Treatment of Dairy Industry Wastewater by Anaerobic Processes

Year 2022, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 1 - 8, 30.06.2022

Esra Çelik , Aslıcan İhtiyaroğlu

Abstract

Recently, with the development of industrialization and rapid population growth, natural resources are rapidly depleting and the negative effects of the wastes produced on the environment and human health are in sight. The dairy industry in the constantly growing food sector is also one of the sectors with the highest amount of wastewater per unit production. It originates from other by-products such as cheese, butter, ice cream, yoghurt and dry milk powder, as well as clean water from heating and cooling systems, and wastewater from washing plants and machinery. Wastewater is not reused due to the amount of pollution in the high concentrate it contains, and it poses a threat to the environment if not treated properly. Poses a threat to due to the worldwide distribution of the dairy industry and the characterization of the wastewater generated, many studies have been carried out in this area and different technologies are applied. Many different treatment technologies are applied in the wastewater treatment, generally physicochemical and biological processes. Anaerobic treatment provides energy recovery with methane gas production, besides its advantages such as less energy and cost requirement and low amount of sludge formation compared to the aerobic treatment. Anaerobic treatment technologies with high organ- ic matter and other pollutants are successfully applied in dairy industry wastewater treatment. Long chain fatty acids, which are limiting factors encountered in the treatment of dairy industry wastewater, prevent methanogenic activity. Optimum operating parameters must be provided for the successful operation of anaerobic processes. In the dairy industry wastewater, many anaerobic bioreactors are applied in different operating conditions. In the studies, the reactors that were put into operation under different conditions (reactor type, temperature, pH, hydraulic retention time, organic loading rate) were examined and the efficiency on the dairy industry wastewater was revealed. In this evaluation article, anaerobic processes applied in dairy industry wastewaters with high pollution levels are examined and information about issues such as treatment performance, operational approaches, organic matter removal and methane production efficiency are given.

Keywords

Anaerobic processes, anaerobic treatment, dairy industry wastewater

Süt Endüstrisi Atıksularının Anaerobik Prosesler ile Arıtımı

Abstract

Günümüzde sanayileşmenin gelişmesi ve hızlı nüfus artışıyla birlikte doğal kaynaklar hızla tükenmekte olup üretilen atıkların çevreye ve insan sağlığına olan olumsuz etkileri gözler önündedir. Sürekli büyüyen gıda sektöründeki süt endüstrisi de birim üretim başına atıksu miktarı en yüksek olan sektörlerin başında yer almaktadır. Süt endüstrisinde oluşan atıksular peynir, tereyağı, dondurma, yoğurt ve kuru süt tozu gibi diğer yan ürünlerden kaynaklanmakta olup bunun yanında ısıtma ve soğutma sistemlerinden gelen temiz sular, tesis ve makinaların yıkanmasından gelen atıksuları da içermektedir. İçerdiği yüksek miktardaki kirlilik seviyesi sebebiyle atıksu tekrar kullanılamamakta olup uygun şekilde arıtılmadığında çevre için tehdit oluşturmaktadır. Süt endüstrisinin dünya çapındaki geniş dağılımı ve oluşan atıksuyun karakterizasyonu sebebiyle bu alanda birçok çalışma yapılmış olup farklı arıtma teknolojileri uygulanmaktadır. Atıksu arıtımı genel olarak fizikokimyasal ve biyolojik prosesler olmak üzere birbirinden farklı birçok arıtma teknolojisini içermektedir. Anaerobik arıtma aerobik arıtmaya kıyasla daha az enerji ve maliyet ihtiyacı ile düşük miktarda çamur oluşumu gibi avantajlarının yanında metan gazı üretimiyle de enerji geri kazanımı sağlamaktadır. Süt endüstrisi atıksuyu arıtımında, içerdikleri yüksek organik madde ve diğer kirleticilerle birlikte anaerobik arıtma teknolojileri başarıyla uygulanmaktadır. Süt endüstrisi atıksularının arıtımında karşılaşılan sınırlayıcı bir faktör olarak uzun zincirli yağ asitlerinin metanojenik aktiviteyi engellemesidir. Anaerobik proseslerin başarılı bir şekilde işletilebilmesi için optimum işletme parametrelerinin sağlanması gerekmektedir. Süt endüstrisi atıksularında farklı işletme koşullarında birçok anaerobik biyoreaktörler uygulanmaktadır. Yapılan çalışmalarda farklı koşullarda (reaktör tipi, sıcaklık, pH, hidrolik bekletme süresi, organik yük) işletmeye alınan reaktörler incelenmiş olup süt endüstrisi atıksuyunun giderim verimleri ortaya konmuştur. Bu değerlendirme makalesinde kirlilik düzeyi yüksek olan süt endüstrisi atıksularında uygulanan anaerobik prosesler incelenmiş olup arıtma performansı, operasyonel yaklaşımlar, organik madde giderimi ve metan üretim verimi gibi hususlar hakkında bilgilere yer verilmiştir.

Keywords

Anaerobik arıtım, anaerobik prosesler, süt endüstrisi atıksuyu

References

• Amini. M., Younesi. H., Lorestani. A.A.Z., Najafpour. G.D. (2013). Determination of optimum conditions for dairy wastewater treatment in UAASB reactor for removal of nutrients, Bioresource Technology, 145:71–9.
• Bialek, K., Kim, J., Lee, C., Collins G., Mahony T., O’Flaherty V. (2011). Quantitative and qualitative analyses of methanogenic community development in high-rate anaerobic bioreactors, Water Research, 45, 1298 -1308.
• Bilir-Ormancı, F.S. (2009). Detection of the important pollution parameters in dairy plants Wastewater, Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 56, 137-139.
• Chang, M., Wang, Y., Zhong, R., Zhang, K., Pan, Y., Lyu, L., Zhu, T. (2020). Performance of HABR + MSABP system for the treatment of dairy wastewater and analyses of microbial community structure and low excess sludge production, Bioresource Technology, 311, 123576.
• Damasceno, L.H.S., Rodrigues, A.D., Ratusznei, S.M., Zaiat, M., Foresti, E. (2007). Effects of feeding time and organic loading in an anaerobic sequencing batch biofilm reactor (ASBBR) treating diluted whey, Journal of Environmental Management, 85:927–35.
• Demirel. B., Yenigün. O., Onay. T.T. (2005). Süt endüstrisi atıksularının havasız arıtımı, İtü Dergisi Su Kirlenme Kontrolü, 15:1-3, 3-16.
• Elginoz. N., Atasoy. M., Finnveden. G., Cetecioglu. Z. (2020). Ex-ante life cycle assessment of volatile fatty acid production from dairy wastewater, Journal of Cleaner Production, 269, 122267.
• Erguder. T.H., Tezel. U., Guven. E., Demirer. G.N. (2001). Anaerobic biotransformation and methane generation potential of cheese whey in batch and UASB reactors, Waste Management, 21:643–50.
• Göblös, Sz., Portörö, P., Bordas, D., Kalman, M., Kiss, I. (2008). Comparison of the effectivities of two-phase and single-phase anaerobic sequencing batch reactors during dairy wastewater treatment, Renewable Energy, 33, 960–965.
• Ince. O. (1998). Potential energy production from anaerobic digestion of dairy wastewater, Journal of Environmental Science Health, Part A, 33:1219–28.
• Ji, S., Ma, W., Wei, Q., Zhang, W., Jiang, F., Chen, J., (2020). Integrated ABR and UASB system for dairy wastewater treatment: Engineering design and practice, Science of the Total Environment, 749, 142267.
• Karadag, A., Köroglu, O.E., Ozkaya, B., Cakmakci, M. (2015). A review on anaerobic biofilm reactors for the treatment of dairy industry wastewater, Process Biochemistry, 50, 262–271.
• Karadag, D., Köroğlu, O. E., Ozkaya, B., Cakmakci, M., Heaven, S., Banks, C. (2014). A review on fermentative hydrogen production from dairy industry wastewater, Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 89(11), 1627-1636.
• Kumar. M., Choubey. V.K., Deepak. A., Gedam. V.V., Raut. R.D. (2021). Life cycle assessment (LCA) of dairy processing industry: A case study of North India, Journal of Cleaner Production, 326, 129331.
• Lei, Z., Yang, S., Li, Y., Wen, W., Wang, X.C., Chen, R. (2018). Application of anaerobic membrane bioreactors to municipal wastewater treatment at ambient temperature : A review of achievements, challenges, and perspectives, Bioresource Technology, 267, 756–768.
• Lei, Z., Yang, S., Li, Y., Wen, W., Wang, X.C., Chen, R. (2018). Application of anaerobic membrane bioreactors to municipal wastewater treatment at ambient temperature : A review of achievements, challenges, and perspectives, Bioresource Technology, 267, 756–768.
• Liao, B-Q., Kraemer, J.T., Bagley, D.M. (2006). Anaerobic membrane bioreactors: applications and research directions, Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 36:6, 489-530.
• Liao, B-Q., Kraemer, J.T., Bagley, D.M. (2006). Anaerobic membrane bioreactors: applications and research directions, Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 36:6, 489-530.
• McAteer, P.G., Trego, A.C., Thorn, C., Mahony, T., Abram, F., O’Flaherty, V. (2020). Reactor configuration influences microbial community structure during highrate, low-temperature anaerobic treatment of dairy wastewater, Bioresource Technology, 307, 123221.
• Najafpour, G.D., Tajallipour, M., Komeili, M., Mohammadi, M. (2009) Kinetic model for an upflow anaerobic packed bed bioreactor: dairy wastewater treatment, African Journal of Biotechnology, 8:3590–6.
• Omil. F., Garrido. J.M., Arrojo. B., Mendez. R. (2003). Anaerobic filter reactor performance for the treatment of complex dairy wastewater at industrial scale, Water Research, 37 (17), 4099-4108.
• Patil, S.S., Ghasghse, N.V., Nashte, A.P., Kanase, S.S., Pawar, R.H. (2012). Anaerobic digestion treatment of cheese whey for production of methane in a two stage upflow packed bed reactor, International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 1:1–7.
• Prazeres. A.R., Carvalho. F., Rivas. J. (2012). Cheese whey management: a review, Journal of Environmental Management, 110:48–68.
• Rahul K.B., S. B., Femin. M., Maneesha M.M., Elsint. J., Anjali. M. (2022). Different treatment methodologies and reactors employed for dairy effluent treatment - A review, Journal of Water Process Engineering, 46, 102622.
• Ramasamy, E.V., Gajalakshmi, S., Sanjeevi, R., Jithesh, M.N., Abbasi S.A. (2004). Feasibility studies on the treatment of dairy wastewaters with upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors, Bioresource Technology, 93, 209–212.
• Sala. S., Anton. A., McLaren. S.J., Notarnicola. B., Saouter. E., Sonesson. U. (2017). In quest of reducing the environmental impacts of food production and consumption, Journal of Cleaner Production, 140, 387–398.
• Shoener, B.D., Zhong, C., Greiner, A.D., Khunjar, W.O., Hong, P-Y., Guest, J.S. (2016). Design of anaerobic membrane bioreactors for the valorization of dilute organic carbon waste streams, Energy & Environmental Science, 9, 1102-1112.
• Sivakumar. P., Bhagiyalakshmi. M., Anbarasu. K. (2012). Anaerobic treatment of spoiled milk from milk processing industry for energy recovery – a laboratory to pilot scale study, Fuel, 96:482–6.
• Sivaprakasam, S., Balaji, K., (2021). Biodegradation performance of UASFF reactor in treating Dairy wastewater under various organic Loading rate, Materials Today, 43, 1167–1172.
• Stakinakis. A.S., Charalambous. P., Vyrides. I. (2022). Dairy wastewater management in EU: Produced amounts, existing legislation, applied treatment processes and future challenges, Journal of Environmental Management, 303, 114152.
• Tan. L.C., Peschard. R., Deng. Z., Ferreira. A.L.M., Lens. P.N.L., Pacheco-Ruiz. S. (2021). Anaerobic digestion of dairy wastewater by side-stream membrane reactors: Comparison of feeding regime and its impact on sludge filterability, Environmental Technology & Innovation, 22, 101482.
• Vidal. G., Carvalho. A., Mendez. R., Lema. J.M. (2000). Influence of the content in fats and proteins on the anaerobic biodegradability of dairy wastewaters, Bioresource Technology, 74:231–9.
• Wang. S., Rao. N.C., Qiu. R., Molett. R. (2009). Performance and kinetic evaluation of anaerobic moving bed biofilm reactor for treating milk permeate from dairy industry, Bioresource Technology, 100:5641–7.