Journal of Child and Development 2636-8935 Hatice BEKİR 10.36731/cg.1623258 Education for Autistic Children Otistik Çocuklar Eğitimi THE IMPACT OF THE AMYGDALA ON EMOTION, SOCIAL SKILLS, AND BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM Otizmli Çocuklarda Amigdala'nın Duygu, Sosyal Beceriler ve Davranış Bozuklukları Üzerindeki Etkisi https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9390-3581 Albayrak Didem İSTANBUL GELİŞİM ÜNİVERSİTESİ https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4772-0107 Gün Uyar Özgür İSTANBUL GELİŞİM ÜNİVERSİTESİ https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7594-1442 Türkan Merve İSTANBUL GELİŞİM ÜNİVERSİTESİ 04 30 2026 Özel Sayı 1 8 01 20 2025 11 07 2025 Copyright © 2018, Journal of Child and Development 2018 Journal of Child and Development

Dysfunctions in the amygdala of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can lead to difficulties in social interaction and emotional response management. This study aims to investigate the neuropathology of the amygdala in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), its effects on emotional regulation, and its relationship with behavioral problems. The amygdala is an important brain structure that plays a critical role in emotional processing and the regulation of social behaviors. The relationship between the size of the amygdala and social anxiety, repetitive behaviors, and emotional sensitivity is a significant factor affecting the overall quality of life of individuals with autism. This study aims to gain further insights into how changes in the function of the amygdala impact social interaction and communication issues in individuals with autism. In this context, it intends to examine the neuropathological effects of the amygdala in autistic children, its effects on emotional regulation, and its relationship with behavioral problems. Specifically, it aims to uncover the connections between the size of the amygdala and social anxiety, repetitive behaviors, and emotional sensitivity. The research will be conducted through a review of the existing literature and an evaluation of neurobiological studies to investigate the behavioral and emotional characteristics associated with the amygdala. Additionally, data based on imaging studies, neuroanatomical and neuropathological"examinations will also be utilized. Keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Amygdala, Behavioral Problems, Neuropathology, Therapeutic Approaches

Otizmli bireylerde amigdalanın işlevindeki bozukluklar, sosyal etkileşim ve duygusal tepki yönetiminde zorluklara yol açabilmektedir. Bu çalışma, amigdalanın otizm spektrum bozukluğu (OSB) olan çocuklardaki nöropatolojisi, duygusal düzenleme üzerindeki etkisi ve davranış sorunlarıyla olan ilişkisini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Amigdala, duygusal işleme ve sosyal davranışların düzenlenmesinde kritik bir rol oynayan önemli bir beyin yapısıdır. Amigdalanın büyüklüğü ile sosyal kaygı, tekrarlayıcı davranışlar ve duygusal hassasiyet arasındaki ilişki, otizmli bireylerin genel yaşam kalitesini etkileyen önemli bir faktördür. Bu çalışma, amigdalanın işlevindeki değişikliklerin otizmli bireylerde sosyal etkileşim ve iletişim sorunlarını nasıl etkilediği üzerine daha fazla bilgi edinmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu bağlamda, amigdalanın otizmli çocuklardaki nöropatolojik etkilerini, duygusal düzenleme üzerindeki etkilerini ve davranış problemleriyle olan ilişkisini incelemeyi hedeflemekte, amigdalanın büyüklüğü ile sosyal kaygı, tekrarlayıcı davranışlar ve duygusal hassasiyet arasındaki bağlantıları ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu çalışma, amigdala ile ilişkili davranışsal ve duygusal özellikleri incelemek için mevcut literatür taraması ve nörobiyolojik araştırmaların değerlendirilmesi yoluyla gerçekleştirilecektir. Ayrıca, görüntüleme çalışmaları, nöroanatomik, Nöropatolojik incelemelere dayalı veriler de kullanılacaktır.

 Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu (OSB) Amigdala Davranış Problemleri Nöropatoloji Terapötik Yaklaşımlar Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Amygdala Behavioral Problems Neuropathology Therapeutic Approaches İSTANBUL GELİŞİM ÜNİVERSİTESİ Adolphs, R. (2002). Recognizing emotion from facial expressions: Psychological and neurological components. Neuropsychologia, 40(17), 1978-1986. Amaral, D. G., Schumann, C. M., & Nordahl, C. W. (2008). Neuroanatomy of autism. Trends in neurosciences, 31(3), 137-145. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. Bakkaloğlu, H., & Sucuoğlu, B. (2018). Okul Öncesi Sınıflardaki Özel Gereksinimli Olan ve Olmayan Çocukların Okula Uyumları. Ilkogretim Online, 17(2): 1-17. Buxton, R. (2002). Introduction to functional magnetic resonance imaging: Principles and techniques. Cambridge University Press. Cevher, Z., & Kurnaz, E. (2024). Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu Olan Çocuklarda Duyusal İşlemleme Bozuklukları. Cumhuriyet Uluslararası Eğitim Dergisi, 13(3), 710-723. Chakrabarti, B., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2013). Understanding the genetics of empathy and the autistic spectrum. Understanding other minds: perspectives from developmental social neuroscience, 327-342. Chen, Z., Wang, X., Zhang, S., & Han, F. (2024). Neuroplasticity of children in autism spectrum disorder. Frontiers in psychiatry, 15, 1362288. Çolak, M. (2015). Otizm spektrum bozukluğu: tanı ve tedavi. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi, 22(1), 15-22. Davis, M., & Whalen, P. J. (2001). The amygdala: Vigilance and emotion. Molecular Psychiatry, 6(1), 13-34. Dawson, G., et al. (2002). Neural correlates of face processing in children with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43(4), 473-481. Dawson, G., Webb, S. J., & McPartland, J. (2005). Understanding the nature of face processing in autism: A dual process model. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 23(2-3), 165-172. Deeley, Q., et al. (2007). The role of the amygdala in processing emotional facial expressions in autism. Neuropsychologia, 45(1), 104-111. Desbordes, G., Negi, M., Pace, T. W., Wallace, B. A., & Schwartz, C. E. (2012). Effects of mindful meditation on emotional regulation in social anxiety disorder. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 7(2), 125-134. Doruk, O. (2023). Bebeklik döneminde otizm spektrum bozukluğu riskini belirlemeye yönelik video tabanlı bir değerlendirme. Yüksek Lisans tezi, İstanbul Atlas Üniversitesi. Foa, E. B., Hembree, E. A., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2007). Prolonged Exposure Therapy for PTSD: Emotional Processing of Traumatic Experiences. New York: Guilford Press. Friston, K. J., et al. (1994). Statistical parametric maps in functional imaging: A general linear approach. Human Brain Mapping, 2(4), 189-210. Frith, U. (2003). Autism: Explaining the enigma. Blackwell Publishing. Gross, J. J. (2002). Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39(3), 281-291. Hadjikhani, N., & de Gelder, B. (2003). Fearful faces modulate the amygdala's activity in children with autism. NeuroImage, 20(1), 861-867. Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I. J. J., Sawyer, A. T., & Fang, A. (2012). The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: A meta-analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(5), 427-440. Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child, 2, 217-250. Kemper, T. L., & Bauman, M. L. (2002). Neuropathology of autism. In D. J. Cohen & F. R. Volkmar (Eds.), Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders (pp. 104-136). Wiley. Kozan, H. İ. Ö., & Hamarta, E. (2019). Engelli Ergenlik: Engelli Çocuğa Sahip Annelerin Ergenliğe Bakışı ve Yaşadıkları Problemler Disabled Adolescence: The Views of Mothers about Puberty and Their Problems. Elementary Education Online, 18(3), 977-989. LeDoux, J. (1996). The emotional brain: The mysterious underpinnings of emotional life. Simon & Schuster. Lord, C., Rutter, M., & Le Couteur, A. (1994). Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised: A revised version of the Autism Diagnostic Interview. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24(5), 659-685. Mattay, V. S., & Goldberg, T. E. (2004). Imaging genetic influences in human brain function. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 14(2), 239-247. McPartland, J. C., & Dawson, G. (2017). The role of the amygdala in social and emotional processing in autism. Current Opinion in Psychology, 12, 34-38. Miller, L. J., Anzalone, M. E., Lane, S. J., Cermak, S. A., & Waddell, M. (2007). The importance of sensory integration in the development of self-regulation. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 61(2), 229-238. Minshew, N. J., & Williams, D. L. (2007). The new neurobiology of autism: A review of the evidence. Current Psychiatry Reports, 9(6), 529-535. Özgönenel, S. Ö., & Girli, A. (2016). Otizmli kaynaştırma öğrencilerinin sınıflarında akran ilişkilerinin geliştirilmesine yönelik eğitim programının etkililiğinin incelenmesi. İlköğretim Online, 15(1). Pelphrey, K. A., & Carter, E. J. (2008). Viewing faces: The role of the amygdala in the recognition of emotional faces. Social Neuroscience, 3(4), 298-306. Phelps, E. A. (2006). Emotion and cognition: Insights from studies of the amygdala. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 27-53. Phelps, E. A., & LeDoux, J. E. (2005). Contributions of the amygdala to emotion processing: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. In Handbook of Affective Sciences (pp. 559-579). Oxford University Press. Raichle, M. E. (1998). Behind the scenes of functional brain imaging: A historical perspective. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 95(3), 765-772. Schumann, C. M., & Amaral, D. G. (2006). Stereological analysis of amygdala neuron number in autism. Journal of Neuroscience, 26(29), 7424-7429. Schumann, C. M., & colleagues. (2009). The amygdala in autism: A review of neuroimaging studies. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 33(8), 1137-1150. Simmons, A. N., et al. (2006). Differential activation of the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex by emotional face expressions in a study of emotional regulation. Cognition and Emotion, 20(4), 613-635. Sparks, B. F., et al. (2002). Brain anatomy in preschool-age children with autism spectrum disorder: A longitudinal study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(7), 703-712. Sutherland, R. J., & Rudy, J. W. (2011). The hippocampus and emotional memory: A review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(4), 1127-1135. Tager-Flusberg, H. (2006). Defining language and communication in autism. In International Review of Research in Mental Retardation (Vol. 33, pp. 25-50). Elsevier. Tager-Flusberg, H., & Caronna, E. (2007). Language disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 13(1), 78-85. Tottenham, N., & Galvan, A. (2016). Stress and the adolescent brain: A developmental perspective. Neurobiology of Stress, 5, 1-5. Vogindroukas, I., Stankova, M., Chelas, E. N., & Proedrou, A. (2022). Language and speech characteristics in autism. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 2367-2377. Wang, A. T., & Dapretto, M. (2006). Neural basis of emotional recognition in children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 45(4), 515-523. Wing, L., & Gould, J. (1979). Severe impairment of social interaction and associated abnormalities in children: Epidemiology and classification. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9(1), 11-29. Zald, D. H., & Pardo, J. V. (2002). The neural correlates of aversive auditory stimulation. Neuropsychologia, 40(11), 1785-1794. Zalla, T., & Sperduti, M. (2013). The role of the amygdala in social cognition: A review of the literature. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 37(7), 1531-1540.