern Weight” from Western Anatolia”. Eds. T. L. Kienlin – B. Roberts, Metals and Societies. Studies in Honour of Barbara S. Ottoway. Bonn (2009) 358-368.
  • Ivanova 2008 M. Ivanova, Befestigte Siedlungen auf dem Balkan, in der Ägäis und in Westanatolien, ca. 5000-2000 v. Chr. Münster 2008.
  • Ivanova 2013 M. Ivanova, “Domestic Architecture in the Early Bronze Age of Western Anatolia: The Row-Houses of Troy I”. Anatolian Studies 63 (2013) 17-33.
  • Jablonka 2016 P. Jablonka, “Beyond the Citadel: A Map of Greater Bronze Age Troy”. Eds. E. Pernicka, S. Ünlüsoy – S. W. E. Blum, Early Bronze Age Troy. Chronology, Cultural Development and Interregional Contacts. Bonn (2016) 61-74.
  • Keskin 2011 L. Keskin, “Metalworking in Western Anaolian Coastal Region during the 3rd Millennium BC”. Eds. V. Şahoğlu – P. Sotirakopoulou, Across. The Cyclades and Western Anatolia during the 3rd Millennium BC. İstanbul (2011) 144-152.
  • Korfmann 1983 M. Korfmann, Demircihüyük. Die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen 1975-1978: Architektur, Stratigraphie und Befunde. Mainz am Rhein 1983.
  • Korfmann 1993 M. Korfmann, “Troia-Ausgrabungen 1992”. Studia Troica 3 (1993) 1-38.
  • Korfmann 2011 M. Korfmann, “Neue Aspekte zum “Schatz des Priamos”. Der Scatz A von Troia, sein Auffindungsort und seine Datierung”. Troia-Düş ve Gerçek. Sergi Kataloğu. Stuttgart 2011.
  • Kristiansen 1998 K. Kristiansen, “Chiefdoms, States and Systems of Social Evolution”. Eds. K. Kristiansen – M. Rowlands, Social Transformations in Archaeology. Global and Local Perspectives. London (1998) 243-267.
  • Lamb 1936 W. Lamb, Excavations at Thermi on Lesbos. London 1936.
  • M. Rowlands – S. Frankenstein, “The Internal Structure and Regional Context of Early Iron Age Society in South-Western Germany”. Eds. K. Kristiansen – M. Rowlands, Social Transformations in Archaeology. Global and Local Perspectives. London (1998) 334-374.
  • Massa – Şahoğlu 2015 M. Massa – V. Şahoğlu, “The 4. 2 ka BP Climatic Event in West and Central Anatolia: Combining Paleo-Climatic Proxies and Archaeological Data”. Eds. H. Meller, H. W. Arz, R. Jung – R. Risch, A Climatic Breakdown as a Cause of the Collapse of the Old World?Halle (2015) 61-78.
  • Massa 2014 M. Massa, “Destructions, Abandonments, Social Reorganisation and Climatic Change in West and Central Anatolia at the End of the Third Millennium BC”. Eds. B. Erciyas – E. Sökmen, Arkeolojide Bölgesel Çalışmalar Sempozyum Bildirileri/Regional Studies in Archaeology Symposium Proceedings. İstanbul (2014) 89-123.
  • Massa 2017 M. Massa, “Madenlerden Mezarlara: MÖ 3700-1600 Yıllarında Kuzeybatı Anadolu’da Metalürji ve Metal Ürünlerin Değiş Tokuşu”. Arkeoloji ve Sanat 154 (2017) 166-169.
  • Mehofer 2014 M. Mehofer, “Metallurgy During the Chalcolithic and the Beginning of the Early Bronze Age in Western Anatolia”. Eds. B. Horejs – M. Mehofer, Western Anatolia Before Troy-Proto-Urbanisation in the 4th Millennium BC. Vienna (2014) 463-490.
  • Peebles – Kus 1977 C. Peebles – S. Kus, “Some Archaeological Correlates of Ranked Societies”. American Antiquity 42 (1977) 421-448.
  • Pernicka et al. 2003 E. Pernicka, C. Eibner, Ö. Öztunalı – G. A. Wagner, “Early Bronze Age Metallurgy in the North-East Aegean”. Eds. G. A. Wagner, E. Pernicka – H. P. Uerpmann, Troia and the Troad. Scientific Approaches. Berlin (2003) 143-172.
  • Renfrew 1972 C. Renfrew, The Emergence of Civilisation. The Cyclades and the Aegean in the Third Millennium B.C. London 1972.
  • Renfrew 1973 C. Renfrew, “Monuments, Mobilisation, and Social Organisation in Neolithic Wessex”. Ed. C. Renfrew, The Exploration of Cultural Change. London (1973) 539-558.
  • Rowlands – Frankenstein 1998
  • Şahoğlu 2005 V. Şahoğlu, “The Anatolian Trade Network and the İzmir Region During the Early Bronze Age”. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 24 (1985) 339-360.
  • Şahoğlu 2008 V. Şahoğlu, “Liman Tepe and Bakla Tepe: New Evidence for the Relations Between the Izmir Region, The Cyclades and the Greek Mainland during the Late Fourth and Third Millennia BC”. Eds. H. Erkanal, H. Hauptmann, V. Şahoğlu – R. Tuncel, Proocedings of the International Symposium The Aegean in the Neolithic, Chalcolithic and the Early Bronze Age. Ankara (2008) 483-501.
  • Şahoğlu 2011 V. Şahoğlu, “MÖ 3. Bin’de Anadolu ile Kikladlar Arasında Ticaret ve Karşılıklı İlişkiler”. Eds. V. Şahoğlu – P. Sotirakopoulou, Karşıdan Karşıya. MÖ. 3. Bin’de Kiklad Adaları ve Batı Anadolu. İstanbul (2011) 172-177.
  • Sarı 2012 D. Sarı, “İlk Tunç Çağı ve Orta Tunç Çağı’nda Batı Anadolu’nun Kültürel ve Siyasal Gelişimi”. Mimarlar, Arkeologlar, Sanat Tarihçileri, Restoratörler Ortak Platformu 7 (2012) 112-249.
  • Sazcı – Korfmann 2000 G. Sazcı – M. Korfmann, “Metallfunde des 3. Jahrtausends v. u. Z. Aus Troia – Eine Studie in Verbindung mit den Ergebnissen der neuen Ausgrabungen”. Ed. Ü. Yalçın, Anatolien Metal I. Der Anschnitt, Beiheft 13. Bochum (2000) 93-100.
  • Service 1962 E. R. Service, Primitive Social Organization. New York 1962.
  • Sevinç – Takaoğlu 2004 N. Sevinç – T. Takaoğlu, “The Early Bronze Age on Tenedos/Bozcaada”. Studia Troica 14 (2004) 135-140.
  • Topbaş et al. 1998 A. Topbaş, T. Efe – A. İlaslı, “Salvage Excavations of the Afyon Archaeological Museum, Part 2: The Settlement of Karaoğlan Mevkii and the Early Bronze Age Cemetery of Kaklık Mevkii”. Anatolia Antiqua VI (1998) 21-94.
  • Türkteki 2012 M. Türkteki, “Batı ve Orta Anadolu’da Çark Yapımı Çanak Çömleğin Ortaya Çıkışı ve Yayılımı”. Mimarlar, Arkeologlar, Sanat Tarihçileri, Restoratörler Ortak Platformu VII (2012) 45-111.
  • Ünlüsoy 2010 S. Ünlüsoy, “Die Stratigraphie der Burg von Troia II”. Kaynak: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:21-opus-45097.
  • Ünlüsoy 2016 S. Ünlüsoy, “Troy and the Aegean During the Third Millennium BC”. Eds. E. Pernicka, S. Ünlüsoy – S. W. E. Blum, Early Bronze Age Troy. Chronology, Cultural Development and Interregional Contacts. Bonn (2016) 397-405.
  • Weiss et al. 1993 H. Weiss, M. A. Courty, W. Wellerstrom, F. Guichard, L. Senior, R. Meadow – A. Currow, “The Genesis and Collapse of Third Millennium North Mesopotamian Civilization”. Science 291 (1993) 995-1088.
There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Sinan Ünlüsoy This is me

Publication Date June 29, 2018
Submission Date January 25, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 6

Cite

APA Ünlüsoy, S. (2018). İlk Tunç Çağları Boyunca Batı Anadolu’da Toplumsal Değişim. Cedrus, 6, 105-124.
AMA Ünlüsoy S. İlk Tunç Çağları Boyunca Batı Anadolu’da Toplumsal Değişim. Cedrus. June 2018;6:105-124.
Chicago Ünlüsoy, Sinan. “İlk Tunç Çağları Boyunca Batı Anadolu’da Toplumsal Değişim”. Cedrus 6, June (June 2018): 105-24.
EndNote Ünlüsoy S (June 1, 2018) İlk Tunç Çağları Boyunca Batı Anadolu’da Toplumsal Değişim. Cedrus 6 105–124.
IEEE S. Ünlüsoy, “İlk Tunç Çağları Boyunca Batı Anadolu’da Toplumsal Değişim”, Cedrus, vol. 6, pp. 105–124, 2018.
ISNAD Ünlüsoy, Sinan. “İlk Tunç Çağları Boyunca Batı Anadolu’da Toplumsal Değişim”. Cedrus 6 (June 2018), 105-124.
JAMA Ünlüsoy S. İlk Tunç Çağları Boyunca Batı Anadolu’da Toplumsal Değişim. Cedrus. 2018;6:105–124.
MLA Ünlüsoy, Sinan. “İlk Tunç Çağları Boyunca Batı Anadolu’da Toplumsal Değişim”. Cedrus, vol. 6, 2018, pp. 105-24.
Vancouver Ünlüsoy S. İlk Tunç Çağları Boyunca Batı Anadolu’da Toplumsal Değişim. Cedrus. 2018;6:105-24.

The issue of the relevant year publishes a maximum of 25 articles, with article acceptance dates falling between 15th October and 1st May. As of October 2024, Cedrus will accept articles only in foreign languages.