BibTex RIS Cite

Toplu Pazarlık ve Gelir Eşitsizliği Arasındaki Asimetrik Nedensellik İlişkisi: Yüksek Gelirli OECD Ülkelerinden Yeni Kanıtlar

Year 2020, Volume: 3 Issue: 66, 1387 - 1408, 01.01.2020

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı yüksek gelirli 11 OECD ülkesinde toplu pazarlık kapsamında yer alan çalışanların oranı ile gelir eşitsizliği arasındaki nedensel ilişkiyi 1977-2015 dönemi için incelemektir. Çalışmanın yöntemi pozitif şokların nedensel etkisini negatif şoklardan ayıran Hatemi-J 2012 tarafından önerilen asimetrik nedensellik testine dayanmaktadır. Standart simetrik nedensellik testlerinin sonuçları Fransa ve Japonya için gelir eşitsizliğinden toplu pazarlık kapsamındaki çalışanların oranına doğru pozitif, tek yönlü ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir nedensellik ilişkisi olduğunu göstermektedir. ABD için söz konusu ilişki toplu pazarlık kapsama oranından gelir eşitsizliğine doğrudur. Bununla birlikte asimetrik nedensellik test sonuçları, sadece Kanada için gelir eşitsizliğindeki pozitif şokların toplu pazarlık kapsamındaki çalışanlar üzerinde pozitif şoklara neden olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu durum Kanada’da gelir eşitsizliğindeki artışların toplu pazarlık hakkına sahip olan çalışanların oranını arttıracağı anlamına gelmektedir. Diğer yandan Japonya’da gelir eşitsizliğindeki pozitif şokların yanı sıra negatif şokların da toplu pazarlık kapsamına dahil olan çalışanlar üzerinde nedensellik ilişkisi yaratmaktadır. Bu sonuç Japonya’da gelir eşitsizliğindeki azalma ile birlikte kapsama oranlarının azalacağını ifade etmektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışmada sendikalaşma oranlarının düşüklüğüne rağmen, toplu iş görüşmelerinin gelir eşitsizliğine meydan okuma kapasitesini artırdığı kanıtlanmıştır. Çalışmanın sonuçları işgücü haklarının çalışmada dikkate alınan ülkelerden sadece üç gelişmiş ülkede Fransa, Japonya ve Kanada düşük eşitsizlikle bağlantılı olduğunu göstermektedir

References

  • Alderson, A. S. ve Nielsen, F. (2002) “Globalization and The Great U-Turn: Income Inequality Trends in 16 OECD Countries”, American Journal of Sociology, 107: 1244–99.
  • Asteriou, D. ve Hall, S. G. (2016) Applied Econometrics, 3rd Edition, London, New York: Palgrave, Macmillan.
  • Avouyi-Dovi, S., Fougère, D. ve Gautier, E. (2013) “Wage Rigidity, Collective Bargaining and the Minimum Wage: Evidence from French Agreement Data”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 95(4):1337–51.
  • Bosch, G. (2015) “Shrinking Collective Bargaining Coverage, Increasing Income Inequality: A Comparison of Five EU Countries”, International Labour Review, 154 (1):57-66.
  • Bossler, M. (2018) “The Rise in Orientation at Collective Bargaining Without a Formal Contract”, Industrial Relations, A Journal of Economy and Society, 58(1):17-45.
  • Breusch, T.S. ve Pagan, A. R. (1980) “The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Applications to Model Specification Tests in Econometrics”, Review of Economic Studies, 47(1): 239-53.
  • Card, D. (1998) “Falling Union Membership and Rising Wage Inequality: What’s the Connection?”, NBER Working Paper Series, Working Paper No: 6250.
  • Chaison, G. (2012) The New Collective Bargaining, Springer.
  • Cahn, N. H. (2001), “Time Series: Co-integration”, International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 15709-15714.
  • Chauvel, L. ve Schröder M. (2017) “A Prey-Predator Model of Trade Union Density and Inequality in 12 Advanced Capitalisms over Long Periods”, KYKLOS, 70(1): 3-26.
  • Checchi, D., Visser, J. ve Van de Werfhorst, H. G. (2010) “Inequality and Union Membership: The Impact of Relative Earnings Position and Inequality Attitudes”, British Journal of Industrial Relations, 48(1): 84-108.
  • Cooper, D. ve Mishel, L. (2015) “The Erosion of Collective Bargaining has Widened the Gap between Productivity and Pay”, Economic Policy Institute, January 6, 2015.
  • Çelik, A. (2015), “AKP döneminde Sendikal Haklar: Sendikasız-Grevsiz Kaynaşmış Bir Kitleyiz ”, 157-193, Himmet, Fıtrat, Piyasa: AKP Döneminde Sosyal Politika (Der: Meryem Koray ve Aziz Çelik), İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları. Demir, M. (2018)
  • Çok Düzeyli Toplu Pazarlık ve Türkiye’de
  • Uygulanabilirliği, Türk Metal Sendikası Araştırma ve Eğitim Merkezi.
  • DiNardo, J., Fortin, N. M. ve Lemieux, T. (1995) “Labor Market Institutions and the Distribution of Wages, 1973-1992: A Semiparametric Approach”, NBER Working Papers, Working Paper No: 5093.
  • Duasa, J. Ve Kassim, S. H. (2009) “Foreign Portfolio Investment and Economic Growth in Malaysia”, The Pakistan Development Review, 48(2): 109-123.
  • Engle R. F. Ve Granger, C. W. J. (1987), “Cointegration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing”, Econometrica, 55: 251–76.
  • Fairris, D. (2003) “Unions and Wage Inequality in Mexico”, ILR Review, 56(3): 481-497.
  • Freeman, R. B. (1980), “Unionism and the Dispersion of Wages”, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 34: 489–509.
  • Guertzgen, N. (2009) “Rent-Sharing and Collective Bargaining Coverage: Evidence from Linked Employer-Employee Data”, The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 111(2): 323–49.
  • Hatemi-J, A. (2012) "Asymmetric Causality Tests with an Application", Empirical Economics, 43 (1), 447 – 456.
  • Herr, H. (2015) “Japan”, Minimum Wages, Collective Bargaining and Economic Development in Asia and Europe: A Labour Perspective (der. Maarten van Klaveren, Denis Gregory ve Thorsten Schulten), Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Husson, M., Sommeiller, E. ve Vincent, C. (2015) “France”, Minimum Wages, Collective Bargaining and Economic Development in Asia and Europe: A Labour Perspective (der. Maarten van Klaveren, Denis Gregory ve Thorsten Schulten), Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H. ve Shin, Y. (2003) “Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels”, Journal of Econometrics, 115(1):53-74.
  • Kahn, L. M. (1998) “Against the Wind: Bargain in Recentralisation and Wage Inequality in Norway: 1987-91”, The Economic Journal, 108: 603-645.
  • Katz, L. F., Loveman G. W. ve Blanchflower, D. G. (1995) “A Comprasion of Changes in the Structure of Wages in Four OECD Countries”, Differences and Changes in Wage Structures (der. Richard B. Freeman ve Lawrence F. Katz), University of Chicago Press.
  • Kerrissey, J. (2015) “Collective Labor Rights and Income Inequality”, American Sociological Review, 80(3): 626-653.
  • Kırca, M. ve Karagöl, V. (2019) "Symmetric and Asymmetric Causality Between Current Account Balance and Oil Prices: The Case of BRICS-T," Applied Econometrics, Publishing House "SINERGIA PRESS", 56: 25-44.
  • OECD (2019) OECD Employment Outlook 2019: The Future of Work (Highlights), OECD Publishing.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004) “General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels”, IZA Discussion Paper, No. 1240.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A. ve Yamagata, T. (2008) “A Bias-Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross Section Independence”, The Econometrics Journal, 11(1): 105–127.
  • Plasman, R. ve Rycx, F. (2001) “Collective Bargaining and Poverty: A Cross- National Perspective”, European Journal of Relations, 7(2): 175-202.
  • Rueda, D. ve Pontusson, J. (2000) “Wage Inequality and Varieties of Capitalism”, World Politics, 52: 350–83.
  • Schulten, T. ve Bispinck, R. (2015) “Germany” Minimum Wages, Collective Bargaining and Economic Development in Asia and Europe: A Labour Perspective (der. Maarten van Klaveren, Denis Gregory ve Thorsten Schulten), Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Venn D. (2009) “Legislation, Collective Bargaining and Enforcement: Updating the OECD Employment Protection Indicators”, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 89, OECD Publishing. OECD Social,
  • Wallerstein, M. (1999) ‘Wage-Setting Institutions and Pay Inequality in Advanced Industrial Societies”, American Journal of Political Science, 43: 649–80.
  • Zaman, A. (2010) “Causal Relations via Econometrics”, International Econometric Review, 2(1): 36-56.

The Asymmetric Causal Relationship Between Collective Bargaining and Income Inequality: New Evidence From High-Income OECD Countries

Year 2020, Volume: 3 Issue: 66, 1387 - 1408, 01.01.2020

Abstract

This study analysis causality between collective bargaining coverage rate and income inequality in 11 high-income OECD countries for the period 1977-2014. We use assymmetric causality test separating causal effect of positive shocks from negative shocks, which is suggested by Hatemi-j 2012 . According to the results of standard symmetric tests, there is a positive, statistically significant and one direct causal relationship from income inequality to collective bargaining coverage rate in France and Japan. However, assymmetric causality test results show that positive shocks on income inequality cause positive shocks on collective bargaining coverage rate only in Canada. On the other hand, in Japan, both positive and negative shocks on income inequality affect collective bargaining rate, so that if income inequality reduces, collective bargaining coverage rate diminishes. In this context, this study proves that collective bargaining challanges income inequality in spite of low unionization rates. Results show that labor rights are linked with low-income inequality rates only in three countries France, Japan and Canada

References

  • Alderson, A. S. ve Nielsen, F. (2002) “Globalization and The Great U-Turn: Income Inequality Trends in 16 OECD Countries”, American Journal of Sociology, 107: 1244–99.
  • Asteriou, D. ve Hall, S. G. (2016) Applied Econometrics, 3rd Edition, London, New York: Palgrave, Macmillan.
  • Avouyi-Dovi, S., Fougère, D. ve Gautier, E. (2013) “Wage Rigidity, Collective Bargaining and the Minimum Wage: Evidence from French Agreement Data”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 95(4):1337–51.
  • Bosch, G. (2015) “Shrinking Collective Bargaining Coverage, Increasing Income Inequality: A Comparison of Five EU Countries”, International Labour Review, 154 (1):57-66.
  • Bossler, M. (2018) “The Rise in Orientation at Collective Bargaining Without a Formal Contract”, Industrial Relations, A Journal of Economy and Society, 58(1):17-45.
  • Breusch, T.S. ve Pagan, A. R. (1980) “The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Applications to Model Specification Tests in Econometrics”, Review of Economic Studies, 47(1): 239-53.
  • Card, D. (1998) “Falling Union Membership and Rising Wage Inequality: What’s the Connection?”, NBER Working Paper Series, Working Paper No: 6250.
  • Chaison, G. (2012) The New Collective Bargaining, Springer.
  • Cahn, N. H. (2001), “Time Series: Co-integration”, International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 15709-15714.
  • Chauvel, L. ve Schröder M. (2017) “A Prey-Predator Model of Trade Union Density and Inequality in 12 Advanced Capitalisms over Long Periods”, KYKLOS, 70(1): 3-26.
  • Checchi, D., Visser, J. ve Van de Werfhorst, H. G. (2010) “Inequality and Union Membership: The Impact of Relative Earnings Position and Inequality Attitudes”, British Journal of Industrial Relations, 48(1): 84-108.
  • Cooper, D. ve Mishel, L. (2015) “The Erosion of Collective Bargaining has Widened the Gap between Productivity and Pay”, Economic Policy Institute, January 6, 2015.
  • Çelik, A. (2015), “AKP döneminde Sendikal Haklar: Sendikasız-Grevsiz Kaynaşmış Bir Kitleyiz ”, 157-193, Himmet, Fıtrat, Piyasa: AKP Döneminde Sosyal Politika (Der: Meryem Koray ve Aziz Çelik), İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları. Demir, M. (2018)
  • Çok Düzeyli Toplu Pazarlık ve Türkiye’de
  • Uygulanabilirliği, Türk Metal Sendikası Araştırma ve Eğitim Merkezi.
  • DiNardo, J., Fortin, N. M. ve Lemieux, T. (1995) “Labor Market Institutions and the Distribution of Wages, 1973-1992: A Semiparametric Approach”, NBER Working Papers, Working Paper No: 5093.
  • Duasa, J. Ve Kassim, S. H. (2009) “Foreign Portfolio Investment and Economic Growth in Malaysia”, The Pakistan Development Review, 48(2): 109-123.
  • Engle R. F. Ve Granger, C. W. J. (1987), “Cointegration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing”, Econometrica, 55: 251–76.
  • Fairris, D. (2003) “Unions and Wage Inequality in Mexico”, ILR Review, 56(3): 481-497.
  • Freeman, R. B. (1980), “Unionism and the Dispersion of Wages”, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 34: 489–509.
  • Guertzgen, N. (2009) “Rent-Sharing and Collective Bargaining Coverage: Evidence from Linked Employer-Employee Data”, The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 111(2): 323–49.
  • Hatemi-J, A. (2012) "Asymmetric Causality Tests with an Application", Empirical Economics, 43 (1), 447 – 456.
  • Herr, H. (2015) “Japan”, Minimum Wages, Collective Bargaining and Economic Development in Asia and Europe: A Labour Perspective (der. Maarten van Klaveren, Denis Gregory ve Thorsten Schulten), Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Husson, M., Sommeiller, E. ve Vincent, C. (2015) “France”, Minimum Wages, Collective Bargaining and Economic Development in Asia and Europe: A Labour Perspective (der. Maarten van Klaveren, Denis Gregory ve Thorsten Schulten), Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H. ve Shin, Y. (2003) “Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels”, Journal of Econometrics, 115(1):53-74.
  • Kahn, L. M. (1998) “Against the Wind: Bargain in Recentralisation and Wage Inequality in Norway: 1987-91”, The Economic Journal, 108: 603-645.
  • Katz, L. F., Loveman G. W. ve Blanchflower, D. G. (1995) “A Comprasion of Changes in the Structure of Wages in Four OECD Countries”, Differences and Changes in Wage Structures (der. Richard B. Freeman ve Lawrence F. Katz), University of Chicago Press.
  • Kerrissey, J. (2015) “Collective Labor Rights and Income Inequality”, American Sociological Review, 80(3): 626-653.
  • Kırca, M. ve Karagöl, V. (2019) "Symmetric and Asymmetric Causality Between Current Account Balance and Oil Prices: The Case of BRICS-T," Applied Econometrics, Publishing House "SINERGIA PRESS", 56: 25-44.
  • OECD (2019) OECD Employment Outlook 2019: The Future of Work (Highlights), OECD Publishing.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004) “General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels”, IZA Discussion Paper, No. 1240.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A. ve Yamagata, T. (2008) “A Bias-Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross Section Independence”, The Econometrics Journal, 11(1): 105–127.
  • Plasman, R. ve Rycx, F. (2001) “Collective Bargaining and Poverty: A Cross- National Perspective”, European Journal of Relations, 7(2): 175-202.
  • Rueda, D. ve Pontusson, J. (2000) “Wage Inequality and Varieties of Capitalism”, World Politics, 52: 350–83.
  • Schulten, T. ve Bispinck, R. (2015) “Germany” Minimum Wages, Collective Bargaining and Economic Development in Asia and Europe: A Labour Perspective (der. Maarten van Klaveren, Denis Gregory ve Thorsten Schulten), Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Venn D. (2009) “Legislation, Collective Bargaining and Enforcement: Updating the OECD Employment Protection Indicators”, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 89, OECD Publishing. OECD Social,
  • Wallerstein, M. (1999) ‘Wage-Setting Institutions and Pay Inequality in Advanced Industrial Societies”, American Journal of Political Science, 43: 649–80.
  • Zaman, A. (2010) “Causal Relations via Econometrics”, International Econometric Review, 2(1): 36-56.
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Gülten Dursun This is me

Evren Denktaş This is me

Publication Date January 1, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 3 Issue: 66

Cite

APA Dursun, G., & Denktaş, E. (2020). Toplu Pazarlık ve Gelir Eşitsizliği Arasındaki Asimetrik Nedensellik İlişkisi: Yüksek Gelirli OECD Ülkelerinden Yeni Kanıtlar. Çalışma Ve Toplum, 3(66), 1387-1408.
muratozverister@gmail.com
dergicalismavetoplum@gmail.com
www.calismatoplum.org