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Avrupa Refah Devlet/Sistemlerinin Yeniden Yapılandırılmasında Sosyal Tarafların Rolü: Türkiye Örneği

Year 2014, Volume: 2 Issue: 41, 175 - 188, 01.01.2014

Abstract

Sosyal güvenlik sistemlerinin reformu ve bu süreçte örgütlü sosyal tarafların rolü işçi sendikaları ve işveren örgütleri Avrupa refah devlet/sistemlerinin yeniden yapılandırılması sürecinde tartışmalara konu olmuştur. Bazı ülkelerde reform sürecinde daha sistematik değişiklikler yapılırken, diğerlerinde reformların kapsamı sınırlı olmuştur. Her ne kadar reformların niteliği ve kapsamı söz konusu sistemlerin kurumsal yapısı tarafından belirlense de genel olarak ekonomik zorunlulukların veya maliyet kontrolünün temel itici güç olduğu söylenebilir. Reform süreci ve sonuçları ise dışsal yapısal kısıtlamalar, içsel kurumsal dinamikler ve sosyal tarafların etkisiyle biçimlenmiştir. Bu çalışma günümüz sosyal güvenlik reformları sürecinde sosyal tarafların katılımının ve sosyal diyalog ve/veya sosyal anlaşma pact mekanizmalarının sosyal hakların kapsamının genişletilmesinde etkili politika oluşturma araçları olarak değerlendirilip değerlendirilemeyeceği sorusundan yola çıkarak ilgili tartışmalara Türkiye örneği üzerinden katkı yapmayı amaçlamaktadır. Yakın dönemdeki birçok çalışma etkili bir reform sürecini açıklarken uzlaşmacı bir politika oluşturma sürecine ve toplumsal tarafların katılımına vurgu yapmıştır. Bildiri söz konusu tartışmaları Türkiye bağlamında değerlendirirken, sosyal tarafların katılımının nitelik açısından değerlendirilmesi gerektiğinin altını çizmektedir. Çalışma, siyasal bağlamın sosyo-ekonomik koşulların ve konjonktürün tahlilinin ilgili tartışmaları anlamakta önemli olduğunu önermektedir. Sosyal korporatizmden farklı olarak günümüz sosyal diyalog yapıları politika oluşturma sürecinin ideolojik boyutunu bastırıp, depolitize ederek; katılım, işbirliği ve uzlaşma söylemleri temelinde kazanılmış sosyal hakların zayıflatılmasının meşrulaştırılmasında işlev gören mekanizmalar olarak değerlendirilmelidir.

References

  • Auer, P., Popova, N. (2003) Labour market policy for restructuring in Turkey: The need for more active policies. http://ilo- mirror.library.cornell.edu/public/english/employment/strat/download/ep5 1.pdf
  • Avdagic, S. (2010) When are Concerted Reforms Feasible? Explaining the Emergence of Social Pacts in Western Europe. Comparative Political Studies 43 (5) 628-657.
  • Baccaro, L. (2003) What is Alive and What is Dead in the Theory of Corporatism. British Journal of Industrial Relations 41(4): 683-706.
  • Baccaro, L. Simoni, M. (2008) Policy Concertation in Europe, Understanding Government Choice. Comparative Political Studies 41 (10): 1323-1348.
  • Baccaro, L., Howell C. (2011) A common neoliberal trajectory: the transformation of industrial relations in advanced capitalism. Politics and Society 39 (4) 521-561.
  • Bianchi, R. (1984) Interest Groups and Political Development in Turkey. Priceton: Priceton University Press.
  • Bonefeld, W., Brown, A. ve Burnham, P. (1995) A Major Crisis? The Politics of Economic Policy in Britain in the 1990s. England: Dartmouth Publishing Company Limited.
  • Bonoli, G. (2000) The Politics of Pension Reform: Institutions and Policy Change in Western Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Buğra, A., Keyder, Ç. (2006) The Turkish welfare regime in transformation. Journal of European Social Policy 16(3): 211-228.
  • Cizre-Sakallıoğlu, U. (1992) Labour and the State in Turkey. Middle Eastern Studies 28(4): 712-728.
  • Crouch, C. (2000) National Wage Determination and European Union. C. Crouch (der.), After the Euro: Shaping Institutions for Governance in the Wake of European Monetary Union içinde. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 203-226.
  • Çetik, M., Akkaya, Y. (1999) 1990’li Yıllarda Türkiye’de Endüstri Ilişkileri Araştirma Raporu. İstanbul: Türkiye Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Tarih Vakfi.
  • DPT (2007) Dokuzuncu Kalkınma Planı, Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu. DPT: Ankara.
  • Ebbinghaus, B. (2011) The role of trade unions in European pension reforms: From old to new politics. European Journal of Industrial Relations 17(4): 315- 331.
  • Eren-Vural, I (2007) Domestic counters of global regulation: Understanding the policy changes on pharmaceutical patents in India and Turkey. Review of International Political Economy 14 (1): 105-142.
  • Ghellab, Y., Varela, N. ve Woodall, J. (2011) Social Dialogue and social security governance: A topical ILO perspective. International Social Security Review 64 (4): 39-56.
  • Grady, J. (2013) Trade Unions and the pension crisis: defending member interests in a liberal world. Employee Relations 35(3): 294-308.
  • Hamann K., Kelly, J. (2007) Party Politics and the Reemergence of Social Pacts in Western Europe. Comparative Political Studies 40(8): 971-994.
  • Heper, M. (1991) The State and Interest Groups with Special Reference to Turkey. M. Heper (der.), Strong State and Economic Interest Groups: The Post-1980 Turkish Experience içinde. Walter de Gruyter: New York, 5-23.
  • Hinrichs, K. (2000) Elephants on the move. Patterns of public pension reform in OECD countries. European Review 8: 353-378.
  • Iankova, E., Turner, L. (2004) Building the New Europe: western and eastern roads to social partnership. Industrial Relations Journal 35(1): 76-92
  • Jayasuriya, K. (2001) Globalisation and the changing architecture of the state: the regulatory state and the politics of negative co-ordination. Journal of European Public Policy 8 (1): 101-123.
  • Karayel. A. (2006) The intergenerationally redistributive effects of the retirement insurance scheme in Turkey before and after the 1999 reform. Applied Economics 38: 441-448.
  • Kenar, N., Teksoz, A.T. ve Coskun, A.H. (1996) Sosyal Guvenlik Sistemimiz ve Reform Projesi. Hazine Dergisi Special Issue: 5-25.
  • Kendall, J., Deakin, N. (2010) Editorial: Political Ideologies and the third sector. Journal of Political Ideologies 15(3): 221-225.
  • Koray, M., Çelik, A. (2007) Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’de Sosyal Diyalog. Ankara: Belediye-İş Yayınları.
  • Lehmbruch, G. (1984) Concertation and the Structure of Corporatist Networks. J. H. Goldthorpe (der.), Order and Conflict in Contemporary Capitalism içinde. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 60-80.
  • Mailand, M., Due, J. (2004) Social Dialogue in Central and Eastern Europe: Present State and Future Development. European Journal of Industrial Relations 10 (2): 179-197.
  • Molina, O (2006) Trade Union Strategies and Change in Neo-Corporatist Concertation: A New Century of Political Exchange? West European Politics 29 (4): 640-664.
  • Myles, J., Pierson. P (2001) The Comparative Political Economy of Pension Reform. In: P. Pierson (der.), The New Politics of the Welfare State içinde. New York: Oxford University Press, 305-333.
  • Natali, D., Rhodes, M. (2008) The ‘new politics’ of pension reforms in Continental Europe. C. Arza ve M. Kohli (der.), Pension Reform in Europe içinde. Routledge: Oxon, 25-46.
  • Öztürk, O., Çelik, A. (2008) Sosyal Güvenlikte Hak Kaybı Dönemi. Ankara: Türk Tabibleri Birliği Yayınları.
  • Sayan, S. (2006) Political economy of pension reform in Turkey. S. Altug ve A. Filiztekin (der) The Turkish Economy içinde. Oxon: Routledge, 252-275.
  • Sarfati, H. (2013) Coping with the unemployment crisis in Europe. International Labour Review 152 (1): 145-156.
  • Scharpf F. W, Schmidt, V. A. (2000) Introduction, F. W. Scharp ve V. Schimidt” (der.) Welfare and Work in the Open Economy Vol.1 From Vulnerability to Competitiveness içinde. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1-20.
  • Schelkle W. (2011) Reconfiguring welfare states in the post-industrial age: What role for trade unions? European Journal of Industrial Relations 17(4): 301-314.
  • Schludi, M. (2008) Between conflict and consensus: the reform of Bismarckian pension schemes. C. Arza ve M. Kohli (der.), Pension Reform in Europe içinde. Oxon: Routledge, 47-69.
  • Schmidt, V. (2008) European Political Economy: Labour Out, State Back In, Firm to the Fore. West European Politics 31(1-2): 302-320.
  • Siegel, N. A. (2005) Social Pacts Revisited: ‘Competitive Concertation’ and Complex Causality in Negotiated Welfare State Reforms. European Journal of Industrial Relations, 11: 107-126.
  • SGK (2007), Sosyal Güvenlik Reformu: Uygulama Öncesi Yeni Yaklaşım. SGK: Ankara.
  • Taylor-Gooby, P. (2002) The Silver Age of the Welfare State: Perspectives on Resilience. Journal of Social Policy 31(4): 597-621.
  • Traxler, F. (2004) The Metamorphoses of corporatism: From classical to lean Patterns. European Journal of Political Research 43: 571-598.
  • Wagner, H. (2005) Pension Reform in the New EU Member States. Eastern European Economics 43 (4): 27-51.
  • Wahl, A. (2004) European Labour. The ideological legacy of the Social Pact. Montly Review 55(8): 37-49.
  • Van der Valk, P., Süral, N. (2006) Turkish Social Dialogue: Structure, Practice and Attitudes .R. Blainpain, F. Pennings, N. Süral (der.), Flexibilisation and Modernisation of the Turkish Labour Market içinde. The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 41-80.
  • Yıldırım, E., Çalış, S. (2008) The Impact of EU accession on Turkish Industrial Relations. Industrial Relations Journal 39 (3): 212-228.

The Role of Social Parties in the Process of Restructuring of Welfare States/Systems in Europe: The Case of Turkey

Year 2014, Volume: 2 Issue: 41, 175 - 188, 01.01.2014

Abstract

In the process of the reform of public social security systems the role of social parties trade unions and business organisations has been one of the contested issues. In some reforming countries policy measures have been characterised by systemic changes, in others the scope of reforms have been limited to parametric changes. Although the nature and scope of policy changes have been shaped by the institutional structure of systems in question financial restraints and the need for cost-containment have been the principal reasons of reform changes. The outcome of policy process has been shaped by external structural restraints, domestic institutional dynamics and the policy influence of social parties. The aim of this study is to account for whether social dialogue and social pact mechanisms have been influential in the ways that policies have come about with respect to the case of Turkey. Many relevant policy debates have underlined the signifcance of a reform process characterised by consensus and consent. This paper highlights the importance of political context, socio-economic circumstances and conjunctural dynamics in understanding related debates, and argues that today’s social dialogue mechanisms depoliticised the reform process by reducing the policy-making to a technical question and thus suppressed the ideological nature of the process of restructuring. The main implication has been further weakening of social rights through discourses of cooperation, consent and consensus.

References

  • Auer, P., Popova, N. (2003) Labour market policy for restructuring in Turkey: The need for more active policies. http://ilo- mirror.library.cornell.edu/public/english/employment/strat/download/ep5 1.pdf
  • Avdagic, S. (2010) When are Concerted Reforms Feasible? Explaining the Emergence of Social Pacts in Western Europe. Comparative Political Studies 43 (5) 628-657.
  • Baccaro, L. (2003) What is Alive and What is Dead in the Theory of Corporatism. British Journal of Industrial Relations 41(4): 683-706.
  • Baccaro, L. Simoni, M. (2008) Policy Concertation in Europe, Understanding Government Choice. Comparative Political Studies 41 (10): 1323-1348.
  • Baccaro, L., Howell C. (2011) A common neoliberal trajectory: the transformation of industrial relations in advanced capitalism. Politics and Society 39 (4) 521-561.
  • Bianchi, R. (1984) Interest Groups and Political Development in Turkey. Priceton: Priceton University Press.
  • Bonefeld, W., Brown, A. ve Burnham, P. (1995) A Major Crisis? The Politics of Economic Policy in Britain in the 1990s. England: Dartmouth Publishing Company Limited.
  • Bonoli, G. (2000) The Politics of Pension Reform: Institutions and Policy Change in Western Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Buğra, A., Keyder, Ç. (2006) The Turkish welfare regime in transformation. Journal of European Social Policy 16(3): 211-228.
  • Cizre-Sakallıoğlu, U. (1992) Labour and the State in Turkey. Middle Eastern Studies 28(4): 712-728.
  • Crouch, C. (2000) National Wage Determination and European Union. C. Crouch (der.), After the Euro: Shaping Institutions for Governance in the Wake of European Monetary Union içinde. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 203-226.
  • Çetik, M., Akkaya, Y. (1999) 1990’li Yıllarda Türkiye’de Endüstri Ilişkileri Araştirma Raporu. İstanbul: Türkiye Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Tarih Vakfi.
  • DPT (2007) Dokuzuncu Kalkınma Planı, Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu. DPT: Ankara.
  • Ebbinghaus, B. (2011) The role of trade unions in European pension reforms: From old to new politics. European Journal of Industrial Relations 17(4): 315- 331.
  • Eren-Vural, I (2007) Domestic counters of global regulation: Understanding the policy changes on pharmaceutical patents in India and Turkey. Review of International Political Economy 14 (1): 105-142.
  • Ghellab, Y., Varela, N. ve Woodall, J. (2011) Social Dialogue and social security governance: A topical ILO perspective. International Social Security Review 64 (4): 39-56.
  • Grady, J. (2013) Trade Unions and the pension crisis: defending member interests in a liberal world. Employee Relations 35(3): 294-308.
  • Hamann K., Kelly, J. (2007) Party Politics and the Reemergence of Social Pacts in Western Europe. Comparative Political Studies 40(8): 971-994.
  • Heper, M. (1991) The State and Interest Groups with Special Reference to Turkey. M. Heper (der.), Strong State and Economic Interest Groups: The Post-1980 Turkish Experience içinde. Walter de Gruyter: New York, 5-23.
  • Hinrichs, K. (2000) Elephants on the move. Patterns of public pension reform in OECD countries. European Review 8: 353-378.
  • Iankova, E., Turner, L. (2004) Building the New Europe: western and eastern roads to social partnership. Industrial Relations Journal 35(1): 76-92
  • Jayasuriya, K. (2001) Globalisation and the changing architecture of the state: the regulatory state and the politics of negative co-ordination. Journal of European Public Policy 8 (1): 101-123.
  • Karayel. A. (2006) The intergenerationally redistributive effects of the retirement insurance scheme in Turkey before and after the 1999 reform. Applied Economics 38: 441-448.
  • Kenar, N., Teksoz, A.T. ve Coskun, A.H. (1996) Sosyal Guvenlik Sistemimiz ve Reform Projesi. Hazine Dergisi Special Issue: 5-25.
  • Kendall, J., Deakin, N. (2010) Editorial: Political Ideologies and the third sector. Journal of Political Ideologies 15(3): 221-225.
  • Koray, M., Çelik, A. (2007) Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’de Sosyal Diyalog. Ankara: Belediye-İş Yayınları.
  • Lehmbruch, G. (1984) Concertation and the Structure of Corporatist Networks. J. H. Goldthorpe (der.), Order and Conflict in Contemporary Capitalism içinde. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 60-80.
  • Mailand, M., Due, J. (2004) Social Dialogue in Central and Eastern Europe: Present State and Future Development. European Journal of Industrial Relations 10 (2): 179-197.
  • Molina, O (2006) Trade Union Strategies and Change in Neo-Corporatist Concertation: A New Century of Political Exchange? West European Politics 29 (4): 640-664.
  • Myles, J., Pierson. P (2001) The Comparative Political Economy of Pension Reform. In: P. Pierson (der.), The New Politics of the Welfare State içinde. New York: Oxford University Press, 305-333.
  • Natali, D., Rhodes, M. (2008) The ‘new politics’ of pension reforms in Continental Europe. C. Arza ve M. Kohli (der.), Pension Reform in Europe içinde. Routledge: Oxon, 25-46.
  • Öztürk, O., Çelik, A. (2008) Sosyal Güvenlikte Hak Kaybı Dönemi. Ankara: Türk Tabibleri Birliği Yayınları.
  • Sayan, S. (2006) Political economy of pension reform in Turkey. S. Altug ve A. Filiztekin (der) The Turkish Economy içinde. Oxon: Routledge, 252-275.
  • Sarfati, H. (2013) Coping with the unemployment crisis in Europe. International Labour Review 152 (1): 145-156.
  • Scharpf F. W, Schmidt, V. A. (2000) Introduction, F. W. Scharp ve V. Schimidt” (der.) Welfare and Work in the Open Economy Vol.1 From Vulnerability to Competitiveness içinde. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1-20.
  • Schelkle W. (2011) Reconfiguring welfare states in the post-industrial age: What role for trade unions? European Journal of Industrial Relations 17(4): 301-314.
  • Schludi, M. (2008) Between conflict and consensus: the reform of Bismarckian pension schemes. C. Arza ve M. Kohli (der.), Pension Reform in Europe içinde. Oxon: Routledge, 47-69.
  • Schmidt, V. (2008) European Political Economy: Labour Out, State Back In, Firm to the Fore. West European Politics 31(1-2): 302-320.
  • Siegel, N. A. (2005) Social Pacts Revisited: ‘Competitive Concertation’ and Complex Causality in Negotiated Welfare State Reforms. European Journal of Industrial Relations, 11: 107-126.
  • SGK (2007), Sosyal Güvenlik Reformu: Uygulama Öncesi Yeni Yaklaşım. SGK: Ankara.
  • Taylor-Gooby, P. (2002) The Silver Age of the Welfare State: Perspectives on Resilience. Journal of Social Policy 31(4): 597-621.
  • Traxler, F. (2004) The Metamorphoses of corporatism: From classical to lean Patterns. European Journal of Political Research 43: 571-598.
  • Wagner, H. (2005) Pension Reform in the New EU Member States. Eastern European Economics 43 (4): 27-51.
  • Wahl, A. (2004) European Labour. The ideological legacy of the Social Pact. Montly Review 55(8): 37-49.
  • Van der Valk, P., Süral, N. (2006) Turkish Social Dialogue: Structure, Practice and Attitudes .R. Blainpain, F. Pennings, N. Süral (der.), Flexibilisation and Modernisation of the Turkish Labour Market içinde. The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 41-80.
  • Yıldırım, E., Çalış, S. (2008) The Impact of EU accession on Turkish Industrial Relations. Industrial Relations Journal 39 (3): 212-228.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Aslı Güleç This is me

Publication Date January 1, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2014 Volume: 2 Issue: 41

Cite

APA Güleç, A. (2014). Avrupa Refah Devlet/Sistemlerinin Yeniden Yapılandırılmasında Sosyal Tarafların Rolü: Türkiye Örneği. Çalışma Ve Toplum, 2(41), 175-188.
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