The Moderating Role of Self-Efficacy: Exploring the Impact of Social Undermining on Emotional Exhaustion Among Gray-Collar Workers
Yıl 2023,
Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3, 1221 - 1244, 30.10.2023
Gamze Güner Kibaroğlu
,
Meral Kızrak
Öz
Drawing from Conservation of Resources (COR) Theory, this study aims to understand the factors influencing the emotional health and performance of employees in work environments by examining the relationship between social undermining, self-efficacy, and emotional exhaustion. The study was conducted with data obtained from 315 grey-collar employees. The findings suggest that grey-collar employees exposed to social undermining tend to experience increased levels of emotional exhaustion. However, the presence of high self-efficacy among these employees eliminates the impact of this effect. These results suggest that organizations should strive to create healthier work environments and promote the emotional well-being of their employees. Furthermore, the findings indicate that employers and managers can reduce emotional exhaustion by enhancing employees' self-efficacy levels and strengthening social support systems.
Kaynakça
- Baird, N., Robertson, J. L., & McLarnon, M. J. W. (2021). Looking in the mirror: Including the Reflected Best Self Exercise in management curricula to increase students' interview self-efficacy. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 0(0), 1-19.
- Chen, G., Gully, S. M., & Eden, D. (2001). Validation of a new general self-efficacy scale. Organizational Research Methods, 4(1), 62–83.
- Cranford, J. A. (2004). Stress-buffering or stress-exacerbation? Social support and social undermining as moderators of the relationship between perceived stress and depressive symptoms among married people. Personal Relationships, 11(1), 23-40.
- Creed, P. A., & Moore, K. (2006). Social support, social undermining, and coping in underemployed and unemployed persons. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36(2), 321-339.
- Crossley, C. D. (2009). Emotional and behavioral reactions to social undermining: A closer look at perceived offender motives. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 108(1), 14-24.
- Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
- De Cordova, P. B., Johansen, M. L., Grafova, I. B., Crincoli, S., Prado, J., & Pogorzelska-Maziarz, M. (2022). Burnout and intent to leave during COVID-19: A cross-sectional study of New Jersey hospital nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 30(6), 1913-1921.
- Delahaij, R., & Van Dam, K. (2017). Coping with acute stress in the military: The influence of coping style, coping self-efficacy and appraisal emotions. Personality and Individual Differences, 119, 13–18.
- Dijkstra, T. K., & Henseler, J. (2015). Consistent partial least squares path modeling. MIS Quarterly, 39, 297-316.
Duffy, M. K., Ganster, D. C., & Pagon, M. (2002). Social undermining in the workplace. Academy of Management Journal, 45(2), 331-351.
- Duffy, M. K., Ganster, D. C., Shaw, J. D., Johnson, J. L., & Pagon, M. (2006). The social context of undermining behavior at work. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 101(1), 105–126.
- Duffy, M. K., Scott, K. L., Shaw, J. D., Tepper, B. J., & Aquino, K. (2012). A social context model of envy and social undermining. Academy of management Journal, 55(3), 643-666.
- Eissa, G., Chinchanachokchai, S., & Wyland, R. (2017). The influence of supervisor undermining on self-esteem, creativity, and overall job performance: a multiple mediation model. Organization Management Journal, 14(4), 185–197.
- Eissa, G., & Wyland, R. (2018). Work-family conflict and hindrance stress as antecedents of social undermining: Does ethical leadership matter? Applied Psychology, 67(4), 645-654.
- Ergin, C. (1992). Doktor ve hemşirelerde tükenmişlik ve maslach tükenmişlik ölçeğinin uyarlanması. VII. Ulusal Psikoloji Kongresi Bilimsel Çalışmaları, Ankara.
- Fast, N. J., Burris, E. R., & Bartel, C. A. (2014). Managing to stay in the dark: Managerial self-efficacy, ego defensiveness, and the aversion to employee voice. Academy of Management Journal, 57(4), 1013-1034.
- Finch, J. F. (1998). Social undermining, support satisfaction, and affect: a domain-specific lagged effects model. Journal of Personality, 66(3), 315-334.
- Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50.
- Fuchs, C., Sting, F. J., Schlickel, M., & Alexy, O. (2019). The ideator's bias: How identity-induced self-efficacy drives overestimation in employee-driven process innovation. Academy of Management Journal, 62(5), 1498-1522.
- Gist, M. E. (1987). Self-efficacy: Implications for organizational behavior and human resource management. Academy of Management Review, 12(3), 472-485.
- Gist, M. E., & Mitchell, T. R. (1992). Self-efficacy: A theoretical analysis of its determinants and malleability. Academy of Management Review, 17(2), 183-211.
- Glaser, W., & Hecht, T. D. (2013). Work‐family conflicts, threat‐appraisal, self‐efficacy and emotional exhaustion. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 28(2), 164-182.
- Greenbaum, R. L., Mawritz, M. B., & Eissa, G. (2012). Bottom-line mentality as an antecedent of social undermining and the moderating roles of core self-evaluations and conscientiousness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(2), 343–359.
- Gong, Y., Huang, J. C., & Farh, J. L. (2009). Employee learning orientation, transformational leadership, and employee creativity: The mediating role of employee creative self-efficacy. Academy of Management Journal, 52(4), 765-778.
- Güner Kibaroğlu G., & Tosun, B. (2022). Sosyal zayıflatma (social undermining) ölçeğinin türkçeye uyarlanması. Uluslararası Yönetim Akademisi Dergisi, 5(3), 636-651.
- Halbesleben, J. R. B., & Buckley, M. R. (2004). Burnout in organizational life. Journal of Management, 30(6), 859–879.
- Hair, J.F., Hult, G.T.M., Ringle, C.M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (2nd Edition). Sage Publications Inc.
- Hershcovis, M. S. (2011). “Incivility, social undermining, bullying…oh my!”: A call to reconcile constructs within workplace aggression research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(3), 499-519.
- Hilal, O. A. (2021). The moderating role of self-efficacy in the relationship between workplace envy and social undermining. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 40(6), 28-40.
- Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524.
- Hobfoll, S. E. (2001). The influence of culture, community, and the nested-self in the stress process: Advancing Conservation of Resources theory. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50(3), 337–370.
- Howardson, G. N., & Behrend, T. S. (2015). The relative importance of specific self-efficacy sources in pretraining self-efficacy beliefs. International Journal of Training and Development, 19(4), 233-252.
- Hur, W.-M., Kim, B.-S., & Park, S.-J. (2015). The Relationship between coworker incivility, emotional exhaustion, and organizational outcomes: The mediating role of emotional exhaustion. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing and Service Industries, 25(6), 701-712.
- Indregard, A.-M. R., Knardahl, S., & Nielsen, M. B. (2018). Emotional dissonance, mental health complaints, and sickness absence among health- and social workers: The moderating role of self-efficacy. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1-9.
- Jang, S., Allen, T. D., Kim, E., & Cho, S. (2020). An examination of the temporal order of helping behaviors and emotional exhaustion. Stress and Health, 36(5), 663-674.
- Jones, G. R. (1986). Socialization tactics, self-efficacy, and newcomers' adjustments to organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 29(2), 262-279.
- Jung, H. S., & Yoon, H. H. (2019). The effects of social undermining on employee voice and silence and on organizational deviant behaviors in the hotel industry. Journal of Service Theory and Practice, 29(2), 213–231.
- Jung, H.-S., & Yoon, H.-H. (2022). The effect of social undermining on employees' emotional exhaustion and procrastination behavior in deluxe hotels: moderating role of positive psychological capital. Sustainability, 14, 1-13.
- Kaufmann, L., Ninaus, M., Weiss, E. M., Gruber, W., & Wood, G. (2022). Self-efficacy matters: Influence of students' perceived self-efficacy on statistics anxiety. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1514(1), 187-197.
- Khan, M. A., Malik, O. F., & Shahzad, A. (2022). Social undermining and employee creativity: The mediating role of interpersonal distrust and knowledge hiding. Behavioral Sciences, 12(2), 1-10.
- Kim, K. H., & Lee, Y. (2021). Employees’ communicative behaviors in response to emotional exhaustion: the moderating role of transparent communication. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 15(5), 410-424.
- Kowalski, C., Ommen, O., Driller, E., Ernstmann, N., Wirtz, M. A., Köhler, T., & Pfaff, H. (2010). Burnout in nurses – the relationship between social capital in hospitals and emotional exhaustion. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 19(11-12), 1654-1663.
- Loeb, C., Stempel, C., & Isaksson, K. (2016). Social and emotional self-efficacy at work. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 57(2), 152-161.
- Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2(2), 99-113.
- Mesurado, B., Malonda Vidal, E., & Mestre, A.L (2018). Negative emotions and behaviour: The role of regulatory emotional self-efficacy. Journal of Adolescence, 64(1), 62-71.
- Moksnes, U. K., Eilertsen, M. B., Ringdal, R., Bjørnsen, H. N. A., & Rannestad, T. (2019). Life satisfaction in association with self-efficacy and stressor experience in adolescents – self-efficacy as a potential moderator. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 33(1), 222-230.
- Petrov, P., Kouvonen, A., & Karanika-Murray, M. (2011). Social exchange at work and emotional exhaustion: The role of personality. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 41(9), 2165-2199.
- Reh, S., Tröster, C., & Van Quaquebeke, N. (2018). Keeping (future) rivals down: Temporal social comparison predicts coworker social undermining via future status threat and envy. Journal of Applied Psychology, 103(4), 399-415.
- Rodríguez-Muñoz, A., Antino, M., León-Pérez, J. M., & Ruiz-Zorrilla, P. (2022). Workplace bullying, emotional exhaustion, and partner social undermining: A weekly diary study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(5-6), 1-17.
- Sardeshmukh, S. R., Goldsby, M., & Smith, R. M. (2001). Are work stressors and emotional exhaustion driving exit intentions among business owners? Journal of Small Business Management, Early View.
- Sarwar, A., Irshad, M., Zhong, J. Y., Sarwar, S., & Pasha, R. (2020). Effects of social undermining in families on deviant workplace behaviours in Pakistani nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 28(4), 938-947.
- Schadenhofer, P., Kundi, M., Abrahamian, H., Blasche, G., Stummer, H., & Kautzky-Willer, A. (2018). Job-related meaningfulness moderates the association between over-commitment and emotional exhaustion in nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 26(7), 820-832.
- Schaubroeck, J., & Merritt, D. E. (1997). Divergent effects of job control on coping with work stressors: The key role of self-efficacy. Academy of Management Journal, 40(3), 738-754.
- Schwepker, C.H., & Dimitrou, C. (2022). Reducing service sabotage: The influence of supervisor social undermining, job stress, turnover intention and ethical conflict. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 66(2), 1–20.
- Scott, K. L., Ingram, A., Zagenczyk, T. J., & Shoss, M. K. (2015). Work–family conflict and social undermining behaviour: An examination of PO fit and gender differences. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 88(1), 203-218.
- Smith, I. H., & Woodworth, W. P. (2012). Developing social entrepreneurs and social innovators: A social identity and self-efficacy approach. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 11(3), 390-407.
- Song, Y., & Zhao, Z. (2022). Social undermining and interpersonal rumination among employees: the mediating role of being the subject of envy and the moderating role of social support. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(14), 1-20.
- Stordeur, S., D'hoore, W., & Vandenberghe, C. (2001). Leadership, organizational stress, and emotional exhaustion among hospital nursing staff. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 35(4), 533-542.
- Tahmassian, K., & Moghadam, N.J (2011). Relationship between self-efficacy and symptoms of anxiety, depression, worry and social avoidance in a normal sample of students. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 5(2), 91-98.
- Tierney, P., & Farmer, S. M. (2002). Creative self-efficacy: Its potential antecedents and relationship to creative performance. Academy of Management Journal, 45(6), 1137-1148.
- Vinokur, A. D., & van Ryn, M. 1993. Social support and undermining in close relationships: Their independent effect on mental health in unemployed persons. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 350-359.
- Vinokur, A. D., Schul, Y., Vuori, J., & Price, R. H. (2000). Two years after a job loss: long-term impact of the JOBS program on reemployment and mental health. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(1), 32.
- Williams, B. W., Kessler, H. A., & Williams, M. V. (2014). Relationship among practice change, motivation, and self-efficacy. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 34(S1), S5-S10.
- Yoo, J., & Frankwick, G. L. (2013). Exploring the impact of social undermining on salesperson deviance: An integrated model. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 33(1), 79-90.
- Yu, L., & Zellmer-Bruhn, M. (2018). Introducing team mindfulness and considering its safeguard role against conflict transformation and social undermining. Academy of Management Journal, 61(1), 324-347.
- Zheng, G. G., Zhou, Y., & Wu, W. (2023). Followers matter: Understanding the emotional exhaustion of servant leadership. Applied Psychology, Early View.
Öz Yeterliliğin Düzenleyici Rolü: Gri Yaka Çalışanları arasındaki Sosyal Zayıflatmanın Duygusal Tükenmeye Etkisinin İncelenmesi
Yıl 2023,
Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3, 1221 - 1244, 30.10.2023
Gamze Güner Kibaroğlu
,
Meral Kızrak
Öz
Kaynakların Korunması Kuramına dayanan bu çalışma sosyal zayıflama, öz yetkinlik ve duygusal tükenme arasındaki ilişkiyi inceleyerek, iş ortamlarında çalışanların duygusal sağlığı ve performansı üzerinde etkili olan faktörleri anlamayı hedeflemektedir. Araştırma, gri yaka olarak çalışan 315 katılımcıdan elde edilen verilerle yürütülmüştür. Araştırmanın bulgularına göre sosyal zayıflatmaya maruz kalan gri yaka çalışanların duygusal tükenme seviyeleri artmaktadır. Ancak bu çalışanların öz yetkinlik seviylerinin yüksek olması söz konusu etkinin gücünü yok etmektedir. Elde edilen bu bulgular, örgütlerin daha sağlıklı bir çalışma ortamı oluşturması ve çalışanların duygusal refahını artırması gerektiğine işaret etmektedir. Ayrıca, işverenler ve yöneticiler, çalışanların öz yetkinlik düzeylerini desteklemek ve sosyal destek sistemlerini güçlendirmek gibi önlemler alarak duygusal tükenmeyi azaltabileceklerini göstermiştir.
Kaynakça
- Baird, N., Robertson, J. L., & McLarnon, M. J. W. (2021). Looking in the mirror: Including the Reflected Best Self Exercise in management curricula to increase students' interview self-efficacy. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 0(0), 1-19.
- Chen, G., Gully, S. M., & Eden, D. (2001). Validation of a new general self-efficacy scale. Organizational Research Methods, 4(1), 62–83.
- Cranford, J. A. (2004). Stress-buffering or stress-exacerbation? Social support and social undermining as moderators of the relationship between perceived stress and depressive symptoms among married people. Personal Relationships, 11(1), 23-40.
- Creed, P. A., & Moore, K. (2006). Social support, social undermining, and coping in underemployed and unemployed persons. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36(2), 321-339.
- Crossley, C. D. (2009). Emotional and behavioral reactions to social undermining: A closer look at perceived offender motives. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 108(1), 14-24.
- Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
- De Cordova, P. B., Johansen, M. L., Grafova, I. B., Crincoli, S., Prado, J., & Pogorzelska-Maziarz, M. (2022). Burnout and intent to leave during COVID-19: A cross-sectional study of New Jersey hospital nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 30(6), 1913-1921.
- Delahaij, R., & Van Dam, K. (2017). Coping with acute stress in the military: The influence of coping style, coping self-efficacy and appraisal emotions. Personality and Individual Differences, 119, 13–18.
- Dijkstra, T. K., & Henseler, J. (2015). Consistent partial least squares path modeling. MIS Quarterly, 39, 297-316.
Duffy, M. K., Ganster, D. C., & Pagon, M. (2002). Social undermining in the workplace. Academy of Management Journal, 45(2), 331-351.
- Duffy, M. K., Ganster, D. C., Shaw, J. D., Johnson, J. L., & Pagon, M. (2006). The social context of undermining behavior at work. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 101(1), 105–126.
- Duffy, M. K., Scott, K. L., Shaw, J. D., Tepper, B. J., & Aquino, K. (2012). A social context model of envy and social undermining. Academy of management Journal, 55(3), 643-666.
- Eissa, G., Chinchanachokchai, S., & Wyland, R. (2017). The influence of supervisor undermining on self-esteem, creativity, and overall job performance: a multiple mediation model. Organization Management Journal, 14(4), 185–197.
- Eissa, G., & Wyland, R. (2018). Work-family conflict and hindrance stress as antecedents of social undermining: Does ethical leadership matter? Applied Psychology, 67(4), 645-654.
- Ergin, C. (1992). Doktor ve hemşirelerde tükenmişlik ve maslach tükenmişlik ölçeğinin uyarlanması. VII. Ulusal Psikoloji Kongresi Bilimsel Çalışmaları, Ankara.
- Fast, N. J., Burris, E. R., & Bartel, C. A. (2014). Managing to stay in the dark: Managerial self-efficacy, ego defensiveness, and the aversion to employee voice. Academy of Management Journal, 57(4), 1013-1034.
- Finch, J. F. (1998). Social undermining, support satisfaction, and affect: a domain-specific lagged effects model. Journal of Personality, 66(3), 315-334.
- Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50.
- Fuchs, C., Sting, F. J., Schlickel, M., & Alexy, O. (2019). The ideator's bias: How identity-induced self-efficacy drives overestimation in employee-driven process innovation. Academy of Management Journal, 62(5), 1498-1522.
- Gist, M. E. (1987). Self-efficacy: Implications for organizational behavior and human resource management. Academy of Management Review, 12(3), 472-485.
- Gist, M. E., & Mitchell, T. R. (1992). Self-efficacy: A theoretical analysis of its determinants and malleability. Academy of Management Review, 17(2), 183-211.
- Glaser, W., & Hecht, T. D. (2013). Work‐family conflicts, threat‐appraisal, self‐efficacy and emotional exhaustion. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 28(2), 164-182.
- Greenbaum, R. L., Mawritz, M. B., & Eissa, G. (2012). Bottom-line mentality as an antecedent of social undermining and the moderating roles of core self-evaluations and conscientiousness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(2), 343–359.
- Gong, Y., Huang, J. C., & Farh, J. L. (2009). Employee learning orientation, transformational leadership, and employee creativity: The mediating role of employee creative self-efficacy. Academy of Management Journal, 52(4), 765-778.
- Güner Kibaroğlu G., & Tosun, B. (2022). Sosyal zayıflatma (social undermining) ölçeğinin türkçeye uyarlanması. Uluslararası Yönetim Akademisi Dergisi, 5(3), 636-651.
- Halbesleben, J. R. B., & Buckley, M. R. (2004). Burnout in organizational life. Journal of Management, 30(6), 859–879.
- Hair, J.F., Hult, G.T.M., Ringle, C.M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (2nd Edition). Sage Publications Inc.
- Hershcovis, M. S. (2011). “Incivility, social undermining, bullying…oh my!”: A call to reconcile constructs within workplace aggression research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(3), 499-519.
- Hilal, O. A. (2021). The moderating role of self-efficacy in the relationship between workplace envy and social undermining. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 40(6), 28-40.
- Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524.
- Hobfoll, S. E. (2001). The influence of culture, community, and the nested-self in the stress process: Advancing Conservation of Resources theory. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50(3), 337–370.
- Howardson, G. N., & Behrend, T. S. (2015). The relative importance of specific self-efficacy sources in pretraining self-efficacy beliefs. International Journal of Training and Development, 19(4), 233-252.
- Hur, W.-M., Kim, B.-S., & Park, S.-J. (2015). The Relationship between coworker incivility, emotional exhaustion, and organizational outcomes: The mediating role of emotional exhaustion. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing and Service Industries, 25(6), 701-712.
- Indregard, A.-M. R., Knardahl, S., & Nielsen, M. B. (2018). Emotional dissonance, mental health complaints, and sickness absence among health- and social workers: The moderating role of self-efficacy. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1-9.
- Jang, S., Allen, T. D., Kim, E., & Cho, S. (2020). An examination of the temporal order of helping behaviors and emotional exhaustion. Stress and Health, 36(5), 663-674.
- Jones, G. R. (1986). Socialization tactics, self-efficacy, and newcomers' adjustments to organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 29(2), 262-279.
- Jung, H. S., & Yoon, H. H. (2019). The effects of social undermining on employee voice and silence and on organizational deviant behaviors in the hotel industry. Journal of Service Theory and Practice, 29(2), 213–231.
- Jung, H.-S., & Yoon, H.-H. (2022). The effect of social undermining on employees' emotional exhaustion and procrastination behavior in deluxe hotels: moderating role of positive psychological capital. Sustainability, 14, 1-13.
- Kaufmann, L., Ninaus, M., Weiss, E. M., Gruber, W., & Wood, G. (2022). Self-efficacy matters: Influence of students' perceived self-efficacy on statistics anxiety. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1514(1), 187-197.
- Khan, M. A., Malik, O. F., & Shahzad, A. (2022). Social undermining and employee creativity: The mediating role of interpersonal distrust and knowledge hiding. Behavioral Sciences, 12(2), 1-10.
- Kim, K. H., & Lee, Y. (2021). Employees’ communicative behaviors in response to emotional exhaustion: the moderating role of transparent communication. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 15(5), 410-424.
- Kowalski, C., Ommen, O., Driller, E., Ernstmann, N., Wirtz, M. A., Köhler, T., & Pfaff, H. (2010). Burnout in nurses – the relationship between social capital in hospitals and emotional exhaustion. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 19(11-12), 1654-1663.
- Loeb, C., Stempel, C., & Isaksson, K. (2016). Social and emotional self-efficacy at work. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 57(2), 152-161.
- Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2(2), 99-113.
- Mesurado, B., Malonda Vidal, E., & Mestre, A.L (2018). Negative emotions and behaviour: The role of regulatory emotional self-efficacy. Journal of Adolescence, 64(1), 62-71.
- Moksnes, U. K., Eilertsen, M. B., Ringdal, R., Bjørnsen, H. N. A., & Rannestad, T. (2019). Life satisfaction in association with self-efficacy and stressor experience in adolescents – self-efficacy as a potential moderator. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 33(1), 222-230.
- Petrov, P., Kouvonen, A., & Karanika-Murray, M. (2011). Social exchange at work and emotional exhaustion: The role of personality. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 41(9), 2165-2199.
- Reh, S., Tröster, C., & Van Quaquebeke, N. (2018). Keeping (future) rivals down: Temporal social comparison predicts coworker social undermining via future status threat and envy. Journal of Applied Psychology, 103(4), 399-415.
- Rodríguez-Muñoz, A., Antino, M., León-Pérez, J. M., & Ruiz-Zorrilla, P. (2022). Workplace bullying, emotional exhaustion, and partner social undermining: A weekly diary study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(5-6), 1-17.
- Sardeshmukh, S. R., Goldsby, M., & Smith, R. M. (2001). Are work stressors and emotional exhaustion driving exit intentions among business owners? Journal of Small Business Management, Early View.
- Sarwar, A., Irshad, M., Zhong, J. Y., Sarwar, S., & Pasha, R. (2020). Effects of social undermining in families on deviant workplace behaviours in Pakistani nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 28(4), 938-947.
- Schadenhofer, P., Kundi, M., Abrahamian, H., Blasche, G., Stummer, H., & Kautzky-Willer, A. (2018). Job-related meaningfulness moderates the association between over-commitment and emotional exhaustion in nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 26(7), 820-832.
- Schaubroeck, J., & Merritt, D. E. (1997). Divergent effects of job control on coping with work stressors: The key role of self-efficacy. Academy of Management Journal, 40(3), 738-754.
- Schwepker, C.H., & Dimitrou, C. (2022). Reducing service sabotage: The influence of supervisor social undermining, job stress, turnover intention and ethical conflict. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 66(2), 1–20.
- Scott, K. L., Ingram, A., Zagenczyk, T. J., & Shoss, M. K. (2015). Work–family conflict and social undermining behaviour: An examination of PO fit and gender differences. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 88(1), 203-218.
- Smith, I. H., & Woodworth, W. P. (2012). Developing social entrepreneurs and social innovators: A social identity and self-efficacy approach. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 11(3), 390-407.
- Song, Y., & Zhao, Z. (2022). Social undermining and interpersonal rumination among employees: the mediating role of being the subject of envy and the moderating role of social support. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(14), 1-20.
- Stordeur, S., D'hoore, W., & Vandenberghe, C. (2001). Leadership, organizational stress, and emotional exhaustion among hospital nursing staff. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 35(4), 533-542.
- Tahmassian, K., & Moghadam, N.J (2011). Relationship between self-efficacy and symptoms of anxiety, depression, worry and social avoidance in a normal sample of students. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 5(2), 91-98.
- Tierney, P., & Farmer, S. M. (2002). Creative self-efficacy: Its potential antecedents and relationship to creative performance. Academy of Management Journal, 45(6), 1137-1148.
- Vinokur, A. D., & van Ryn, M. 1993. Social support and undermining in close relationships: Their independent effect on mental health in unemployed persons. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 350-359.
- Vinokur, A. D., Schul, Y., Vuori, J., & Price, R. H. (2000). Two years after a job loss: long-term impact of the JOBS program on reemployment and mental health. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(1), 32.
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