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Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu Olan Çocukların Oyun Becerilerinin İncelenmesi

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 13, 1 - 12, 25.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.36731/cg.1346066

Abstract

Otizm spektrum bozukluğu sözel iletişim ve etkileşim alanlarında görülen problemler ile tekrarlayan takıntılı davranışların görüldüğü bir nörogelişimsel bozukluktur. Otizmli çocukların normal gelişim gösteren akranlarından farklılaştığı alanlardan birisi de oyundur. Bu araştırmanın amacı otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan çocukların oyun becerilerinin incelenmesidir. Araştırmanın temel amacı doğrultusunda otizmli 18 çocuğun oyun becerileri, özel eğitim ve rehabilitasyon merkezinde incelenmiştir. Araştırma öncesinde dört farklı oyun türü belirlenmiş ve oyun türlerine uygun birer oyuncak seçilmiştir. Her bir çocuk için ayrı bir gözlem oturumu planlanarak veri toplama süreci gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın verileri otizmli çocukların gözlem oturumunda çekilen video kayıtları ve araştırmacının oturumlarda tuttuğu gözlem kayıt notları ile toplanmıştır.
Araştırmada elde edilen veriler, içerik analizi yöntemiyle incelenerek kodlara ayrılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonuçlarına bakıldığında, otizmli çocukların en çok dramatik oyunda ve işlevsel oyunda oyuncağı işlevine uygun olarak kullandıkları gözlenmiştir. Çocuklar en çok kurallı ve yapı inşa oyunlarında oyuncağın işlevi dışında kullanmışlardır. Otizmli çocuklar oyun sürecinde tekrarlayan ve takıntılı davranışlar göstermiştir. Oyunda sergilenen iletişim becerileri bulgularına göre ise işlevsel, dramatik ve kurallı oyunda göz teması kuran çocuk sayısı, kurmayan çocuklara göre fazladır. Çalışma grubunun ortalama olarak üçte biri araştırmacıyla sözel iletişim başlatma davranışlarında bulunmuştur. Ekolali gösteren bir çocuk, bütün oyun türlerinde araştırmacının yönergelerini tekrar etmiştir.

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Examination of Play Skills of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 13, 1 - 12, 25.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.36731/cg.1346066

Abstract

Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder in which problems in verbal communication and interaction and repetitive obsessive behaviors are seen. One of the areas where children with autism differ from their normally developing peers is play. The aim of this study is to examine the play skills of children with autism spectrum disorder. In line with the main purpose of the study, the play skills of 18 children with autism were examined in the special education and rehabilitation center. Before the research, four different game types were determined and a toy suitable for each game type was selected. A separate observation session was planned for each child. The data of the study were collected with the video recordings taken during the observation session of the children with autism and the notes taken by the researcher during the sessions.
The data obtained in the research were analyzed by content analysis method and divided into codes. Considering the results of the study, children with autism showed the most appropriate use of toys in dramatic and functional game. Children mostly showed using the toy out of its function in constructive game and game with rules. Children with autism showed two types of repetitive and obsessive behaviors. According to the communication skills findings, the number of children who made eye contact was higher than the children who did not in in functional, dramatic game and game with rules. On average, one third of the study group engaged in initiating verbal communication with the researcher. One child who showed echolalia, repeated the instructions of the researcher in all play types.

References

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  • Akpınar, R. B. (2004). Duygusal yüz ifadelerini anlama becerisini geliştirmeye yönelik örnek bir öğretim programı. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(2), 1-10.
  • Aslan, Ö. M. (2013). Anaokuluna devam eden çocukların oyun davranışları ve oyunlarında ortaya çıkan zorbalık davranışlarının incelenmesi [Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
  • Aytaş, G. & Uysal, B. (2017). Oyun kavramı ve sınıflandırılmasına yönelik bir değerlendirme. Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15(1), 675-690.
  • Bruner, J. S. (1981) The social context of language acquisition. Language and Communication, 1(2/3), 155-178. Blanc, R., Adrien, J. L., Roux, S. & Barthélémy, C. (2005). Dysregulation of pretend play and communication development in children with autism. Autism, 9(3), 229–245.
  • Bodur, Ş. & Soysal, Ş. (2004). Otizmin erken tanısı ve önemi. Sürekli Tıp Eğitimi Dergisi, 13(10), 394-398.
  • Bregman, J. D. (2005). Definitions and characteristics of the spectrum. Zager, D. (Ed.), Autism Spectrum Disorders Identification, Education, and Treatment içinde (s. 3-46). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E. K., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş. & Demirel, F. (2017). Eğitimde bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
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  • Carter, A. S., Davis, N. O., Klin, A. & Volkmar, F. R. (2005). Social development in autism. Volkmar, F. R., Paul, R., Klin, A., Cohen, D. (Ed.). Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders içinde (s. 312-334). John Wiley & Sons.
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  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/facts.html
  • Chang, X., Sun, L., & Li, R. (2023). Application of symbolic play test in identification of autism spectrum disorder without global developmental delay and developmental language disorder. BMC Psychiatry, 23(1), 138.
  • Charman, T., Swettenham, J., Baron-Cohen, S., Cox, A., Baird, G. & Drew, A. (1997). Infants with autism: An investigation of empathy, pretend play, joint attention, and imitation. Developmental Psychology, 33(5), 781-789.
  • Childress, D.C. (2010). Play behaviors of parents and their young children with disabilities. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 31(2), 112–120.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2021). Nitel çalışma tasarımı. Bütün, M. & Demir, S. B., (Ed.), Nitel araştırma yöntemleri beş yaklaşıma göre nitel araştırma ve araştırma deseni içinde (s. 147-180). Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Düzgün, S. & Selçuk, Z. (2018). Sözsüz iletişim becerilerinden öğretmenlerin öğrencilerle göz teması kurma davranışlarının bazı değişkenler açısından değerlendirilmesi. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 5(4), 771-795.
  • Egemen, A., Yılmaz, Ö. & Akil, İ. (2004). Oyun, oyuncak ve çocuk. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(2), 39-42.
  • Elbeltagi, R., Al-Beltagi, M., Saeed, N. K., & Alhawamdeh, R. (2023). Play therapy in children with autism: Its role, implications, and limitations. World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics, 12(1), 1–22.
  • Güler, T. (2007). Erken çocukluk döneminde “oyun planlama” modeli. Eğitim ve Bilim, 32(143), 117-128.
  • Freeman, B. J., Ritvo, E. R. & Schroth, P. C. (1984). Behavior assessment of the syndrome of autism: Behavior observation system. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 23(5), 588-594.
  • Frost, J. L., Wortham, S. C. & Reifel, S. (2012). Play and child development. Pearson.
  • Gibson, E. J. (1988). Exploratory behavior in the development oi perceiving, acting, and the acquiring of knowledge. Annual Review of Psychology, 39(1), 1-41.
  • González-Sala, F., Gómez-Marí, I., Tárraga-Mínguez, R., Vicente-Carvajal, A., & Pastor-Cerezuela, G. (2021).
  • Symbolic play among children with autism spectrum disorder: A scoping review, Children, 8(9), 801.
  • Harris, J. (2018). Leo Kanner and autism: a 75 - year perspective. International Review of Psychiatry, 30(1), 3–17.
  • Hess, L. (2006). I would like to play but I don’t know how: a case study of pretend play in autism. Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 22(1), 97–116.
  • Hobson, R. P., Lee, A. & Hobson, J. A. (2008). Qualities of symbolic play among children with autism: a social-developmental perspective. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(1), 12–22.
  • Honey, E., Leekam, S., Turner, M. & McConachie, H. (2007). Repetitive behaviour and play in typically developing children and children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(6), 1107–1115.
  • Holmes, E. & Willoughby, T. (2005). Play behaviour of children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 30(3), 156–164.
  • Hobson, R. P. (1993). Autism and the Development of Mind. Routledge.
  • Jarrold, C., Boucher, J. & Smith, P. (1993). Symbolic play in autism: A review. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 23(2), 281-307.
  • Halle, J., Brady, N. C. & Drasgow, E. (2004). Enhancing socially adaptive communicative repairs of beginning communicators with disabilities. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 13(1), 43–54.
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There are 80 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Family and Household Studies
Journal Section Araştırmalar
Authors

Ezgi Yazgan 0000-0002-4461-9775

Hatice Merve İmir 0000-0001-6230-3195

Publication Date June 25, 2024
Submission Date August 18, 2023
Acceptance Date May 21, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 7 Issue: 13

Cite

APA Yazgan, E., & İmir, H. M. (2024). Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu Olan Çocukların Oyun Becerilerinin İncelenmesi. Çocuk Ve Gelişim Dergisi, 7(13), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.36731/cg.1346066