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Türkiye’deki Şehirlerin İklim Değişikliğine Uyum Eylem Planlarına Bakış: Zorluklar ve Fırsatlar

Year 2023, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 52 - 64, 31.12.2023

Abstract

IPCC’nin Etkiler, Uyum ve Kırılganlık konulu 6. Değerlendirme Raporu Akdeniz Bölgesine ilişkin derinlemesine bir değerlendirme sunmakta olup; yüzyılın sonuna kadar farklı emisyon senaryoları altında yıllık ortalama ısınmanın 0,9 ila 5,6°C arasında değişeceği ve yağışların ise çoğu bölgede %4 ila %22 oranında azalacağı öngörülmektedir. Sel, kuraklık ve sıcak hava dalgaları gibi iklim değişikliğinin etkilerine karşı hassas noktalar olan şehirlerin operasyonlarını iklim değişikliğinin beklenen etkilerine göre uyarlamaları gerekmektedir. Öte yandan, kentsel altyapıda uygulanan kısa vadeli önlemler, emisyon azaltımı ve iklim değişikliği etkilerine uyum konusunda küresel kapasiteyi belirleyeceğinden, şehirler bu zorlukların üstesinden gelmek için benzersiz bir kabiliyete sahiptir. Kentleşme iklim değişikliğini önemli ölçüde etkilemekte olup, hızlı kentleşme, karar vericilerin doğru yolları ve önlemleri seçmesi halinde sürdürülebilir şehirlerin yaratılması için benzersiz bir potansiyel sunabilmektedir. Bu nedenle iklim değişikliğiyle mücadelede şehirlerin çözümün ayrılmaz bir parçası haline getirilmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır.

Şehirler, sınırları içinde meydana gelen Sera Gazı Emisyonları (SGE) nedeniyle iklim değişikliği üzerinde önemli etkilere sahiptir. Aynı zamanda beklenen iklim değişikliğinin etkilerine karşı da hassas yapılar içermektedir. Bu nedenle, şehrin iklim değişikliğine yönelik eylem planı, hem şehirdeki sera gazı emisyonlarını azaltacak hem de şehrin iklim değişikliğine uyum kapasitesini artıracak eylemleri dikkate almalıdır. Bu çalışmada yerel yönetimlerin benimsediği genel yaklaşım ele alınmakta ve uyum tedbirleri değerlendirilmektedir. Çalışma, uyum stratejilerinin geliştirilmesinde ve uyum önlemlerinin uygulanmasında ekonomik, politik ve sosyal engelleri ve fırsatları ele almaktadır. Ayrıca, çalışma şehirlerin İklim Değişikliği Eylem Planının (İDEP) hazırlanmasında gerekli olan; şehir içi sera gazı emisyon kaynaklarının ve faktörlerinin belirlenmesi, paydaşların katılımı, sera gazı envanterlerinin hazırlanması, sera gazı emisyon azaltım senaryolarının değerlendirilmesi, sektörlerin hassasiyet ve risk değerlendirmeleri, sektörlere yönelik uyum tedbirlerinin belirlenmesi ve son olarak şehrin iklim değişikliği eylem planının hazırlanması adımlarını ayrıntılı olarak tartışmaktadır.

References

  • Alexander S. (2020). Harnessing the opportunities and understanding the limits of state level climate action plans in the United States, Cities, 99, 2020.
  • Bassett E., Shandas V. (2010). Innovation and Climate Action Planning Perspectives from Municipal Plans, Journal of the American Planning Association, 76 (4), 435-450.
  • Bertoldi P. (2018). Guidebook ‘How to develop a Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan (SECAP)’, Publications Officeof the European Union, Luxembourg.
  • Bertoldi P., Rivas Calvete S., Kona A., Hernandez Gonzalez Y., Marinho Ferreira Barbosa P., Palermo V., Baldi M., Lo Vullo E., Muntean M. (2020). Covenant of Mayors: 2019 Assessment, Publications Office of the Euopean Union, Luxembourg.
  • Brown C., Ghile Y., Laverty M., Li K. (2012). Decision scaling: Linking bottom-up vulnerability analysis with climate projections in the water sector, Water Resources Research, 48, W09537, doi:10.1029/2011WR011212.
  • Brown C., Wilby RL. (2012). An alternate approach to assessing climate risks, EOS, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 93 (41), 401–402.
  • Culley S., Noble S., Yates A., Timbs M. Westre S., Maier HR., Giuliani M., Castelletti A. (2016). A bottom-up approach to identifying the maximum operational adaptive capacity of water resource systems to a changing climate, Water Resources Research, 52, 6751-6768, doi:10.1002/2015WR018253.
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  • Lempert R., Nakicenovic N., Sarewitz D., Schlesinger M. (2004). Characterizing climate-change uncertainties for decision-makers. An editorial essay, Climatic Change, 65, (1), 1-9.
  • Mendez M. (2015). Assessing local climate action plans for public health co-benefitsin environmental justice communities, Local Environment, 20 (6), 637-663.
  • Meredith EP., Maraun D., Semenov VA., Park W. (2015). Evidence for added value of convection-permitting models for studying changes in extreme precipitation, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 120 (24), 12500–12513.
  • Pietrapertosaa F., Khokhlov V., Salvia M., Cosmi C. (2018). Climate change adaptation policies and plans: A survey in 11 South East European countries, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81, 3041–3050.
  • Prudhomme C., Wilby RL., Crooks S., Kay AL., Reynard NS. (2010). Scenario-neutral approach to climate change impact studies: Application to flood risk,Journal of Hydrology, 390 (3-4), 198-209.
  • Reckien D., et al. (2018). How are cities planning to respond to climate change? Assessment of local climate plans from 885 cities in the EU-28, Journal of Cleaner Production, 191, 207-219.
  • Rosenzweig C., et al. (2018). Climate Change and Cities: Second Assessment Report of the Urban Climate Change Research Network, Cam-bridge University Press.
  • Shepherd TG., et al. (2018). Storylines: an alternative approach to representing uncertainty in physical aspects of climate change, Climatic Change, 151, 555-571.
  • Tang Z., Brody SD., Quinn C., Chang L., Wei T. (2010). Moving from agenda to action: Evaluating local climate change action plans, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 53 (1), 41-62.
  • UN (2021). Cities and Pollution. United Nations, https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/climate-solutions/cities-pollution, (Access Date: 4.12 2023).
  • UNEP (2021). Adaptation Gap Report 2021: The gathering storm – Adapting to climate change in a post-pandemic world, United Nations Environment Programme.
  • Walsh C.L., et al., (2011). Assessment of climate change mitigation and adaptation in cities, Urban Design and Planning, 164, 75-84.
  • Wheeler S. (2008). State and Municipal Climate Change Plans: The First Generation, Journal of the American Planning Association, 74(4), 481-496.
  • Zscheischler J., et al. (2018). Future climate risk from compound events, Nature Climate Change, 8, 469–477, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0156-3.

A Look At The Cities’ Climate Change Adaptation Action Plans for Türkiye: Challenges and Opportunities

Year 2023, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 52 - 64, 31.12.2023

Abstract

IPCC Sixth Assessment Report on Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability provides an in-depth assessment of Mediterranean Region where annual mean warming is projected to vary between 0.9 to 5.6°C under different emission scenarios by the end of the century while precipitation will decrease by 4% to 22% in most areas. Cities are hotspots of vulnerability to climate change impacts such as floods, drought and heatwaves, and need to adapt their operations in view of expected climate change impacts. On the other hand, cities are providing a unique ability to address those challenges as near-term measures implemented in urban infrastructure will determine global capacity for emission reductions and adaptation to climate change impacts. Urbanization influences climate change substantially and rapid urbanization may offer a unique potential for the creation of sustainable cities if decision-makers choose the right pathways and measures. Therefore, it is very important to make cities an integral part of the solution while combating climate change.

Cities have significant effects on climate change due to Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions occurring within their boundaries and urban heat island effect on temperatures. Meanwhile, they contain sensitive structures against the impacts of expected climate change. For this reason, a city action plan for climate change should consider actions both to reduce GHG emissions within the city and to increase the adaptation capacity of the city to the consequences of climate change. This study discusses the general approach adapted by the local governments, and evaluates adaptation measures. The study addresses economical, political, and social obstacles and opportunities in developing adaptation strategies and implementing adaptation measures. Furthermore, this study discusses in detail the following steps in developing cities’ Climate Change Action Plan (CCAP): Determination of in-city GHG emission sources and emission factors, stakeholders’ inclusion, preparation of GHG inventories, assessment of GHG emission reduction scenarios, sectors’ vulnerability and risk assessments, identification of adaptation measures for the sectors, and finally preparation of the city’s climate change action plan.

References

  • Alexander S. (2020). Harnessing the opportunities and understanding the limits of state level climate action plans in the United States, Cities, 99, 2020.
  • Bassett E., Shandas V. (2010). Innovation and Climate Action Planning Perspectives from Municipal Plans, Journal of the American Planning Association, 76 (4), 435-450.
  • Bertoldi P. (2018). Guidebook ‘How to develop a Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan (SECAP)’, Publications Officeof the European Union, Luxembourg.
  • Bertoldi P., Rivas Calvete S., Kona A., Hernandez Gonzalez Y., Marinho Ferreira Barbosa P., Palermo V., Baldi M., Lo Vullo E., Muntean M. (2020). Covenant of Mayors: 2019 Assessment, Publications Office of the Euopean Union, Luxembourg.
  • Brown C., Ghile Y., Laverty M., Li K. (2012). Decision scaling: Linking bottom-up vulnerability analysis with climate projections in the water sector, Water Resources Research, 48, W09537, doi:10.1029/2011WR011212.
  • Brown C., Wilby RL. (2012). An alternate approach to assessing climate risks, EOS, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 93 (41), 401–402.
  • Culley S., Noble S., Yates A., Timbs M. Westre S., Maier HR., Giuliani M., Castelletti A. (2016). A bottom-up approach to identifying the maximum operational adaptive capacity of water resource systems to a changing climate, Water Resources Research, 52, 6751-6768, doi:10.1002/2015WR018253.
  • GCoM (2023). Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy, https://www.globalcovenantofmayors.org/, (Access Date: 4.12 2023).
  • GDWM (2016). İklim Değişikliğinin Su Kaynaklarına Etkisi Projesi Nihai Raporu. https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/SYGM/Belgeler/iklim%20de%C4%9Fi%C5%9Fikli%C4%9Finin%20su%20kaynaklar%C4%B1na%20etkisi/Iklim_NihaiRapor.pdf, (Access Date: 10.11 2022).
  • GGMCF (2022). Global Gridded Model of Carbon Footprints, https://www.citycarbonfootprints.info/, (Access Date: 4.12 2023).
  • GPC (2014). Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories An Accounting and Reporting Standard for Cities, C40, ICLEI, WRI.
  • ICLEI (2023). Local Governments for Sustainability, https://iclei.org/, (Access Date: 03.12 2023).
  • IPCC (2014), Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Working Group II, 5th As-sessment Report, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
  • IPCC (2021). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, Working Group I, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
  • IPCC (2022). Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, Working Group II, Intergovern-mental Panel on Climate Change.
  • Lempert R., Collins MT. (2007). Managing the risk of uncertain threshold responses: Comparison of robust, optimum, and precautionary ap-proaches, Risk Analysis, 27 (4), 1009-1026.
  • Lempert R., Nakicenovic N., Sarewitz D., Schlesinger M. (2004). Characterizing climate-change uncertainties for decision-makers. An editorial essay, Climatic Change, 65, (1), 1-9.
  • Mendez M. (2015). Assessing local climate action plans for public health co-benefitsin environmental justice communities, Local Environment, 20 (6), 637-663.
  • Meredith EP., Maraun D., Semenov VA., Park W. (2015). Evidence for added value of convection-permitting models for studying changes in extreme precipitation, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 120 (24), 12500–12513.
  • Pietrapertosaa F., Khokhlov V., Salvia M., Cosmi C. (2018). Climate change adaptation policies and plans: A survey in 11 South East European countries, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81, 3041–3050.
  • Prudhomme C., Wilby RL., Crooks S., Kay AL., Reynard NS. (2010). Scenario-neutral approach to climate change impact studies: Application to flood risk,Journal of Hydrology, 390 (3-4), 198-209.
  • Reckien D., et al. (2018). How are cities planning to respond to climate change? Assessment of local climate plans from 885 cities in the EU-28, Journal of Cleaner Production, 191, 207-219.
  • Rosenzweig C., et al. (2018). Climate Change and Cities: Second Assessment Report of the Urban Climate Change Research Network, Cam-bridge University Press.
  • Shepherd TG., et al. (2018). Storylines: an alternative approach to representing uncertainty in physical aspects of climate change, Climatic Change, 151, 555-571.
  • Tang Z., Brody SD., Quinn C., Chang L., Wei T. (2010). Moving from agenda to action: Evaluating local climate change action plans, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 53 (1), 41-62.
  • UN (2021). Cities and Pollution. United Nations, https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/climate-solutions/cities-pollution, (Access Date: 4.12 2023).
  • UNEP (2021). Adaptation Gap Report 2021: The gathering storm – Adapting to climate change in a post-pandemic world, United Nations Environment Programme.
  • Walsh C.L., et al., (2011). Assessment of climate change mitigation and adaptation in cities, Urban Design and Planning, 164, 75-84.
  • Wheeler S. (2008). State and Municipal Climate Change Plans: The First Generation, Journal of the American Planning Association, 74(4), 481-496.
  • Zscheischler J., et al. (2018). Future climate risk from compound events, Nature Climate Change, 8, 469–477, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0156-3.
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Environmental Management (Other), Environmental Engineering (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ece Gizem Çakmak 0000-0001-7721-8866

Tuğba Doğan Güzel 0000-0002-8636-4408

Deniz Sarı 0000-0002-8095-9718

Haldun Karan 0000-0003-2388-1261

Publication Date December 31, 2023
Submission Date October 12, 2023
Acceptance Date December 13, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 3 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Çakmak, E. G., Doğan Güzel, T., Sarı, D., Karan, H. (2023). A Look At The Cities’ Climate Change Adaptation Action Plans for Türkiye: Challenges and Opportunities. Sürdürülebilir Çevre Dergisi, 3(2), 52-64.
AMA Çakmak EG, Doğan Güzel T, Sarı D, Karan H. A Look At The Cities’ Climate Change Adaptation Action Plans for Türkiye: Challenges and Opportunities. Çevre. December 2023;3(2):52-64.
Chicago Çakmak, Ece Gizem, Tuğba Doğan Güzel, Deniz Sarı, and Haldun Karan. “A Look At The Cities’ Climate Change Adaptation Action Plans for Türkiye: Challenges and Opportunities”. Sürdürülebilir Çevre Dergisi 3, no. 2 (December 2023): 52-64.
EndNote Çakmak EG, Doğan Güzel T, Sarı D, Karan H (December 1, 2023) A Look At The Cities’ Climate Change Adaptation Action Plans for Türkiye: Challenges and Opportunities. Sürdürülebilir Çevre Dergisi 3 2 52–64.
IEEE E. G. Çakmak, T. Doğan Güzel, D. Sarı, and H. Karan, “A Look At The Cities’ Climate Change Adaptation Action Plans for Türkiye: Challenges and Opportunities”, Çevre, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 52–64, 2023.
ISNAD Çakmak, Ece Gizem et al. “A Look At The Cities’ Climate Change Adaptation Action Plans for Türkiye: Challenges and Opportunities”. Sürdürülebilir Çevre Dergisi 3/2 (December 2023), 52-64.
JAMA Çakmak EG, Doğan Güzel T, Sarı D, Karan H. A Look At The Cities’ Climate Change Adaptation Action Plans for Türkiye: Challenges and Opportunities. Çevre. 2023;3:52–64.
MLA Çakmak, Ece Gizem et al. “A Look At The Cities’ Climate Change Adaptation Action Plans for Türkiye: Challenges and Opportunities”. Sürdürülebilir Çevre Dergisi, vol. 3, no. 2, 2023, pp. 52-64.
Vancouver Çakmak EG, Doğan Güzel T, Sarı D, Karan H. A Look At The Cities’ Climate Change Adaptation Action Plans for Türkiye: Challenges and Opportunities. Çevre. 2023;3(2):52-64.