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Sınıf mı? Kimlik mi?: Politik Karşı Hegemonyanın Eklemlenmesinde Liderlik Sorunsalı

Year 2021, Volume: 3 Issue: 70, 2075 - 2090, 01.01.2021

Abstract

17. yy’da İngiltere’de ve 18. yy’da Fransız Devrimi ile başlayan süreç, 19. yy’da yaşanan sosyo-ekonomik gelişmeler sonucu dünya, kapitalist sınıf temelli toplum anlayışı ile tanışmıştır. Toplum, bir yanda burjuvazi ve diğer yanda işçi sınıfı ve bunlar arasında mücadele ile iki kutuplu bir yapıya dönüşmüştür. Toplumsal yapı bir yanda hegemonik diğer yanda ise karşı-hegemonik blok üzerinden ikiye bölünmüştür. Rus Devrimiyle birlikte hegemonik bloklarda sınıf ittifakları gündeme gelmiş ve bu durum, Antonio Gramsci’yle birlikte tarihsel blok ve hegemonya adları altında kuramsal boyuta kavuşmuştur. Bir dönem karşı hegemonik blok, işçi sınıfının liderliği etrafında eklemlenmiştir. 1970’lerle birlikte bu durum değişmiş ve işçi sınıfının ve sınıf temelli blok liderliği sorgulanmıştır. Yeni dönem yükselişe geçen kategori kimliklerdir. İşçi sınıfı ve sınıf temelli politika nesnel ve ekonomik temelli iken kimlik temelli politika öznel ve ideoloji temelli duruma gelmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, karşı hegemonya olarak eklemlenen blokta liderlik için analiz birimi sınıf mıdır? yoksa kimlik midir? sorusudur. Çalışmanın kapsamı, hegemonik toplumsal formasyonda soyut anlamda sınıf ve kimliklerdir. Çalışmanın hipotezi, 1970’lerden sonra kimlikler yükselişe geçse de karşı hegemonik blok eklemlenmesinde liderlik sınıftadır. Kimlikler, öznel söylem üzerine varlık bulmaktadır ve mevcut hegemonik blokla çelişkisi gelip geçicidir. Dolayısıyla egemen söylem değiştiğinde, kimliklerin de varlık sebepleri son bulmaktadır. Ancak sınıf, nesnel bir kategoridir ve mevcut hegemonya ile çelişkisi ontolojiktir. Dolayısıyla sınıf, mevcut hegemonya aşılmadığı sürece muhalefet pozisyonunu korumaktadır. Bu çerçevede, sınıf, karşı hegemonya bloğunda liderlik vasfına sahiptir

References

  • Agius, C. ve D. Keep. (2018) “The Politics of Identity: Making and Disrupting Identity”, The Politics of Identity Place, Space and Discourse, ed. Christine Agius ve Dean Keep, Manchester University Press
  • Aronowitz, S. (2003) How Class Works Power and Social Movement, Yale University Press
  • Barker, C. (2013) “Class Struggle and Social Movements”, Marxism and Social Movements, ed. Colin Barker, Laurance Cox, John Krinsky ve Alf Gunvald Nilsen, Brill
  • Chaudhuri, A. (1988) “From Hegemony to Counter Hegemony”, Economic and Political Weekly (January 1988), sf. 19-23
  • Day, R. J. F. (2005) Gramsci is Dead Anarchist Currents in the Newest Social Movements, Pluto Press
  • Foran, J. (2019). “System Change, Not Climate Change: Radical Social Transformation in the Twenty-First Century”, The Palgrave Handbook of Social Movements, Revolution, and Social Transformation, ed. by Berch Berberoğlu, Palgrave Macmillan
  • Fotopoulos, T. (2009) “Recent Theoretical Developments on the Inclusive Democracy Project”, Global Capitalism and the Demise of the Left: Renewing Radicalism through Inclusive Democracy, ed. Steve Best, The Ijid Publication
  • Gorz, A. ([1980] 1987) Farewell to the Working Class An Essay on Post- Industrial Socialism, Pluto Press
  • Gramsci, A. ([1975] 1996) Prison Notebooks Vol. II, Columbia University Press
  • Hobsbawm, E. ([1962] 2016) Devrim Çağı 1789-1848, çev. Bahadır Sina Şener, Ankara: Dost
  • Howard, D. ve Y. Stavrakakis. (2000) “Introducing Discourse Theory and Political Analysis”, Discourse Theory and Political Analysis Identities, Hegemonies and Social Change, ed. David Howarth, Aletta J. Norval ve Yannis Stavrakakis, Manchester University Press
  • Johnston, H., E. Larana ve J. R. Gusfield, (1994) “Identities, Grievances and New Social Movements”, New Social Movements From Ideology to Identity, ed. E. Larana, H. Johnston ve J. R. Gusfield, Temple University Press
  • Johnston, H. (2014) What is a Social Movement?, Polity Press
  • Laclau, E. ve C. Mouffe ([1985] 2017) Hegemonya ve Sosyalist Strateji, çev. Ahmet Kardam, İstanbul: İletişim
  • Marx, K. ve F. Engels. ([1845] 1976) Kutsal Aile Ya da Eleştirel Eleştirinin Eleştirisi, çev. Kenan Somer, Ankara: Sol
  • Marx, K. ve F. Engels. ([1848] 2011) Komünist Manifesto, çev. Muzaffer Erdost, Ankara: Sol Yayınları
  • Marx, K. ve F.Engels. ([1846] 2017) Alman İdeolojisi, çev. Olcay Geridönmez ve Tonguç Ok, İstanbul: Kor
  • McGarry, A. ve Jasper, J. M. (2015) The Identity Dilemma Social Movements and Collective Identity, (Temple University Press)
  • Rhode, D. L. (2006) “Introduction: Where is the Leadership in Moral Leadership”, Moral Leadership The Theory and Practice of Power, Judgement, and Policy, Jossey-Bass
  • Sorel, G. ([1908] 2013) Şiddet Üzerine Düşünceler, çev. Anahid Hazaryan, Ankara: Epos

Class? or Identity?: The Problematic of Leadership in Political Counter Hegemonical Articulation

Year 2021, Volume: 3 Issue: 70, 2075 - 2090, 01.01.2021

Abstract

World had met with capitalist class-based society with socio-economic developments in the 19th century, which had been started with the 17th century in Britain and French Revolution in the 18th century. Society had turned into two polar bases, one of which was bourgeoisie and another of which was working class. Social structure divided into two parts, one of which was hegemonic bloc and another of which Was counter hegemonic bloc. Class alliances had come to order with Russian Revolution, and this situation has reached conceptualized dimension with Antonio Gramsci under the names of historical bloc and hegemony. At definite period counter hegemonic bloc had been articulated on around of the leadership of working class. This situation had changed with the 1970s and working class and class-based bloc leadership were questioned. New period led to rise of category of identity. When working class and class-based politics were objective and economic basis category, identity-based politics is subjective and ideological basis category. The aim of this study is about question whether class or identity for the leadership of counter hegemonic bloc articulation. The scope of this study is class and identities in hegemonic social formation. The hypothesis of this study is although identities started to rise after the 1970s, the leadership of counter hegemonic bloc articulation is class. Identities are constructed on subjective discourse, and its contradiction with hegemonic bloc is random. Hence, when hegemonic discourse changes, the ontological basis of discourse ends. However, class is objective category, and its contradiction with hegemony is ontological. Therefore, class protects its opposition position until system is passed over a hegemony. In this framework, class has leadership character in counter hegemonic bloc

References

  • Agius, C. ve D. Keep. (2018) “The Politics of Identity: Making and Disrupting Identity”, The Politics of Identity Place, Space and Discourse, ed. Christine Agius ve Dean Keep, Manchester University Press
  • Aronowitz, S. (2003) How Class Works Power and Social Movement, Yale University Press
  • Barker, C. (2013) “Class Struggle and Social Movements”, Marxism and Social Movements, ed. Colin Barker, Laurance Cox, John Krinsky ve Alf Gunvald Nilsen, Brill
  • Chaudhuri, A. (1988) “From Hegemony to Counter Hegemony”, Economic and Political Weekly (January 1988), sf. 19-23
  • Day, R. J. F. (2005) Gramsci is Dead Anarchist Currents in the Newest Social Movements, Pluto Press
  • Foran, J. (2019). “System Change, Not Climate Change: Radical Social Transformation in the Twenty-First Century”, The Palgrave Handbook of Social Movements, Revolution, and Social Transformation, ed. by Berch Berberoğlu, Palgrave Macmillan
  • Fotopoulos, T. (2009) “Recent Theoretical Developments on the Inclusive Democracy Project”, Global Capitalism and the Demise of the Left: Renewing Radicalism through Inclusive Democracy, ed. Steve Best, The Ijid Publication
  • Gorz, A. ([1980] 1987) Farewell to the Working Class An Essay on Post- Industrial Socialism, Pluto Press
  • Gramsci, A. ([1975] 1996) Prison Notebooks Vol. II, Columbia University Press
  • Hobsbawm, E. ([1962] 2016) Devrim Çağı 1789-1848, çev. Bahadır Sina Şener, Ankara: Dost
  • Howard, D. ve Y. Stavrakakis. (2000) “Introducing Discourse Theory and Political Analysis”, Discourse Theory and Political Analysis Identities, Hegemonies and Social Change, ed. David Howarth, Aletta J. Norval ve Yannis Stavrakakis, Manchester University Press
  • Johnston, H., E. Larana ve J. R. Gusfield, (1994) “Identities, Grievances and New Social Movements”, New Social Movements From Ideology to Identity, ed. E. Larana, H. Johnston ve J. R. Gusfield, Temple University Press
  • Johnston, H. (2014) What is a Social Movement?, Polity Press
  • Laclau, E. ve C. Mouffe ([1985] 2017) Hegemonya ve Sosyalist Strateji, çev. Ahmet Kardam, İstanbul: İletişim
  • Marx, K. ve F. Engels. ([1845] 1976) Kutsal Aile Ya da Eleştirel Eleştirinin Eleştirisi, çev. Kenan Somer, Ankara: Sol
  • Marx, K. ve F. Engels. ([1848] 2011) Komünist Manifesto, çev. Muzaffer Erdost, Ankara: Sol Yayınları
  • Marx, K. ve F.Engels. ([1846] 2017) Alman İdeolojisi, çev. Olcay Geridönmez ve Tonguç Ok, İstanbul: Kor
  • McGarry, A. ve Jasper, J. M. (2015) The Identity Dilemma Social Movements and Collective Identity, (Temple University Press)
  • Rhode, D. L. (2006) “Introduction: Where is the Leadership in Moral Leadership”, Moral Leadership The Theory and Practice of Power, Judgement, and Policy, Jossey-Bass
  • Sorel, G. ([1908] 2013) Şiddet Üzerine Düşünceler, çev. Anahid Hazaryan, Ankara: Epos
There are 20 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

İnan Akdağ This is me

Publication Date January 1, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 3 Issue: 70

Cite

APA Akdağ, İ. (2021). Sınıf mı? Kimlik mi?: Politik Karşı Hegemonyanın Eklemlenmesinde Liderlik Sorunsalı. Çalışma Ve Toplum, 3(70), 2075-2090. https://doi.org/10.54752/ct.1155194
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