HEMŞİRELİK ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN PSİKOLOJİK SAĞLAMLIK DÜZEYLERİNİN VE TRAVMA SONRASI STRES BELİRTİLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ

Year 2023, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 28 - 41, 31.12.2023

Fatma Yener Özcan , Burcu Ceylan

Abstract

Amaç: Araştırma amacı, hemşirelik öğrencil erinin psikolojik sağlamlık düzeylerini ve travma sonrası stres belirtilerini incelemektir.
Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı türde yapılan araştırmanın evrenini Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi’ne bağlı iki fakültenin Hemşirelik Bölümünde 2021-2022 Eğitim-Öğretim yılında öğrenim gören öğrencilerden oluşturuldu. Araştırmada çevrimiçi uygulanan ankete 591 öğrenci katıldı. Anket formunda Bilgi Formu, Kısa Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeği ve DSM-5 İçin Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu Kontrol Listesi kullanıldı. Veriler ortalama, standart sapma, sayı ve yüzde olarak özetlendi. Veriler Normal dağılım gösterdiği için; İki bağımsız grup kategorisine göre ortalama değerlerin karşılaştırmasında bağımsız örneklem t testi, ikiden fazla bağımsız grup kategorisine göre ortalama değerlerin karşılaştırmalarında ise tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA) kullanıldı. Elde edilen sonuçlar p<.05 anlamlılık düzeyinde sınandı.
Bulgular: Öğrencilerin psikolojik sağlamlık düzeyi 18.74±4.47 ve travma sonrası stres düzeyi 39.05±18.21 bulundu. Öğrencilerin psikolojik sağlamlık ve travma sonrası stres düzeyi arasında orta düzey, negatif yönlü ve anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmaktadır (r=-0.549, p<.001). Buna göre, psikolojik sağlamlık arttıkça travma sonrası stres belirtilerinin azaldığı söylenebilir. Erkek öğrencilerde Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeği toplam puan ortalaması daha yüksekken, kadın öğrencilerde ise Travma Sonrası Stres Ölçeği toplam ve alt boyutlarının puan ortalamalarının daha yüksek olduğu bulundu (p<.05).
Sonuç: Öğrencilerin psikolojik sağlamlık düzeyinin orta düzey olduğu ve önemli oranda travma sonrası stres belirtileri gösterdikleri bulundu. Ayrıca psikolojik sağlamlık düzeyi arttıkça travma sonrası stres belirtilerinin azaldığı belirlendi. Bu sonuçlar öğrencilerin psikolojik sağlamlığın geliştirilebilmesi ve travma sonrası stres belirtilerinin erken dönemde tespit edilebilmesi için koruyucu ruh sağlığı hizmetlerinin ve eğitimlerin önemini vurgulamaktadır.

Keywords

COVID-19, PSİKOLOJİK SAĞLAMLIK, TRAVMA SONRASI STRES

Investigation of Psychological Resilience Levels and Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms of Nursing Students

Abstract

Objective: The study was conducted to examine the psychological resilience levels and post-traumatic stress symptoms of nursing students.
Method: This descriptive study was conducted with 591 nursing students studying in the Nursing Department of two faculties of Necmettin Erbakan University in the 2021-2022 academic year. Data were collected online with a 15-question fact sheet, the Brief Resilience Scale, and the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for the DSM-5. Data were summarized as mean, standard deviation, number, and percentage. Since the data show Normal distribution; The t-test was used to compare the means of two independent groups, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for comparisons of more than two independent groups. Obtained results were tested at p<.05 significance level.
Results: The psychological resilience level of the students was 18.74±4.47 and the post-traumatic stress level was 39.05±18.21. There is a moderate, negative and significant relationship between students' psychological resilience and post-traumatic stress level (r=-0.549, p<.001). Accordingly, it can be said that as psychological resilience increases, post-traumatic stress symptoms decrease. It was found that the total mean score of Psychological Resilience Scale was higher in male students, and the mean score of total and sub-dimensions of Post-Traumatic Stress Scale was higher in female students (p<.05).
Conclusion: It was found that the psychological resilience level of the students was moderate and they showed signs of post-traumatic stress at a significant rate. In addition, it was determined that as the level of psychological resilience increased, the symptoms of post-traumatic stress decreased. These results emphasize the importance of preventive mental health services and trainings in order to improve the psychological resilience of students and to detect the symptoms of post-traumatic stress at an early stage.

Keywords

COVID-19, Resilience, Post Traumatic Stress

References

• Abdelghani, M., Hassan, M.S., Alsadik, M.E., Abdelmoaty, A.A., Said, A. ve Atwa, S.A. (2021). Post-traumatic stress symptoms among an Egyptian sample of post-remission COVID-19 survivors: prevalence and sociodemographic and clinical correlates. Middle East Current Psychiatry, 28, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43045-021-00102-y
• Alshehri, F.S., Alatawi, Y., Alghamdi, B.S., Alhifany, A.A. ve Alharbi, A. (2020). Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 28(12), 1666–1673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2020.10.013
• Aydın, M. ve Egemberdiyeva, A. (2018). Üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik sağlamlık düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Türkiye Eğitim Dergisi, 3(1), 37-53.
• Banerjee, D. ve Nair, V.S. (2020). Handling the COVID-19 pandemic: Proposing a community based toolkit for psycho-social management and preparedness. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 1021522020. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajp.2020.102152
• Bartoszek, A., & Kopczyński, T. (2022). COVID anxiety and social support from the perspective of Polish students in online study time. New Educational Review, 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/tner.2022.69.3.02
• Bilge, Y. ve Bilge, Y. (2021). Travma Sonrası Büyüme Açısından Bir Risk Faktörü Olarak Psikolojik Sağlamlık: Koronavirüs Salgını Örneği. Acıbadem Univ. Sağlık Bilim. Derg., 12(2), 312-325. https://doi.org/10.31067/acusaglik.852182
• Blevins, C.A., Weathers, F.W., Davis, M.T., Witte, T.K. ve Domino, J.L. (2015). The posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM‐5 (PCL‐5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation. Journal Of Traumatic Stress, 28(6), 489-98. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22059
• Bonsaksen, T., Heir, T., Schou-Bredal, I., Ekener, Q., Skogstad, L. ve Grimholt, T,K. (2020). Post-Traumatic stress disorder and associated factors during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic in Norway. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17(24), 9210. https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/24/9210#
• Boyraz, G., ve Legros, D.N. (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and traumatic stress: probable risk factors and correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 25(6-7), 503-522. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2020.1763556
• Boysan, M., Özdemir, P.G., Özdemir, O., Selvi, Y., Yilmaz, E. ve Kaya, N. (2017). Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the PTSD Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (PCL-5). Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 27(3), 306-310. doi: 10.1080/24750573.2017.1342769 https://doi.org/10.1080/24750573.2017.1342769
• Bozdağ, F. (2020). Pandemi Sürecinde Psikolojik Sağlamlık. Turkish Studies, 15(6), 247-257. https://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.44890
• Casagrande, M., Favieri, F., Tambelli, R. ve Forte, G. (2020). The enemy who sealed the world: effects quarantine due to the COVID-19 on sleep quality, anxiety, and psychological distress in the Italian population. Sleep Med., 75, 12-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2020.05.011
• Chang, M.C. ve Park, D. (2020). Incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder after coronavirus disease. Healthcare, 8(4), 373. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8040373
• Chen, Y., Huang, X., Zhang, C., An, Y., Liang, Y., Yang, Y. Ve Liu, Z. (2021). Prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression and anxiety among hospitalized patients withcoronavirus disease 2019 in China. BMC Psychiatry, 21(80), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03076-7
• Cheng, P., Xu, L., Zheng, W.H., Ng, R. M., Zhang, L., Li, L.J. ve Li, W.H. (2020). Psychometric property study of the posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) in Chinese healthcare workers during the outbreak of corona virus disease 2019. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 368-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.038
• Çoban, D.A. ve Gündoğmuş, İ. (2019). Travma sonrası stres bozukluğu belirti profilinin cinsel ve cinsel olmayan travma tiplerine göre karşılaştırılması. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 20(5), 470-476. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/apd.21884
• Das, N. (2020). Telepsychiatry during COVID-19 – A brief survey on attitudes of psychiatrists in India. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 53, 102387. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajp.2020.102387
• Doğan, T. (2015). Kısa Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeği’nin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 93-102.
• Eroğlu, M. ve Yakşi, N. (2021). Ebeveynleri COVID-19 Geçiren Çocuk ve Ergenlerde Psikolojik Sağlamlık, Depresyon, Anksiyete ve Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu Belirtileri. Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 47(2), 279-286. https://doi.org/10.32708/uutfd.917306
• Gabra, M.A., Mohammed, K.A.E., Hegazy, M.N. ve Hendi, A.E. (2022). Post‑traumatic stress disorder symptoms among nursing staff who provided direct care to COVID‑19 patients: a cross‑sectional study. Middle East Current Psychiatry, 29, 67.
• González Ramirez, L.P., Martínez Arriaga, R.J., Hernández Gonzalez, M.A. ve De la Roca-Chiapas, J.M. (2020). Psychological distress and signs of post-traumatic stress in response to the COVID-19 health emergency in a mexican sample. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 13, 589-597.
• Gu, J., Song, J., Wang, J., Liu, T., Zhan, J., Yan, W…. Vw Shamg, Z. (2022). Stigmatization related COVID‑19 and PTSD among Chinese graduates. BMC Psychiatry, 22(1), 439. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-04073-0
• Gürhan N. Ruh Sağlığı ve Psikiyatri Hemşireliği. Ankara Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, 2016, İskitler, Ankara, p:815-840.
• Hernandez, J.M., Munyan, K., Kennedy, E., Kennedy, P., Shakoor, K. ve Wisser J. (2021). Traumatic Stress Among Frontline American Nurses During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Survey Study. American Psychological Association, 27(4), 413-418. https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000320
• Islam, S., Potenza, M.N. ve Os, J. (2020). Posttraumatic stress disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic: Upcoming challenges in Bangladesh and preventive strategies. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 67(2), 205-206. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020954469
• Kar, N., Kar, B. ve Kar, S. (2021). Stress and coping during COVID-19 pandemic: Result of an online survey. Psychiatry Research, 295(113598). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113598
• Kaseda, E.T. ve Levine, A.J. (2020). Post-traumatic stress disorder: A differential diagnostic consideration for COVID-19 survivors. The Clınıcal Neuropsychologıst, 34(7-8):, 1498-1514. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2020.1811894
• Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu, J., Wei, N. … ve Hu, S. (2020). Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Netw. Open, 3(3), e203976. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976
• Lebron-Milad, K., Graham, B.M. ve Milad, M.R. (2012). Low Estradiol Levels: A Vulnerability Factor for the Development of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Biol. Psychiatry, 72(1), 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.04.029
• Lekka, D., Orlandou, K., Pezirkianidis, C., Roubi, A., Tsaraklis, A., Togas, C., … ve Stalikas, A. (2022). Health Professionals in a COVID-19 Reference Hospital: Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Levels and Their Associations With Psychological Resilience and Quality of Life. Cureus, 14(2), e22473. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.224732022
• Li, Y., Scherer, N., Felix, L., ve Kuper, H. (2021). Prevalence of depression, anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder in health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS one, 16(3), e0246454. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0246454 Liu, H., Zhang, M., Yang, Q. ve Yu, B. (2020). Gender differences in the influence of social isolation and loneliness on depressive symptoms in college students: a longitudinal study. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol, 55, 251-257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-019-01726-6
• Mendez‐Pinto, I., Antuña‐Casal, M., & Mosteiro‐Diaz, M. P. (2023). Psychological disorders among Spanish Nursing students three months after COVID‐19 lockdown: A cross‐sectional study. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 32(2), 479-489. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.13086
• Mohammed, A., Sheikh, T.L., Gidado, S., Poggensee, G., Nguku, P., Olayinka, A. … ve Obiako, R. (2015). An evaluation of psychological distress and social support of survivors and contacts of Ebola virus disease infection and their relatives in Lagos, Nigeria: a cross sectional study–2014. BMC Public Health, 15, 824. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2167-6
• Mosteiro‐Diaz, M. P., Baldonedo‐Mosteiro, C., Campos Pavan Baptista, P., Gamez‐Fernandez, A., & Franco‐Correia, S. (2023). Anxiety and depression among nursing students during the COVID‐19 lockdown: A cross‐sectional correlational study. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 32, 5065–5075. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.16758 Nagarajan, R., Krishnamoorthy, Y., Basavarachar, V. ve Dakshinamoorthy, R. (2022). Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder among survivors of severe COVID-19 infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 299, 52-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.11.040
• Oflaz F ve Yıldırım N. Psikiyatri Hemşireliği Sertifikalı Konuları. Ankara Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, 2020, Ankara, p:344-357.
• Salari, N., Hosseinian-Far, A., Jalali, R., Vaisi-Raygani, A., Rasoulpoor, S., Mohammadi, M., ... ve Khaledi-Paveh, B. (2020). Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Globalization and Health, 16(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-020-00589-w.
• Söner, O. ve Gültekin, F. (2021). COVID-19 salgınında ergenlerin umut, psikolojik sağlamlık ve kişilik özellikleri. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(2), 329-349. https://doi.org/10.17860/mersinefd.825260
• Tasso, A.F., Hisli Sahin, N. ve San Roman, G.J. (2021). COVID-19 disruption on college students: academic and socioemotional ımplications. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. 13(1), 9-15. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000996
• Tomasoni, D., Bai, F., Castoldi, R., Barbanotti, D., Falcinella, C., Mulè, G., ... ve d'Arminio Monforte, A. (2021). Anxiety and depression symptoms after virological clearance of COVID-19: a cross-sectional study in Milan, Italy. J. Med. Virol, 93(2), 1175-1179. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26459
• Tucci, V., Moukaddam, N., Meadows, J., Shah, S., Galwankar, S. C., ve Kapur, G. B. (2017). The forgotten plague: psychiatric manifestations of Ebola, Zika, and emerging infectious diseases. Journal of Global İnfectious Diseases, 9(4), 151. https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fjgid.jgid_66_17
• Turgut, Ö. ve Çapan, B.E. (2017). Ergen psikolojik sağlamlık düzeyinin yordayıcıları: algılanan sosyal destek ve okul bağlılığı. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 44, 162-183.
• Türk Kurtça, T., Ermağan Çağlar, E., ve Sanal Özcan, Y. (2020). Akran zorbalığı ve travma sonrası stres bozukluğu arasındaki ilişkinin gözden geçirilmesi. Kastamonu Education Journal, 28(2), 584-595. https://doi.org/10.24106/kefdergi.693410
• Usher Am, K., Jackson, D., Massey, D., Wynaden, D., Grant, J., West, C., ... ve Wynne, R. (2023). The mental health impact of COVID‐19 on pre‐registration nursing students in Australia: Findings from a national cross‐sectional study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 79(2), 581-592. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.15478
• Vella, S.L.C., ve Pai, N.B. (2019). A theoretical review of psychological resilience: Defining resilience and resilience research over the decades. Archives of Medicine and Health Sciences, 7(2), 233-239. https://doi.org/10.4103/amhs.amhs_119_19
• Weathers, F.W., Litz, B.T., Keane, T.M., Palmieri, T., Marx, B.P., ve Schnurr, P. (2013). The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) 2013. Scale available from the National Center for PTSD at www.ptsd.va.gov.
• Yavuz, M.S., Akın, U., Karabağ, G., Ozan, E., ve Aykır, Ö.F. (2020). Travma Sonrası Gelişen Ruhsal Bozuklukların Adli-Tıbbi Açıdan Değerlendirilmesi. Van Tıp Dergisi, 27(1), 100-102. https://doi.org/10.5505/vtd.2020.47154
• Yörük, S., Acikgoz, A., ve Güler, D. (2022). The predictors of secondary traumatic stress and psychological resilience in healthcare workers during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A cross‐sectional study in Turkey. Stress and Health, 38(4), 746-754. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.3129
• Zarei, S. (2022). The Mediating Role of Meaning in Life in the Relationship Between Psychological Resilience and Post-traumatic Stress Symptoms in Healthcare Workers During COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Research and Health, 12(1), 17-24. http://doi.org/10.32598/JRH.12.1.1224.4
• Zhang, S. X., Wang, Y., Rauch, A., ve Wei, F. (2020). Unprecedented disruption of lives and work: Health, distress and life satisfaction of working adults in China one month into the COVID-19 outbreak. Psychiatry Research, 288, 112958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. psychres.2020.112958