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Kapitalist Gelişme ve Kriz Sürecinde Kadın Emeği : Asya Deneyiminden Çıkarılacak Dersler

Year 2010, Volume: 1 Issue: 24, 105 - 132, 01.01.2010

Melda Yaman Öztürk

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Doğu ve Güney Doğu Asya ülkelerinde kapitalist gelişme sürecinin ve krizin toplumsal cinsiyete dayalı etkileri ele alınacaktır. Bu ülkelerin çoğu 1970’lerden itibaren ihracata yönelik sanayileşme stratejisi uyguladılar. İhracata yönelik sanayileşme kadın emeğine dayanıyordu ve aslında kadın öncülüğünde gerçekleşti. Çalışmanın ilk bölümünde ihracata yönelik üretimde kadın emek gücünün işlevi ve bu sürecin kadınlara etkisi tartışılacaktır. Bu ülkelerin 1990’ların sonunda karşılaştığı kriz bütün bölgede kadınları olumsuz etkiledi. Dünya Bankası’nın 1999 Raporu’nda bildirdiğine göre milyonlarca insan yoksullaştı; bazı ülkelerde işsizlik üç katına çıktı; reel ücretler, yüzde kırklara varan düzeylerde, geriledi; bütün bölgede sağlık kötüleşti; çocuk emeği kullanımı, fahişelik, ev içi şiddet vakaları önemli ölçüde arttı DB, 1999:107 . Krizden etkilenenlerin çoğu kadındı. Çalışmada ikinci olarak krizin kadınların yaşamında yarattığı ek sıkıntılara değinilecektir. Asya deneyiminde yaşananların, günümüz küresel krizinin Türkiye’li kadınlara yapacağı etkiler üzerine önemli ipuçları barındırdığını düşünüyorum

Keywords

Kriz kapitalist gelişme kadın emek gücü toplumsal cinsiyet

References

  • Amsden, AH. (1989), Asia’s Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization, New York-Oxford, England: Oxford University Press
  • Aslanbeigui, N. ve Summerfield, G. (2000), ‘The Asian Crisis, Gender, And The International Financial Architecture’, Feminist Economics 6(3), 81–103
  • Beneria, L. (2001), ‘Shifting the Risk: New Employment Patterns, Informalization, and Women’s Work’, International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society, Vol. 15, No. 1
  • Benería, L. ve vd. (2000), ‘Globalization and Gender’, Feminist Economics, November, Vol. 6 Issue 3, 7-18
  • Berik, G. (2000), ‘Mature Export-Led Growth and Gender Wage Inequality in Taiwan’, Feminist Economics 6(3), 2000, 1–26
  • Çağatay, N. ve Berik, G.(1991), ‘Transition to Export-led Growth in Turkey: Is There a Feminisation of Employment?’, Capital & Class – 43
  • Çağatay, N. ve Ozler, S. (1995). ‘Feminization of the Labor Force: The Effects of Long-term Development and Structural Adjustment’, World Development, 23 (11), 1883-1894
  • Caraway, T.L. (2006), ‘Gendered Path of Industrialization : A Cross- Regional Comparative Analysis’, Studies in Comparative International Development, Spring Vol. 41 - 1, 26-52
  • Carr, M., Chen, M.A. ve Tate, J.(2000), ‘Globalization And Home-Based Workers’, Feminist Economics 6(3), 123–142
  • Dünya Bankası (1999), Global Economic Prospects and the Developing Countries, 1998-1999, The World Bank
  • Dünya Bankası (2003), Bridging the Gender Gap in Turkey : A Milestone Towards Towards Faster Socio-economic Development and Poverty Reduction, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit, Europe and Central Asia Region
  • Eisenstein, H. (2005), ‘Feminism and Corparate Globalization’, Science & Society, Vol. 69, No. 3, July, 487–518
  • Elias, J. (2004), Fashioning Inequality : The Multinational Company and Gendered Employment in Globalizing World, Ashgate Publishing Limited : Hampshire
  • Elson, D. (1994) ‘Uneven Development and the Textiles and Clothing Industry’ in Sklair, L. (ed), Capitalism and Development, Routledge, London, 189-210
  • Elson, D. (2006), ‘Uluslararası Finansal Mimari : Mutfaktan Bir Görünüm’, Çev. Yasemin Özgün Çakar, Iktisat Dergisi, Sayı 469, 45-53
  • Floro, M. ve Dymski, G.(2000), ‘Financial Crisis, Gender, and Power: An Analytical, Framework’, World Development Vol. 28, No. 7, 1269-1283
  • Fussell, E. (2000), ‘Making Labor Flexible: The Recomposition Of Ti Juana’s Maquiladora Female Labor Force’, Feminist Economics
  • Hartmann, H. (1979), ‘Capitalism, Patriyarchy and Job Segration by Sex’, Capitalist Patriyarchy And The Case For Socialist Feminism, Eisenstein Z. (der.), Monthly Review Press, London
  • ILO (1998), The Social Impact of the Asian Financial Crisis
  • Islam, MM., Siwar C. ve Karim MA. (2007) ‘The Impact of the Financial Crisis on the Living Standard : An Emoirical Investigation’, Unitar E-Journal, Vol.3, No.1
  • Kim, A.E. (2004), ‘The Social Perils of the Korean Financial Crisis’, Journal of Contemporary Asia, Vol.34, No.2
  • Lim, J. (2000) ‘The Effects of the East Asian Crisis on the Employment of Men and Women : The Philippine Case’, World Development 28 (7), 1285-1306
  • Lund, R. ve Panda, S.M. (2000) ‘The Asian Financial Crisis, Women’s Work and Forced Migration’, Norwegian Journal of Geography, September, Vol.54, Issue3, 128-133
  • Lupton, D. (2002), Duygusal Yaşantı, Mustafa Cemal (Çev.), Ayrıntı Yayınları
  • McKenzie, D.J. (2003). How do Households Cope with Aggregate Shocks? Evidence from the Mexican Peso Crisis, World Development, 31 (7), 1179-1199
  • Mies, M. (1998), ‘Globalization of the Economy and Women's Work in a Sustainable Society’, Gender Technology and Development, 2- 3
  • Moghadam, V.M. (2005), ‘The Feminization of Poverty and Women’s Human Rights’, SHS Papers in Women’s Studies/ Gender Research, July
  • Özler, Ş. (2000), ‘Export Led Industrialization and Gender Differences in Job Creation and Destruction: Micro Evidence From the Turkish Manufacturing Sector’, Unpublished paper: UCLA: Department of Economics
  • Öztürk, Y.M., Ergüneş, N. ve Özkaplan, N. (2009), “2001 Krizinin Ardından Yaşanan Dönüşüm : İş Yaşamı, Sağlık ve Eğitim Alanında Yeniden Yapılanmalar ve Kadınlar Üzerindeki Etkileri”, Karaburun Bilim Kongresi’nde sunulan tebliğ, Eylül 2009
  • Pearson, R. (1994), ‘Gender Relations, Capitalism And Third World Industrialization’, in Sklair, L. (ed), Capitalism and Development, Routledge, London, 339-35
  • Pearson, R. (2004), ‘The Social Is Political: Towards the Re-Politicization of Feminist Analysis of the Global Economy’, International Feminist Journal of Politics, Vol. 6, No. 4, December
  • Pearson, R. (2007), ‘Reassessing paid work and women's empowerment: Lessons from the global economy’, in Feminisms in Development : Contradictions, Contestations and Challenges, Andrea Cornwall, Elizabeth Harrison and Ann Whitehead (ed.), 201-213, London/New York: Zed Books
  • Seguino, S. (2000), ‘Accounting for Gender in Asian Economic Growth’, Feminist Economics, November, Vol. 6 Issue 3, 27-58
  • Singh, A. ve Zammit, A.(2000) ‘International Capital Flows : Identifying the Gender Dimension’, World Development 26 (7), 1249-1268
  • Standing, G. (1999), ‘Global Feminization Through Flexible Labor: A Theme Revisited’, World Development Vol. 27, No. 3, 583-602
  • Tansel, A. (2004), Education and Labor Market Outcomes in Turkey, Bakground Paper for the World Bank Report : Turkey: Education Sector Study
  • UNDP (1999), Human Development Report 1999
  • Whitson, R. (2007), ‘Beyond the Crisis: Economic Globalization and Informal Work in Urban Argentina’, Journal of Latin American Geography, 6

Year 2010, Volume: 1 Issue: 24, 105 - 132, 01.01.2010

Melda Yaman Öztürk

Abstract

This paper deals with the gender impact of the capitalist development and the crises of East and South /East Asian countries. Most of these countries applied export led industrialization after 1970’s, which was depended on female labour power, and infact it is said to be women-led. So, this paper begins with the function of the female labour in the export led industrialization and the impacts of this process on women. The financial crisis they faced in the late 1990’s influenced women dramatically all over the region. As World Bank notifies, millions of people were impoverished; unemployment rates tripled in some countries; real wages dropped, at times by 40 percent; health deteriorated throughout the region; and reported cases of child labor, prostitution, and domestic violence dramatically increased. And the most of affected ones were women. So, this paper investigates secondly, the additional burdens that Asian crises added on women’s life. I think that the Asian experiences can give insights about the impacts of the current global crisis on women in Turkey

Keywords

Crisis capitalist development female labour power gender

References

  • Amsden, AH. (1989), Asia’s Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization, New York-Oxford, England: Oxford University Press
  • Aslanbeigui, N. ve Summerfield, G. (2000), ‘The Asian Crisis, Gender, And The International Financial Architecture’, Feminist Economics 6(3), 81–103
  • Beneria, L. (2001), ‘Shifting the Risk: New Employment Patterns, Informalization, and Women’s Work’, International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society, Vol. 15, No. 1
  • Benería, L. ve vd. (2000), ‘Globalization and Gender’, Feminist Economics, November, Vol. 6 Issue 3, 7-18
  • Berik, G. (2000), ‘Mature Export-Led Growth and Gender Wage Inequality in Taiwan’, Feminist Economics 6(3), 2000, 1–26
  • Çağatay, N. ve Berik, G.(1991), ‘Transition to Export-led Growth in Turkey: Is There a Feminisation of Employment?’, Capital & Class – 43
  • Çağatay, N. ve Ozler, S. (1995). ‘Feminization of the Labor Force: The Effects of Long-term Development and Structural Adjustment’, World Development, 23 (11), 1883-1894
  • Caraway, T.L. (2006), ‘Gendered Path of Industrialization : A Cross- Regional Comparative Analysis’, Studies in Comparative International Development, Spring Vol. 41 - 1, 26-52
  • Carr, M., Chen, M.A. ve Tate, J.(2000), ‘Globalization And Home-Based Workers’, Feminist Economics 6(3), 123–142
  • Dünya Bankası (1999), Global Economic Prospects and the Developing Countries, 1998-1999, The World Bank
  • Dünya Bankası (2003), Bridging the Gender Gap in Turkey : A Milestone Towards Towards Faster Socio-economic Development and Poverty Reduction, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit, Europe and Central Asia Region
  • Eisenstein, H. (2005), ‘Feminism and Corparate Globalization’, Science & Society, Vol. 69, No. 3, July, 487–518
  • Elias, J. (2004), Fashioning Inequality : The Multinational Company and Gendered Employment in Globalizing World, Ashgate Publishing Limited : Hampshire
  • Elson, D. (1994) ‘Uneven Development and the Textiles and Clothing Industry’ in Sklair, L. (ed), Capitalism and Development, Routledge, London, 189-210
  • Elson, D. (2006), ‘Uluslararası Finansal Mimari : Mutfaktan Bir Görünüm’, Çev. Yasemin Özgün Çakar, Iktisat Dergisi, Sayı 469, 45-53
  • Floro, M. ve Dymski, G.(2000), ‘Financial Crisis, Gender, and Power: An Analytical, Framework’, World Development Vol. 28, No. 7, 1269-1283
  • Fussell, E. (2000), ‘Making Labor Flexible: The Recomposition Of Ti Juana’s Maquiladora Female Labor Force’, Feminist Economics
  • Hartmann, H. (1979), ‘Capitalism, Patriyarchy and Job Segration by Sex’, Capitalist Patriyarchy And The Case For Socialist Feminism, Eisenstein Z. (der.), Monthly Review Press, London
  • ILO (1998), The Social Impact of the Asian Financial Crisis
  • Islam, MM., Siwar C. ve Karim MA. (2007) ‘The Impact of the Financial Crisis on the Living Standard : An Emoirical Investigation’, Unitar E-Journal, Vol.3, No.1
  • Kim, A.E. (2004), ‘The Social Perils of the Korean Financial Crisis’, Journal of Contemporary Asia, Vol.34, No.2
  • Lim, J. (2000) ‘The Effects of the East Asian Crisis on the Employment of Men and Women : The Philippine Case’, World Development 28 (7), 1285-1306
  • Lund, R. ve Panda, S.M. (2000) ‘The Asian Financial Crisis, Women’s Work and Forced Migration’, Norwegian Journal of Geography, September, Vol.54, Issue3, 128-133
  • Lupton, D. (2002), Duygusal Yaşantı, Mustafa Cemal (Çev.), Ayrıntı Yayınları
  • McKenzie, D.J. (2003). How do Households Cope with Aggregate Shocks? Evidence from the Mexican Peso Crisis, World Development, 31 (7), 1179-1199
  • Mies, M. (1998), ‘Globalization of the Economy and Women's Work in a Sustainable Society’, Gender Technology and Development, 2- 3
  • Moghadam, V.M. (2005), ‘The Feminization of Poverty and Women’s Human Rights’, SHS Papers in Women’s Studies/ Gender Research, July
  • Özler, Ş. (2000), ‘Export Led Industrialization and Gender Differences in Job Creation and Destruction: Micro Evidence From the Turkish Manufacturing Sector’, Unpublished paper: UCLA: Department of Economics
  • Öztürk, Y.M., Ergüneş, N. ve Özkaplan, N. (2009), “2001 Krizinin Ardından Yaşanan Dönüşüm : İş Yaşamı, Sağlık ve Eğitim Alanında Yeniden Yapılanmalar ve Kadınlar Üzerindeki Etkileri”, Karaburun Bilim Kongresi’nde sunulan tebliğ, Eylül 2009
  • Pearson, R. (1994), ‘Gender Relations, Capitalism And Third World Industrialization’, in Sklair, L. (ed), Capitalism and Development, Routledge, London, 339-35
  • Pearson, R. (2004), ‘The Social Is Political: Towards the Re-Politicization of Feminist Analysis of the Global Economy’, International Feminist Journal of Politics, Vol. 6, No. 4, December
  • Pearson, R. (2007), ‘Reassessing paid work and women's empowerment: Lessons from the global economy’, in Feminisms in Development : Contradictions, Contestations and Challenges, Andrea Cornwall, Elizabeth Harrison and Ann Whitehead (ed.), 201-213, London/New York: Zed Books
  • Seguino, S. (2000), ‘Accounting for Gender in Asian Economic Growth’, Feminist Economics, November, Vol. 6 Issue 3, 27-58
  • Singh, A. ve Zammit, A.(2000) ‘International Capital Flows : Identifying the Gender Dimension’, World Development 26 (7), 1249-1268
  • Standing, G. (1999), ‘Global Feminization Through Flexible Labor: A Theme Revisited’, World Development Vol. 27, No. 3, 583-602
  • Tansel, A. (2004), Education and Labor Market Outcomes in Turkey, Bakground Paper for the World Bank Report : Turkey: Education Sector Study
  • UNDP (1999), Human Development Report 1999
  • Whitson, R. (2007), ‘Beyond the Crisis: Economic Globalization and Informal Work in Urban Argentina’, Journal of Latin American Geography, 6
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Melda Yaman Öztürk This is me

Publication Date January 1, 2010
Published in Issue Year 2010 Volume: 1 Issue: 24

Cite

APA Öztürk, M. Y. (2010). Kapitalist Gelişme ve Kriz Sürecinde Kadın Emeği : Asya Deneyiminden Çıkarılacak Dersler. Çalışma Ve Toplum, 1(24), 105-132.
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