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Current View on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization

Year 2016, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 28 - 34, 13.05.2016

Abstract

Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is defined as the hypomineralization of one or more first permanent molars with or without the involvement of the maxillary and mandibular permanent incisors. Although the etiology of MIH remains unclear, several etiological factors, such as the genetic and environmental factors and systemic disturbance during pre-, peri-, and postnatal period, can cause enamel defects and their occurrence. The prevalence of MIH is reported to be between 2.4% and 25% in different communities. Teeth with MIH are extremely hypersensitive, prone to rapid caries development, and can be difficult to manage in young patients, and thus, dentists may have difficulties during diagnosis, treatment planning, and managing children with MIH during treatment. Early diagnosis is essential because rapid breakdown of tooth structure may occur, resulting in acute symptoms and complicated treatment. This study aimed to review the diagnosis and etiological factors involved in the occurrence of MIH and to evaluate treatment approaches in the management of MIH. 

References

  • Weerheijm KL, Groen HJ, Poorterman JH. Prevelance of cheese molars in eleven year old Dutch children. ASDC J Dent Child 2001; 68: 259-62, 229.
  • Elfrink MEC, ten Cate JM, Jaddoe VWV, Hofman A, Moll HA, Veerkamp JSJ. Deciduous molar hypomineralisation and molar incisor hypomineralisa- tion. J Dent Res 2012; 91: 525-7. [CrossRef]
  • Kühnish J, Heitmüller D, Thiering E, Burockow I, Hoffmann U, Neumann C, et al. Proportion and extent of manifestation of molar-incisor hypominer- alization according to different phenotypes. J Public Health Dent. 2014; 74: 42-9. [CrossRef]
  • Avery JK. Oral development and histology. 3rd ed. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2002.
  • Jalevik B, Noren JG. Enamel hypomineralization of permanent first mo- lars: A morphological study and survey of possible aetiological factors. Int J Paediatr Dent 2000; 10: 278-89. [CrossRef]
  • Fearne J, Anderson P, Davis GR. 3D X-ray microscopic study of the extent of variations in enamel density in first permanent molars with idiopathic enamel hypomineralisation. Br Dent J. 2004; 196: 634-8. [CrossRef]
  • Durmuş B, Abbasoğlu Z, Kargül B. Possible medical etiological factors and characteristics of molar ıncisor hypomineralization in a group of Turkish children. Acta Stomatologica Crotia 2013; 47: 297-305. [CrossRef]
  • Mittal NP, Goyal A, Gaugba K, Kapur A. Molar Incisor Hypomineralization: Prevalence and clinical presentation in school children of Northern Re- gion of India. Eur Arc Pediatr Dent 2014; 15: 11-8. [CrossRef]
  • Koch G, Hallonsten AL, Ludvigsson N, Hansson BO, Holst A, Ullbro C. Ep- idemiologic study of idiopathic enamel hypomineralization in perma- nent teeth of Swedish children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1987; 15: 279-85. [CrossRef]
  • Weerheijm KL, Duggal M, Mejare IA, Papagiannolus L, Koch G, Martens LC, et al. Judgement criteria form molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) in epidemiologic studies: a summary of the European meeting on MIH held in Athens. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2003; 4: 110-3.
  • Wuollet E, Laisi S, Salmela E, Ess A, Alaluusua S. Background factors of molar-incisor hypomineralization in a group of Finnish children. Acta Odontol Scand 2014; 72: 963-9. [CrossRef]
  • Parikh DR, Ganesh M, Bhaskar V. Prevalence and charecteristics of mo- lar ıncisor hypomineralization (MIH) in the child population residing in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2012; 13: 21-6. [CrossRef]
  • Cho S, Ki Y, Chu V. Molar incisor hypomineralization in Hong Kong Chi- nese children. Int J Paediatr Dent 2008; 18: 348-52. [CrossRef]
  • Jeremias F, de Souza JF, Silva CM, Cordeiro Rde C, Zuanon AC, Santos-Pin- to L. Dental caries experience and molar ıncisor hypomineralization. Acta Odontol Scand 2013; 71: 870-6. [CrossRef]
  • Garcia-Margarit M, Catalá-Pizarro M, Montiel-Company JM, Almerich-Silla JM. Epidemiologic study of molar-incisor hypomineralization in 8-year-old Spanish children. Int J Paediatr Dent 2014; 24: 14-22. [CrossRef]
  • Zawaideh FI, Al-jundi SH, Al-jaljoli MH. Molar Incisor Hypomineralization: Prevalence in Jordanian children and clinical characteristics. Eur Archof Paediatr Dent 2011; 12: 31-6. [CrossRef]
  • van Amerongen WE, Kreulen CM. Cheese molars: a pilot study of the eti- ology of hypocalcifications in first permanent molars. ASDC J Dentistry Child 1995; 6: 266-9.
  • Jalevik B, Noren JG, Klingberg G, Barregard L. Etiologic factors influenc- ing the prevalence of demarcated opacities in permanent first molars in a group of Swedish children. Eur J Oral Sci 2001; 109: 230-4. [CrossRef]
  • Kuscu OO, Sandalli N, Dikmen S, Ersoy O, Tatar I, Türkmen I, et al. Associ- ation of amoxicilin use and molar ıncisor hypomineralization in piglets: visiual and mineral density evaluation. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58: 1422-33. [CrossRef]
  • Alaluusua S, Lukinmaa PL, Vartiainen T, Partanen M, Torppa J, Tuomisto J. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans via mother’s milk may cause developmental defects in the child’s teeth. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 1996; 1: 193-7. [CrossRef]
  • Jan J, Vrbic V. Polychlorinated biphenyls cause developmental animal defects in children. Caries Res 2000; 34: 469-73 [CrossRef]
  • Hall RK. The prevalence of developmental defects of tooth enamel (DDE) in a paediatric hospital department of dentistry population (part I). Adv Dent Res 1989; 3: 114-9.
  • Martinez A, Cubillos P, Jimenez M, Brethauer U, Catalan P, Gonzalez U. Prevalence of developmental enamel defects in mentally retarded chil- dren. J Dent Child 2002; 69: 151-5.
  • Kühnisch J, Thiering E, Krayzsch J, Henrich-Weltzien R, Hickel R, Henrich J. Elevated serum 25(OH)-Vitamin D levels are negatively correlated with molar incisor hypomineralization. J Dent Res 2015; 94: 381-7. [CrossRef]
  • Seow WK. A study of the development of the permanent dentition in very low birthweight children. Pediatr Dent. 1996; 18: 379-84.
  • Jeremias F, Koruyucu M, Küchler EC, Bayram M, Tuna EB, Deeley K, et al. Genes expressed in dental animal development are associated with molar-incisorhypomineralization. Arch Oral Biol. 2013; 58: 1434-42. [CrossRef]
  • Kırzıoğlu Z, Çiftçi Z. Diş yapısı ile ilgili genetik malformasyonlar. SDÜ Diş Hek Fak 2009; 1: 21-30.
  • Kühnisch J, Thiering E, Heitmüller D, Tiesler CM, Grallert H, Heinrich-Welt- zien R, et al. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) for molar-incisor hy- pomineralization (MIH). Clin Oral Investing 2014; 18: 677-82. [CrossRef]
  • Santos MPA, Maia LC. Molar incisor hypomineralization: morphological, aetiological, epidemiological and clinical considerations. Contemporary Approach to Dental Caries. 1nd ed. Rijeka: Intech; 2012.
  • Sadashivamurthy P, Deshmukh S. Missing links of molar incisor hypomin- eralization: A review. J Int Oral Health 2012; 4: 2-11.
  • Bhaskar SA, Hedge S. Molar-incisor hypomineralization: prevalence, se- verity and clinical characteristics in 8- to 13-year-old children of Udaipur, India. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2014; 32: 322-9. [CrossRef]
  • Mathu-Muju K, Wright JT. Diagnosis and treatment of molar incisor hy- pomineralization. Compend Contin Educ Dent 2006; 27: 604-10.
  • William V, Messer LB, Burrow MF. Molar incisor hypomineralization: Re- view and Recommendations for Clinical Management. Pediatr Dent 2006; 28: 224-32.
  • Internationale, Federation Dentaire. Commission on oral health research and epidemiology. a review of the developmental defects of enamel in- dex (DDE Index). Int Dent J. 1992; 42: 411-26.
  • Chawla NI, Messer LB, Silva M. Clinical studies on molar-incisor-hypomin- eralisation part 1: distribution and putative associations. Eur Arch Paedi- atr Dent 2008; 9: 180-90. [CrossRef]
  • Alaluusua S. Defining developmental enamel defect-associated child- hood caries: where are we now? J Dent Res 2012; 91: 525-7. [CrossRef]
  • Zagdwon AM, Fayle SA, Pollard MA. A prospective clinical trial compar- ing preformed metal crowns and cast restorations for defective first per- manent molars. Eur J PaediatrDent 2003; 4: 138-42.
  • Kotsanos N, Kaklamanos EG, Arapostathis K, Treatment management of first permanent molars in children with molar incisor hypomineraliza- tion. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2000; 4: 179-84.
  • Venezie RD, Vadiakas G, Christensen JR, Wright JT. Enamel pretreatment with sodium hypochlorite to enhance bonding in hypocalcified amelogen- esis imperfecta: case report and SEM analysis. Pediatr Dent 1994; 16: 433-6.
  • Weerheijm KL, Jälevik B, Alaluusua S. Molar-incisor hypomineralisation. Caries Res. 2001; 35: 390-1. [CrossRef]
  • Mahoney EK. The treatment of localised hypoplastic and hypominer- alised defects in first permanent molars. N Z Dent J 2001; 97: 101-5.
  • Thunold K. Early loss of the first molars 25 years after. Rep Congr Eur Or- thod Soc. 1970; 349-65.
  • Williams JK, Gowans AJ. Hypomineralised first permanent molars and the orthodontist. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2003; 4: 129-32.
  • Fayle SA. Molar incisor hypomineralization: restorative management. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2003; 4: 121-6.
  • William V, Burrow MF, Palamara JE, Messer LB. Microshear bond strength of resin composite to teeth affected by molar hypomineralization using 2 adhesive systems. Pediatr Dent 2006; 28: 233-41.
  • Croll TP. Restorative options for malformed permanent molars in chil- dren. Compend Contin Educ Dent 2000; 21: 676-8.
  • Radcliffe RM, Cullen CL. Preservation of future options: restorative proce- dures on first permanent molars in children. ASDC J Dent Child 1991; 58: 104-8.
  • Wright JT. The etch-bleach-seal technique for managing stained enamel defects in young permanent incisors. Pediatr Dent 2002; 24: 249-52.
  • Caglar E, Kargul B, Tanboga I, Lussi A. Dental erosion among children in an Istanbul public school. J Dent Child 2005; 72: 5-9.
  • Caglar E, Sandalli N, Twetman S, Cildir SK, Ergeneli S, Selvi S. Effect of yo- gurt with Bifidobacterium DN-173 010 on salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in young adults. Acta Odontol Scand 2005; 63: 317-20. [CrossRef]
  • Caglar E, Kargul B,Tanboga I. Bacteriotherapy and probiotics’ possible role on oral health. Oral Dis 2005; 11: 131-7. [CrossRef]
  • Manton DJ, Messer LB. Pit and fissure sealants: Another major corner- stone in preventive dentistry. Aust Dent J 1995; 40: 22-9. [CrossRef]
  • Kargul B, Altınok B, Wellbury R. The effect of casein phosphopep- tide-amorphous calcium phosphate on enamel surface rehardening. An in vitro study. Eur J Pediatr Dent 2012; 13: 123-7.
  • Rahiotis C, Vougiouklakis G. Effect of a CPP-ACP agent on the deminer- alization and remineralization of dentine in vitro. J Dent 2007; 35: 695-8. [CrossRef]
  • Messer LB. Getting the fluoride balance right: Children in long-term. Flu- oridated communities, Synopses 2005; 30: 7-10.
  • Simonsen RJ. Pit and fissure sealant: A review of the literature. Pediatr Dent 2002; 24: 393-414.

Büyük Azı Keser Hipomineralizasyonu’na Güncel Bakış: Teşhis ve Tedavi Yaklaşımları

Year 2016, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 28 - 34, 13.05.2016

Abstract

Büyük azı keser hipomineralizasyonu (BAKH), bir veya birden fazla sürekli birinci büyük azı dişinin ve genellikle sürekli keser dişlerin de etkilenebildiği hipomineralizasyon olgusu olarak tanımlanır. Etiyolojisi tam olarak bilinmemekle birlikte, genetik faktörlerin yanı sıra, doğum öncesinden doğum sonrası belirli bir döneme kadar geçen süre içerisinde, çocuğun karşılaştığı çeşitli sistemik, tıbbi, çevresel faktörlerin de bu anomalinin oluşum nedenleri arasında yer alabileceği göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır. Değişik toplumlarda BAKH görülme sıklığının %2,4 ile %25 oranında değişim gösterdiği bildirilmiştir. BAKH görülen çocukların tedavi sürecinde diş hekimleri sıklıkla BAKH’nin teşhis edilmesi, doğru tedavi yöntemine karar verme, tedavi sırasında çocukların uyumlandırılması ve bu dişlerin anestezisinin sağlanması aşamasında problem yaşamaktadırlar. Bu derlemenin amacı, BAKH tanısının, toplumlarda görülme sıklığının, meydana gelmesinde rol oynayan etiyolojik faktörlerin ve tedavi seçeneklerinin detaylı bir şekilde değerlendirilmesidir. 

References

  • Weerheijm KL, Groen HJ, Poorterman JH. Prevelance of cheese molars in eleven year old Dutch children. ASDC J Dent Child 2001; 68: 259-62, 229.
  • Elfrink MEC, ten Cate JM, Jaddoe VWV, Hofman A, Moll HA, Veerkamp JSJ. Deciduous molar hypomineralisation and molar incisor hypomineralisa- tion. J Dent Res 2012; 91: 525-7. [CrossRef]
  • Kühnish J, Heitmüller D, Thiering E, Burockow I, Hoffmann U, Neumann C, et al. Proportion and extent of manifestation of molar-incisor hypominer- alization according to different phenotypes. J Public Health Dent. 2014; 74: 42-9. [CrossRef]
  • Avery JK. Oral development and histology. 3rd ed. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2002.
  • Jalevik B, Noren JG. Enamel hypomineralization of permanent first mo- lars: A morphological study and survey of possible aetiological factors. Int J Paediatr Dent 2000; 10: 278-89. [CrossRef]
  • Fearne J, Anderson P, Davis GR. 3D X-ray microscopic study of the extent of variations in enamel density in first permanent molars with idiopathic enamel hypomineralisation. Br Dent J. 2004; 196: 634-8. [CrossRef]
  • Durmuş B, Abbasoğlu Z, Kargül B. Possible medical etiological factors and characteristics of molar ıncisor hypomineralization in a group of Turkish children. Acta Stomatologica Crotia 2013; 47: 297-305. [CrossRef]
  • Mittal NP, Goyal A, Gaugba K, Kapur A. Molar Incisor Hypomineralization: Prevalence and clinical presentation in school children of Northern Re- gion of India. Eur Arc Pediatr Dent 2014; 15: 11-8. [CrossRef]
  • Koch G, Hallonsten AL, Ludvigsson N, Hansson BO, Holst A, Ullbro C. Ep- idemiologic study of idiopathic enamel hypomineralization in perma- nent teeth of Swedish children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1987; 15: 279-85. [CrossRef]
  • Weerheijm KL, Duggal M, Mejare IA, Papagiannolus L, Koch G, Martens LC, et al. Judgement criteria form molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) in epidemiologic studies: a summary of the European meeting on MIH held in Athens. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2003; 4: 110-3.
  • Wuollet E, Laisi S, Salmela E, Ess A, Alaluusua S. Background factors of molar-incisor hypomineralization in a group of Finnish children. Acta Odontol Scand 2014; 72: 963-9. [CrossRef]
  • Parikh DR, Ganesh M, Bhaskar V. Prevalence and charecteristics of mo- lar ıncisor hypomineralization (MIH) in the child population residing in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2012; 13: 21-6. [CrossRef]
  • Cho S, Ki Y, Chu V. Molar incisor hypomineralization in Hong Kong Chi- nese children. Int J Paediatr Dent 2008; 18: 348-52. [CrossRef]
  • Jeremias F, de Souza JF, Silva CM, Cordeiro Rde C, Zuanon AC, Santos-Pin- to L. Dental caries experience and molar ıncisor hypomineralization. Acta Odontol Scand 2013; 71: 870-6. [CrossRef]
  • Garcia-Margarit M, Catalá-Pizarro M, Montiel-Company JM, Almerich-Silla JM. Epidemiologic study of molar-incisor hypomineralization in 8-year-old Spanish children. Int J Paediatr Dent 2014; 24: 14-22. [CrossRef]
  • Zawaideh FI, Al-jundi SH, Al-jaljoli MH. Molar Incisor Hypomineralization: Prevalence in Jordanian children and clinical characteristics. Eur Archof Paediatr Dent 2011; 12: 31-6. [CrossRef]
  • van Amerongen WE, Kreulen CM. Cheese molars: a pilot study of the eti- ology of hypocalcifications in first permanent molars. ASDC J Dentistry Child 1995; 6: 266-9.
  • Jalevik B, Noren JG, Klingberg G, Barregard L. Etiologic factors influenc- ing the prevalence of demarcated opacities in permanent first molars in a group of Swedish children. Eur J Oral Sci 2001; 109: 230-4. [CrossRef]
  • Kuscu OO, Sandalli N, Dikmen S, Ersoy O, Tatar I, Türkmen I, et al. Associ- ation of amoxicilin use and molar ıncisor hypomineralization in piglets: visiual and mineral density evaluation. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58: 1422-33. [CrossRef]
  • Alaluusua S, Lukinmaa PL, Vartiainen T, Partanen M, Torppa J, Tuomisto J. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans via mother’s milk may cause developmental defects in the child’s teeth. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 1996; 1: 193-7. [CrossRef]
  • Jan J, Vrbic V. Polychlorinated biphenyls cause developmental animal defects in children. Caries Res 2000; 34: 469-73 [CrossRef]
  • Hall RK. The prevalence of developmental defects of tooth enamel (DDE) in a paediatric hospital department of dentistry population (part I). Adv Dent Res 1989; 3: 114-9.
  • Martinez A, Cubillos P, Jimenez M, Brethauer U, Catalan P, Gonzalez U. Prevalence of developmental enamel defects in mentally retarded chil- dren. J Dent Child 2002; 69: 151-5.
  • Kühnisch J, Thiering E, Krayzsch J, Henrich-Weltzien R, Hickel R, Henrich J. Elevated serum 25(OH)-Vitamin D levels are negatively correlated with molar incisor hypomineralization. J Dent Res 2015; 94: 381-7. [CrossRef]
  • Seow WK. A study of the development of the permanent dentition in very low birthweight children. Pediatr Dent. 1996; 18: 379-84.
  • Jeremias F, Koruyucu M, Küchler EC, Bayram M, Tuna EB, Deeley K, et al. Genes expressed in dental animal development are associated with molar-incisorhypomineralization. Arch Oral Biol. 2013; 58: 1434-42. [CrossRef]
  • Kırzıoğlu Z, Çiftçi Z. Diş yapısı ile ilgili genetik malformasyonlar. SDÜ Diş Hek Fak 2009; 1: 21-30.
  • Kühnisch J, Thiering E, Heitmüller D, Tiesler CM, Grallert H, Heinrich-Welt- zien R, et al. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) for molar-incisor hy- pomineralization (MIH). Clin Oral Investing 2014; 18: 677-82. [CrossRef]
  • Santos MPA, Maia LC. Molar incisor hypomineralization: morphological, aetiological, epidemiological and clinical considerations. Contemporary Approach to Dental Caries. 1nd ed. Rijeka: Intech; 2012.
  • Sadashivamurthy P, Deshmukh S. Missing links of molar incisor hypomin- eralization: A review. J Int Oral Health 2012; 4: 2-11.
  • Bhaskar SA, Hedge S. Molar-incisor hypomineralization: prevalence, se- verity and clinical characteristics in 8- to 13-year-old children of Udaipur, India. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2014; 32: 322-9. [CrossRef]
  • Mathu-Muju K, Wright JT. Diagnosis and treatment of molar incisor hy- pomineralization. Compend Contin Educ Dent 2006; 27: 604-10.
  • William V, Messer LB, Burrow MF. Molar incisor hypomineralization: Re- view and Recommendations for Clinical Management. Pediatr Dent 2006; 28: 224-32.
  • Internationale, Federation Dentaire. Commission on oral health research and epidemiology. a review of the developmental defects of enamel in- dex (DDE Index). Int Dent J. 1992; 42: 411-26.
  • Chawla NI, Messer LB, Silva M. Clinical studies on molar-incisor-hypomin- eralisation part 1: distribution and putative associations. Eur Arch Paedi- atr Dent 2008; 9: 180-90. [CrossRef]
  • Alaluusua S. Defining developmental enamel defect-associated child- hood caries: where are we now? J Dent Res 2012; 91: 525-7. [CrossRef]
  • Zagdwon AM, Fayle SA, Pollard MA. A prospective clinical trial compar- ing preformed metal crowns and cast restorations for defective first per- manent molars. Eur J PaediatrDent 2003; 4: 138-42.
  • Kotsanos N, Kaklamanos EG, Arapostathis K, Treatment management of first permanent molars in children with molar incisor hypomineraliza- tion. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2000; 4: 179-84.
  • Venezie RD, Vadiakas G, Christensen JR, Wright JT. Enamel pretreatment with sodium hypochlorite to enhance bonding in hypocalcified amelogen- esis imperfecta: case report and SEM analysis. Pediatr Dent 1994; 16: 433-6.
  • Weerheijm KL, Jälevik B, Alaluusua S. Molar-incisor hypomineralisation. Caries Res. 2001; 35: 390-1. [CrossRef]
  • Mahoney EK. The treatment of localised hypoplastic and hypominer- alised defects in first permanent molars. N Z Dent J 2001; 97: 101-5.
  • Thunold K. Early loss of the first molars 25 years after. Rep Congr Eur Or- thod Soc. 1970; 349-65.
  • Williams JK, Gowans AJ. Hypomineralised first permanent molars and the orthodontist. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2003; 4: 129-32.
  • Fayle SA. Molar incisor hypomineralization: restorative management. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2003; 4: 121-6.
  • William V, Burrow MF, Palamara JE, Messer LB. Microshear bond strength of resin composite to teeth affected by molar hypomineralization using 2 adhesive systems. Pediatr Dent 2006; 28: 233-41.
  • Croll TP. Restorative options for malformed permanent molars in chil- dren. Compend Contin Educ Dent 2000; 21: 676-8.
  • Radcliffe RM, Cullen CL. Preservation of future options: restorative proce- dures on first permanent molars in children. ASDC J Dent Child 1991; 58: 104-8.
  • Wright JT. The etch-bleach-seal technique for managing stained enamel defects in young permanent incisors. Pediatr Dent 2002; 24: 249-52.
  • Caglar E, Kargul B, Tanboga I, Lussi A. Dental erosion among children in an Istanbul public school. J Dent Child 2005; 72: 5-9.
  • Caglar E, Sandalli N, Twetman S, Cildir SK, Ergeneli S, Selvi S. Effect of yo- gurt with Bifidobacterium DN-173 010 on salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in young adults. Acta Odontol Scand 2005; 63: 317-20. [CrossRef]
  • Caglar E, Kargul B,Tanboga I. Bacteriotherapy and probiotics’ possible role on oral health. Oral Dis 2005; 11: 131-7. [CrossRef]
  • Manton DJ, Messer LB. Pit and fissure sealants: Another major corner- stone in preventive dentistry. Aust Dent J 1995; 40: 22-9. [CrossRef]
  • Kargul B, Altınok B, Wellbury R. The effect of casein phosphopep- tide-amorphous calcium phosphate on enamel surface rehardening. An in vitro study. Eur J Pediatr Dent 2012; 13: 123-7.
  • Rahiotis C, Vougiouklakis G. Effect of a CPP-ACP agent on the deminer- alization and remineralization of dentine in vitro. J Dent 2007; 35: 695-8. [CrossRef]
  • Messer LB. Getting the fluoride balance right: Children in long-term. Flu- oridated communities, Synopses 2005; 30: 7-10.
  • Simonsen RJ. Pit and fissure sealant: A review of the literature. Pediatr Dent 2002; 24: 393-414.
There are 56 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Şirin Güner

Dilara Salcıoğlu This is me

Publication Date May 13, 2016
Submission Date May 13, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 6 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Güner, Ş., & Salcıoğlu, D. (2016). Büyük Azı Keser Hipomineralizasyonu’na Güncel Bakış: Teşhis ve Tedavi Yaklaşımları. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, 6(1), 28-34.
AMA Güner Ş, Salcıoğlu D. Büyük Azı Keser Hipomineralizasyonu’na Güncel Bakış: Teşhis ve Tedavi Yaklaşımları. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. May 2016;6(1):28-34.
Chicago Güner, Şirin, and Dilara Salcıoğlu. “Büyük Azı Keser Hipomineralizasyonu’na Güncel Bakış: Teşhis Ve Tedavi Yaklaşımları”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 6, no. 1 (May 2016): 28-34.
EndNote Güner Ş, Salcıoğlu D (May 1, 2016) Büyük Azı Keser Hipomineralizasyonu’na Güncel Bakış: Teşhis ve Tedavi Yaklaşımları. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 6 1 28–34.
IEEE Ş. Güner and D. Salcıoğlu, “Büyük Azı Keser Hipomineralizasyonu’na Güncel Bakış: Teşhis ve Tedavi Yaklaşımları”, Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 28–34, 2016.
ISNAD Güner, Şirin - Salcıoğlu, Dilara. “Büyük Azı Keser Hipomineralizasyonu’na Güncel Bakış: Teşhis Ve Tedavi Yaklaşımları”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 6/1 (May 2016), 28-34.
JAMA Güner Ş, Salcıoğlu D. Büyük Azı Keser Hipomineralizasyonu’na Güncel Bakış: Teşhis ve Tedavi Yaklaşımları. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. 2016;6:28–34.
MLA Güner, Şirin and Dilara Salcıoğlu. “Büyük Azı Keser Hipomineralizasyonu’na Güncel Bakış: Teşhis Ve Tedavi Yaklaşımları”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, vol. 6, no. 1, 2016, pp. 28-34.
Vancouver Güner Ş, Salcıoğlu D. Büyük Azı Keser Hipomineralizasyonu’na Güncel Bakış: Teşhis ve Tedavi Yaklaşımları. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. 2016;6(1):28-34.

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