Review
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Bacterial Foodborne Diseases in Sudan: A Review

Year 2024, , 545 - 552, 28.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1098014

Abstract

Objective: To determine the role of the bacteria associated with foodborne diseases in Sudan and to help health policymakers introduce strict intervention measures control.
Methods: The review uses up-to-date data via manual screening of the titles and abstracts of retrieved articles using string foodborne diseases in Sudan and foodborne illnesses as keywords to obtain publications from the electronic databases PubMed and Google Scholar using the publish or perish tool. However, priority has been given to the scientific papers, reports, and literature issued within the past 5 years.
Results: The review reported that many types of research revealed that foodborne infection is a critical, life-threatening health problem in Sudan and that different food pathogens are responsible for people and outbreaks of foodborne illness.
Conclusion: Foodborne diseases are considered one of the main reasons for illness and death, particularly in countries that suffer from poor economic conditions, such as Sudan. The review concluded that the most bacteria that caused foodborne disease in Sudan were Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp, and Staphylococcus aureus.

References

  • Addis M, Sisay D. A review on major food borne bacterial illnesses. J Trop Dis. 2015;3(4):1–7. DOI:10.4172/2329-891x.1000176
  • Bintsis T. Foodborne pathogens. 2017;3(March):529–63. DOI:10.3934/microbiol.2017.3.529
  • Schmid MW, Ng EY, Lampidis R, Emmerth M, Walcher M, Kreft J, Goebel W, Wagner M, Schleifer KH. Evolutionary history of the genus Listeria and its virulence genes. Syst Appl Microbiol. 2005;28(1):1–18. DOI:10.1016/j.syapm.2004.09.005
  • Gould LH, Demma L, Jones TF, Hurd S, Vugia DJ, Smith K, Shiferaw B, Segler S, Palmer A, Zansky S, Griffin PM. Hemolytic uremic syndrome and death in persons with escherichia coli O157:H7 infection, foodborne diseases active surveillance network sites, 2000-2006. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(10):1480–5. DOI:10.1086/644621
  • Wells JG, Davis BR, Wachsmuth IK, Riley LW, Remis RS, Sokolow R, Morris GK. Laboratory investigation of hemorrhagic colitis outbreaks associated with a rare Escherichia coli serotype. J Clin Microbiol. 1983;18(3):512–20. DOI:10.1128/jcm.18.3.512-520.1983
  • Heredia N, García S. Animals as sources of food-borne pathogens: a review. Anim Nutr. 2018;4(3):250–5. DOI:10.1016/j.aninu.2018.04.006
  • Rojas-Lopez M, Monterio R, Pizza M, Desvaux M, Rosini R. Intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli: Insights for vaccine development. Front Microbiol. 2018;9(MAR):1–17.
  • Yang S-C, Lin C-H, Aljuffali IA, Fang J-Y. Current pathogenic Escherichia coli foodborne outbreak cases and therapy development. Arch Microbiol. 2017;199(6):811–25. DOI:10.1007/s00203-017-1393-y
  • Nataro JP, Kaper JB. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1998;11(1):142–201. DOI:10.1128/cmr.11.1.142
  • Mohamed-Noor SE, Shuaib YA, Suliman SE, Abdalla MA. Study of microbial contamination of broilers in modern abattoirs in Khartoum state. Ann Univ Dunarea Jos Galati Fascicle VI-Food Technol. 2012;36(1):74–80.
  • Ahmed AKAM, Al Sanosi SM. Occurrence of Escherichia species in vended red meat in Khartoum State, Sudan. J Vet Med Anim Prod. 2018;8(1).
  • Abdel-Rahman E. Elbasheir EAAA and AAOA. Aerobic bacteria isolated from fresh and frozen chicken’s carcasses in Khartoum state, Sudan. World J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2019;8(4):1700–10.
  • Hamid A, Basheir MA, Elhassan MMO, Salman AMA. Risk assessment of E. coli contamination in broiler food chain in Khartoum North, Sudan. :EAS J Nutr Food Sci. 2, (2), (Mar-Apr, 2020): 49-54. DOI: 10.36349/easjnfs.2020.v02i02.004
  • Abdalla MA, Suliman SE, Bakhiet AO. Food safety knowledge and practices of street food-vendors in Atbara City (Naher Elneel State Sudan). African J Biotechnol 2009;8(24):6967–71. DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2007.04.021 15.
  • Ryan MP, Dwyer JO, Adley CC. Evaluation of the complex nomenclature of the clinically and veterinary significant pathogen Salmonella. 2017;2017. DOI:10.1155/2017/3782182
  • F. W. Brenner, R. G. villar, FJ. Angulo, R. Tauxe and BS. Salmonella nomenclature. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38(7):2465–2467. DOI:10.1128/jcm.38.7.2465-2467.2000
  • Eng SK, Pusparajah P, Ab Mutalib NS, Ser HL, Chan KG, Lee LH. Salmonella: A review on pathogenesis, epidemiology and antibiotic resistance. Front Life Sci [Internet]. 2015;8(3):284–93. DOI:10.1080/21553769.2015.1051243
  • Brenner FW, Villar RG, Angulo FJ, Tauxe R, Swaminathan B. Guest Commentary. Salmonella nomenclature 2000;38(7):2465–2467. DOI:10.1128/jcm.38.7.2465-2467.2000
  • Fadlalla IMT, Hamid ME, Rahim AGA, Ibrahim MT. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella serotypes isolated from human and animals in Sudan. 2012;4(January):19–23. DOI:10.5897/jphe11.143
  • El Hussein AA, S. H, Nor Elmadiena MM, El Siddig MA. Prevalence, detection and antimicrobial resistance pattern of salmonella in Sudan. Salmonella - Distrib Adapt Control Meas Mol Technol. 2012. DOI:10.5772/29928
  • Mamoun I, Khalafalla A, Bakhiet M, Agab H, Sabiel Y, Ahmed H. Salmonella enteritidis infection in the Sudan. Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop. 1992;45:137–8.
  • Mustafa N, Abdallah M. Bacteriological quality of street-vended um-jingir: A traditional Sudanese food. African J Food, Agric Nutr Dev. 2011;11(5):16–9. DOI:10.4314/ajfand.v11i5.70447
  • Honua MHM. The bacterial contamination of food handlers hands in Wad madani city restaurants, Sudan. Int J Community Med Public Heal. 2018;5(4):1270. DOI:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20181201
  • Mustafa EA, Hamad I. Review on food safety system with reference to meat operations in Khartoum State , Sudan. RA J Appl Res. 2016;2(07):491–504.
  • Eltaib, W.A., Ahmed, D.A., Ahmed, H.E., and Zeinelabideen, H.M. Study on the bacterial contamination of some animal products in Khartoum State. Journal IA, No I. 2013;3(8):56–61.
  • Alsheikh ADI, Mohammed GE, Abdalla MA. Isolation and identification of Listeria monocytogenes from retail broiler chicken ready to eat meat products in Sudan. Int J Anim Vet Adv. 2013;5(1):9–14. DOI:10.19026/ijava.5.5570
  • Ei-Jakee J, Marouf SA, Ata NS, Abdel-Rahman EH, Abd El-Moez SI, Samy AA, El-Sayed WE. Rapid method for detection of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins in food. Glob Vet. 2013.
  • Yahya M, Ali HA, Ali SO. Molecular detection of Staphylococcal enterotoxins and mecA genes products in food samples collected from different areas in Khartoum state. :1–19. DOI:10.21203/rs.3.rs-59354/v3
  • Mohammed Hamad MN, Mokhtar AA, Alameldin M, Abkar YM, Eltoum M. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among school aged children in Berber locality, River Nile State, Sudan 2017. J Microbiol Exp. 2019;7(2):85–6. DOI:10.15406/jmen.2019.07.00247
  • Fung F, Wang HS, Menon S. Food safety in the 21st century. Vol. 41, Biomedical Journal. Elsevier B.V.; 2018. p. 88–95. DOI:10.1016/c2014-0-01094-5
  • Chambers HF, DeLeo FR. Waves of resistance: Staphylococcus aureus in the antibiotic era. Nat Rev Microbiol [Internet]. 2009;7(9):629–41. DOI:10.1038/nrmicro2200
  • Havelaar AH, Kirk MD, Torgerson PR, Gibb HJ, Hald T, Lake RJ, et al. World Health Organization Global Estimates and Regional Comparisons of the Burden of Foodborne Disease in 2010. PLoS Medicine. 2015. DOI:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001923
  • Medveov A, Valk ubomr. Staphylococcus aureus: Characterisation and Quantitative Growth Description in Milk and Artisanal Raw Milk Cheese Production. In: Structure and Function of Food Engineering. 2012. DOI:10.5772/48175
  • Akbar A, Anal AK. Prevalence and antibiogram study of Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus in poultry meat. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2013;3(2):163–8. DOI:10.1016/s2221-1691(13)60043-x
  • Salleh W, Lani M, Abdullah WZW, Chilek TZT, Hassan Z. A review on incidences of foodborne diseases and interventions for a better national food safety system in Malaysia. Malaysian Appl Biol. 2017;46(3):1–7.
  • Mangen MJ, Plass D, Havelaar AH, Gibbons CL, Cassini A, Mühlberger N, Van Lier A, Haagsma JA, Brooke RJ, Lai T, De Waure C. The pathogen-and incidence-based DALY approach: an appropriate methodology for estimating the burden of infectious diseases. PLoS One. 2013;8(11):e79740. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0079740
  • Abdalla MOM, Elhagaz FMM. The impact of applying some hygienic practices on raw milk quality in Khartoum State, Sudan. Res J Agric Biol Sci. 2011;7(2):169–73.
  • Khalid HA. Sero–diagnosis of brucellosis and differentiation between vaccinated and infected animals. MSc. thesis, Dep. of Micro., Fac. of Vet. Med., Uof K, Sudan; 2006.
  • Mahmoud HA. Brucellosis in cattle in the former West Kordofan state. MSc. thesis, Dep. of Micro., Fac. of Vet. Med., UofK, Sudan; 2010.
  • Saleh YM. Prevalence of brucellosis in cattle, sheep and goats of west Darfur State, Sudan. Master Thesis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum2010.
  • Naglaa AA. Epidemiological and zoonotic aspect of bovine tuberculosis in Khartoum State, Sudan. MTAH thesis, Dep Prev Med, Fac Vet Med, UofK, Sudan. 2007.
  • Mohamed NNI, El Zubeir IEM. Evaluation of the hygienic quality of market milk of Khartoum State (Sudan). Int J Dairy Sci. 2007;2(1):33–41. DOI:10.3923/ijds.2007.33.41
  • Selim S, Warrad M, El-Dowma EF, Aziz MA. Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of food borne bacterial contamination in some Egyptian food. Ital J Food Sci. 2015;27(3):336–44. DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.10.020
  • Manges AR. Escherichia coli and urinary tract infections: the role of poultry-meat. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016;22(2):122–9. DOI:10.1016/j.cmi.2015.11.010
  • Ali DK, Ismail HM, Abdelgadir AE. Status of milk and meat hygiene in Sudan. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production. 2012;3(1):107-124.
  • Babiker MA, Ali MSM, Ahmed ES. Frequency of intestinal parasites among food-handlers in Khartoum, Sudan. East Mediterr Heal J. 2009;15(5):1098–104. DOI:10.26719/2009.15.5.1098
  • Omar BA, Shadia SM, Anas SD, Mohammed AE. Food hygiene knowledge, attitude and practices among hospital food handlers in Elmanagil City, Sudan. African J Microbiol Res. 2020;14(4):106–11. DOI:10.5897/ajmr2020.9323
  • Medeiros L, Hillers V, Kendall P, Mason A. Evaluation of food safety education for consumers. J Nutr Educ. 2001;33:S27–34. DOI:10.1016/s1499-4046(06)60067-5
  • Seaman P, Eves A. Perceptions of hygiene training amongst food handlers, managers and training providers–A qualitative study. Food Control. 2010;21(7):1037–41. DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.12.024
  • Capunzo M, Cavallo P, Boccia G, Brunetti L, Buonomo R, Mazza G. Food hygiene on merchant ships: the importance of food handlers’ training. Food Control. 2005;16(2):183–8. DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2004.01.010
  • Hassan NA, Hashim JH, Johar Z, Faisal MS. The implications of climatic changes on food and water-borne diseases in Malaysia: a case study of Kelantan, Terengganu, Johor and Melaka. BMC Public Health. 2014;14(1):1. DOI:10.1186/1471-2458-14-s1-p22
  • Han N, Mizan MFR, Jahid IK, Ha S-D. Biofilm formation by Vibrio parahaemolyticus on food and food contact surfaces increases with rise in temperature. Food Control. 2016;70:161–6. DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.05.054
  • Doyle MP, Diez-Gonzalez F, Hill C. Food microbiology: fundamentals and frontiers. John Wiley & Sons; 2020.
  • Omer AK, Ahmed MMM, Awad Alkarim Altijani Alfaki AA, Suliman SE, Abdalla MA. Detection of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli in poultry carcasses at abattoir in Khartoum State Sudan. 2016. Journal of Science and Technology, 17.
  • Route N. HACCP and SMEs: a case study. In: Making the most of HACCP. Elsevier; 2001. p. 32–42. DOI:10.1533/9781855736511.2.81
  • Gamar TA, Musa HH, Altayb HN, Kabbashi M, Alsayed Y, Abakar AD. Prevalence of intestinal parasites among food handlers attending public health laboratories in Khartoum State, Sudan. F1000Research. 2018;7(687):687. DOI:10.12688/f1000research.14681.1
  • Elduma AH, Zein MMA, Karlsson M, Elkhidir IME, Norder H. A single lineage of hepatitis E virus causes both outbreaks and sporadic hepatitis in Sudan. Viruses. 2016;8(10):1–13. DOI:10.3390/v8100273.
  • Elhag WI, Saeed HA, Omer EFE, Ali AS. Prevalence of rotavirus and adenovirus associated with diarrhea among displaced communities in Khartoum, Sudan. BMC Infectious Diseases 2013;2–7. DOI:10.1186/1471-2334-13-209
  • Magzoub MA, Bilal NE, Bilal JA, Alzohairy MA, Elamin BK, Gasim GI. Detection and sequencing of rotavirus among Sudanese children. Pan Afr Med J. 2017;28. DOI:10.11604/pamj.2017.28.87.11008
Year 2024, , 545 - 552, 28.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1098014

Abstract

References

  • Addis M, Sisay D. A review on major food borne bacterial illnesses. J Trop Dis. 2015;3(4):1–7. DOI:10.4172/2329-891x.1000176
  • Bintsis T. Foodborne pathogens. 2017;3(March):529–63. DOI:10.3934/microbiol.2017.3.529
  • Schmid MW, Ng EY, Lampidis R, Emmerth M, Walcher M, Kreft J, Goebel W, Wagner M, Schleifer KH. Evolutionary history of the genus Listeria and its virulence genes. Syst Appl Microbiol. 2005;28(1):1–18. DOI:10.1016/j.syapm.2004.09.005
  • Gould LH, Demma L, Jones TF, Hurd S, Vugia DJ, Smith K, Shiferaw B, Segler S, Palmer A, Zansky S, Griffin PM. Hemolytic uremic syndrome and death in persons with escherichia coli O157:H7 infection, foodborne diseases active surveillance network sites, 2000-2006. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(10):1480–5. DOI:10.1086/644621
  • Wells JG, Davis BR, Wachsmuth IK, Riley LW, Remis RS, Sokolow R, Morris GK. Laboratory investigation of hemorrhagic colitis outbreaks associated with a rare Escherichia coli serotype. J Clin Microbiol. 1983;18(3):512–20. DOI:10.1128/jcm.18.3.512-520.1983
  • Heredia N, García S. Animals as sources of food-borne pathogens: a review. Anim Nutr. 2018;4(3):250–5. DOI:10.1016/j.aninu.2018.04.006
  • Rojas-Lopez M, Monterio R, Pizza M, Desvaux M, Rosini R. Intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli: Insights for vaccine development. Front Microbiol. 2018;9(MAR):1–17.
  • Yang S-C, Lin C-H, Aljuffali IA, Fang J-Y. Current pathogenic Escherichia coli foodborne outbreak cases and therapy development. Arch Microbiol. 2017;199(6):811–25. DOI:10.1007/s00203-017-1393-y
  • Nataro JP, Kaper JB. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1998;11(1):142–201. DOI:10.1128/cmr.11.1.142
  • Mohamed-Noor SE, Shuaib YA, Suliman SE, Abdalla MA. Study of microbial contamination of broilers in modern abattoirs in Khartoum state. Ann Univ Dunarea Jos Galati Fascicle VI-Food Technol. 2012;36(1):74–80.
  • Ahmed AKAM, Al Sanosi SM. Occurrence of Escherichia species in vended red meat in Khartoum State, Sudan. J Vet Med Anim Prod. 2018;8(1).
  • Abdel-Rahman E. Elbasheir EAAA and AAOA. Aerobic bacteria isolated from fresh and frozen chicken’s carcasses in Khartoum state, Sudan. World J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2019;8(4):1700–10.
  • Hamid A, Basheir MA, Elhassan MMO, Salman AMA. Risk assessment of E. coli contamination in broiler food chain in Khartoum North, Sudan. :EAS J Nutr Food Sci. 2, (2), (Mar-Apr, 2020): 49-54. DOI: 10.36349/easjnfs.2020.v02i02.004
  • Abdalla MA, Suliman SE, Bakhiet AO. Food safety knowledge and practices of street food-vendors in Atbara City (Naher Elneel State Sudan). African J Biotechnol 2009;8(24):6967–71. DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2007.04.021 15.
  • Ryan MP, Dwyer JO, Adley CC. Evaluation of the complex nomenclature of the clinically and veterinary significant pathogen Salmonella. 2017;2017. DOI:10.1155/2017/3782182
  • F. W. Brenner, R. G. villar, FJ. Angulo, R. Tauxe and BS. Salmonella nomenclature. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38(7):2465–2467. DOI:10.1128/jcm.38.7.2465-2467.2000
  • Eng SK, Pusparajah P, Ab Mutalib NS, Ser HL, Chan KG, Lee LH. Salmonella: A review on pathogenesis, epidemiology and antibiotic resistance. Front Life Sci [Internet]. 2015;8(3):284–93. DOI:10.1080/21553769.2015.1051243
  • Brenner FW, Villar RG, Angulo FJ, Tauxe R, Swaminathan B. Guest Commentary. Salmonella nomenclature 2000;38(7):2465–2467. DOI:10.1128/jcm.38.7.2465-2467.2000
  • Fadlalla IMT, Hamid ME, Rahim AGA, Ibrahim MT. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella serotypes isolated from human and animals in Sudan. 2012;4(January):19–23. DOI:10.5897/jphe11.143
  • El Hussein AA, S. H, Nor Elmadiena MM, El Siddig MA. Prevalence, detection and antimicrobial resistance pattern of salmonella in Sudan. Salmonella - Distrib Adapt Control Meas Mol Technol. 2012. DOI:10.5772/29928
  • Mamoun I, Khalafalla A, Bakhiet M, Agab H, Sabiel Y, Ahmed H. Salmonella enteritidis infection in the Sudan. Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop. 1992;45:137–8.
  • Mustafa N, Abdallah M. Bacteriological quality of street-vended um-jingir: A traditional Sudanese food. African J Food, Agric Nutr Dev. 2011;11(5):16–9. DOI:10.4314/ajfand.v11i5.70447
  • Honua MHM. The bacterial contamination of food handlers hands in Wad madani city restaurants, Sudan. Int J Community Med Public Heal. 2018;5(4):1270. DOI:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20181201
  • Mustafa EA, Hamad I. Review on food safety system with reference to meat operations in Khartoum State , Sudan. RA J Appl Res. 2016;2(07):491–504.
  • Eltaib, W.A., Ahmed, D.A., Ahmed, H.E., and Zeinelabideen, H.M. Study on the bacterial contamination of some animal products in Khartoum State. Journal IA, No I. 2013;3(8):56–61.
  • Alsheikh ADI, Mohammed GE, Abdalla MA. Isolation and identification of Listeria monocytogenes from retail broiler chicken ready to eat meat products in Sudan. Int J Anim Vet Adv. 2013;5(1):9–14. DOI:10.19026/ijava.5.5570
  • Ei-Jakee J, Marouf SA, Ata NS, Abdel-Rahman EH, Abd El-Moez SI, Samy AA, El-Sayed WE. Rapid method for detection of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins in food. Glob Vet. 2013.
  • Yahya M, Ali HA, Ali SO. Molecular detection of Staphylococcal enterotoxins and mecA genes products in food samples collected from different areas in Khartoum state. :1–19. DOI:10.21203/rs.3.rs-59354/v3
  • Mohammed Hamad MN, Mokhtar AA, Alameldin M, Abkar YM, Eltoum M. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among school aged children in Berber locality, River Nile State, Sudan 2017. J Microbiol Exp. 2019;7(2):85–6. DOI:10.15406/jmen.2019.07.00247
  • Fung F, Wang HS, Menon S. Food safety in the 21st century. Vol. 41, Biomedical Journal. Elsevier B.V.; 2018. p. 88–95. DOI:10.1016/c2014-0-01094-5
  • Chambers HF, DeLeo FR. Waves of resistance: Staphylococcus aureus in the antibiotic era. Nat Rev Microbiol [Internet]. 2009;7(9):629–41. DOI:10.1038/nrmicro2200
  • Havelaar AH, Kirk MD, Torgerson PR, Gibb HJ, Hald T, Lake RJ, et al. World Health Organization Global Estimates and Regional Comparisons of the Burden of Foodborne Disease in 2010. PLoS Medicine. 2015. DOI:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001923
  • Medveov A, Valk ubomr. Staphylococcus aureus: Characterisation and Quantitative Growth Description in Milk and Artisanal Raw Milk Cheese Production. In: Structure and Function of Food Engineering. 2012. DOI:10.5772/48175
  • Akbar A, Anal AK. Prevalence and antibiogram study of Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus in poultry meat. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2013;3(2):163–8. DOI:10.1016/s2221-1691(13)60043-x
  • Salleh W, Lani M, Abdullah WZW, Chilek TZT, Hassan Z. A review on incidences of foodborne diseases and interventions for a better national food safety system in Malaysia. Malaysian Appl Biol. 2017;46(3):1–7.
  • Mangen MJ, Plass D, Havelaar AH, Gibbons CL, Cassini A, Mühlberger N, Van Lier A, Haagsma JA, Brooke RJ, Lai T, De Waure C. The pathogen-and incidence-based DALY approach: an appropriate methodology for estimating the burden of infectious diseases. PLoS One. 2013;8(11):e79740. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0079740
  • Abdalla MOM, Elhagaz FMM. The impact of applying some hygienic practices on raw milk quality in Khartoum State, Sudan. Res J Agric Biol Sci. 2011;7(2):169–73.
  • Khalid HA. Sero–diagnosis of brucellosis and differentiation between vaccinated and infected animals. MSc. thesis, Dep. of Micro., Fac. of Vet. Med., Uof K, Sudan; 2006.
  • Mahmoud HA. Brucellosis in cattle in the former West Kordofan state. MSc. thesis, Dep. of Micro., Fac. of Vet. Med., UofK, Sudan; 2010.
  • Saleh YM. Prevalence of brucellosis in cattle, sheep and goats of west Darfur State, Sudan. Master Thesis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum2010.
  • Naglaa AA. Epidemiological and zoonotic aspect of bovine tuberculosis in Khartoum State, Sudan. MTAH thesis, Dep Prev Med, Fac Vet Med, UofK, Sudan. 2007.
  • Mohamed NNI, El Zubeir IEM. Evaluation of the hygienic quality of market milk of Khartoum State (Sudan). Int J Dairy Sci. 2007;2(1):33–41. DOI:10.3923/ijds.2007.33.41
  • Selim S, Warrad M, El-Dowma EF, Aziz MA. Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of food borne bacterial contamination in some Egyptian food. Ital J Food Sci. 2015;27(3):336–44. DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.10.020
  • Manges AR. Escherichia coli and urinary tract infections: the role of poultry-meat. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016;22(2):122–9. DOI:10.1016/j.cmi.2015.11.010
  • Ali DK, Ismail HM, Abdelgadir AE. Status of milk and meat hygiene in Sudan. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production. 2012;3(1):107-124.
  • Babiker MA, Ali MSM, Ahmed ES. Frequency of intestinal parasites among food-handlers in Khartoum, Sudan. East Mediterr Heal J. 2009;15(5):1098–104. DOI:10.26719/2009.15.5.1098
  • Omar BA, Shadia SM, Anas SD, Mohammed AE. Food hygiene knowledge, attitude and practices among hospital food handlers in Elmanagil City, Sudan. African J Microbiol Res. 2020;14(4):106–11. DOI:10.5897/ajmr2020.9323
  • Medeiros L, Hillers V, Kendall P, Mason A. Evaluation of food safety education for consumers. J Nutr Educ. 2001;33:S27–34. DOI:10.1016/s1499-4046(06)60067-5
  • Seaman P, Eves A. Perceptions of hygiene training amongst food handlers, managers and training providers–A qualitative study. Food Control. 2010;21(7):1037–41. DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.12.024
  • Capunzo M, Cavallo P, Boccia G, Brunetti L, Buonomo R, Mazza G. Food hygiene on merchant ships: the importance of food handlers’ training. Food Control. 2005;16(2):183–8. DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2004.01.010
  • Hassan NA, Hashim JH, Johar Z, Faisal MS. The implications of climatic changes on food and water-borne diseases in Malaysia: a case study of Kelantan, Terengganu, Johor and Melaka. BMC Public Health. 2014;14(1):1. DOI:10.1186/1471-2458-14-s1-p22
  • Han N, Mizan MFR, Jahid IK, Ha S-D. Biofilm formation by Vibrio parahaemolyticus on food and food contact surfaces increases with rise in temperature. Food Control. 2016;70:161–6. DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.05.054
  • Doyle MP, Diez-Gonzalez F, Hill C. Food microbiology: fundamentals and frontiers. John Wiley & Sons; 2020.
  • Omer AK, Ahmed MMM, Awad Alkarim Altijani Alfaki AA, Suliman SE, Abdalla MA. Detection of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli in poultry carcasses at abattoir in Khartoum State Sudan. 2016. Journal of Science and Technology, 17.
  • Route N. HACCP and SMEs: a case study. In: Making the most of HACCP. Elsevier; 2001. p. 32–42. DOI:10.1533/9781855736511.2.81
  • Gamar TA, Musa HH, Altayb HN, Kabbashi M, Alsayed Y, Abakar AD. Prevalence of intestinal parasites among food handlers attending public health laboratories in Khartoum State, Sudan. F1000Research. 2018;7(687):687. DOI:10.12688/f1000research.14681.1
  • Elduma AH, Zein MMA, Karlsson M, Elkhidir IME, Norder H. A single lineage of hepatitis E virus causes both outbreaks and sporadic hepatitis in Sudan. Viruses. 2016;8(10):1–13. DOI:10.3390/v8100273.
  • Elhag WI, Saeed HA, Omer EFE, Ali AS. Prevalence of rotavirus and adenovirus associated with diarrhea among displaced communities in Khartoum, Sudan. BMC Infectious Diseases 2013;2–7. DOI:10.1186/1471-2334-13-209
  • Magzoub MA, Bilal NE, Bilal JA, Alzohairy MA, Elamin BK, Gasim GI. Detection and sequencing of rotavirus among Sudanese children. Pan Afr Med J. 2017;28. DOI:10.11604/pamj.2017.28.87.11008
There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Review
Authors

Azza Mutwakil 0000-0002-7665-3281

Elfatih Eldowma 0000-0002-6966-0897

Abdalbasıt Marıod 0000-0003-3237-7948

Publication Date June 28, 2024
Submission Date April 4, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

APA Mutwakil, A., Eldowma, E., & Marıod, A. (2024). Bacterial Foodborne Diseases in Sudan: A Review. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, 14(2), 545-552. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1098014
AMA Mutwakil A, Eldowma E, Marıod A. Bacterial Foodborne Diseases in Sudan: A Review. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. June 2024;14(2):545-552. doi:10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1098014
Chicago Mutwakil, Azza, Elfatih Eldowma, and Abdalbasıt Marıod. “Bacterial Foodborne Diseases in Sudan: A Review”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 14, no. 2 (June 2024): 545-52. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1098014.
EndNote Mutwakil A, Eldowma E, Marıod A (June 1, 2024) Bacterial Foodborne Diseases in Sudan: A Review. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 14 2 545–552.
IEEE A. Mutwakil, E. Eldowma, and A. Marıod, “Bacterial Foodborne Diseases in Sudan: A Review”, Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 545–552, 2024, doi: 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1098014.
ISNAD Mutwakil, Azza et al. “Bacterial Foodborne Diseases in Sudan: A Review”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 14/2 (June 2024), 545-552. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1098014.
JAMA Mutwakil A, Eldowma E, Marıod A. Bacterial Foodborne Diseases in Sudan: A Review. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. 2024;14:545–552.
MLA Mutwakil, Azza et al. “Bacterial Foodborne Diseases in Sudan: A Review”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, vol. 14, no. 2, 2024, pp. 545-52, doi:10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1098014.
Vancouver Mutwakil A, Eldowma E, Marıod A. Bacterial Foodborne Diseases in Sudan: A Review. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. 2024;14(2):545-52.

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