Misafir İşçi Programını Türk göçmen işçilerinin Federal Almanya

Year 2012, Volume: 4 Issue: 35, 149 - 164, 01.01.2012

Nur Banu Kavaklı Bırdal

Abstract

Bu çalışma Acil Çiftlik İşgücü Bracero Programını ve Avrupa Misafir İşçi Programını Türk göçmen işçilerinin Federal Almanya tecrübesine odaklanarak tarihsel ve karşılaştırmalı olarak incelemektedir. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve Meksika arasında imzalanan Bracero ve Federal Almanya ile Türkiye arasındaki Gastarbeiter programları ev sahibi ülkelerdeki Amerika ve Almanya domestik işgücü arzının yetersiz kaldığı işgücü talebini karşılamak üzere tasarlanmış programlardı. Her ne kadar geçici programlar olarak uygulamaya konmuş olsalar da, misafir işçi programları Amerika ve Almanya’daki en büyük göçmen topluluklarının oluşumunda önemli rol oynamışlardır. Bu yazıda bu iki programın benzeşen ve ayrılan yönlerinin analizi aracılığıyla ekonomik ihtiyaç güdümlü uluslararası göçün dahi tekil bir olgu olmadığı, sosyal ve siyasi etkilerinin de olduğu gösterilmek istenmiştir. Bu programlar emek gücünün kullanılması ve idamesi ile yeniden üretiminin kurumsal ve fiziki olarak ayrıştırılması üzerine kurulmuş olsa da, programların iptalinden çok sonra bile göçmen cemaatlerinin yerleşmesi ve genişlemesine yol açan süreçler haline gelmişlerdir.

The Bracero and European Guestworker Programs Revisited: A Comparative Analysis

Abstract

This paper analyzes two guestworker programs, the Emergency Farm Labor Bracero program and the European Guestworker Program by focusing on the Turkish migrant workers in the Federal Republic of Germany, the Gastarbeiter in a comparative historical manner. The Bracero Program between Mexico and the United States of America, and the Gastarbeiter Program between Germany and Turkey were both bilateral labor recruitment agreements designed to meet the labor demand of the host countries, the US and Germany, where domestic labor supply failed to meet. Even though they were both effective temporarily, they had significant implications in the formation of immigrant communities in the receiving countries. By underscoring the basic similarities and differences between these temporary labor recruitment programs, this paper aims at showing that international migration is not solely a temporary phenomenon responding to economic necessities but has social and political repercussions. While both programs were based on the institutional differentiation and physical separation of the maintenance and reproduction of migrant labor force, each ended up paving the way for the formation and expansion of immigrant communities even long after the abolition of initial labor recruitment agreements

References

• Abadan-Unat, N. (1976) “Turkish Workers in Europe, 1960-1975”, in N. Abadan-Unat (ed.) Social, Economic and Political Studies of the Middle East Vol. XIX. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
• Abadan-Unat, N. (1977) “Implications of Migration on Emancipation and Pseudo- Emancipation of Turkish Women”, International Migration Review,. Vol. 11 No. 1: 31.
• Basok, T. (2000) “He Came, He Saw, He … Stayed. Guest Worker Programs and the Issue of Non-Return”, International Migration, Vol. 38 (2), pp. 215 – 238.
• Burawoy, M. (1976) “The Functions and Reproduction of Migrant Labor: Comparative Material from Southern Africa and the United States”, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 81 No. 5, pp. 1050-1987.
• Calavita, K. (1992) Inside The State: The Bracero Program, Immigration, and The I.N.S. New York: Routledge.
• Craig, R. (1971) The Bracero Program. Austin: Capital Printing Company.
• Davis, J. and Heyl, B.S. (1986) “Turkish Women and Guestworker Migration to West Germany”, in R.J. Simon and C. Brettel (eds.) International Migration: The Female Experience. Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Allanheld.
• Driscoll, B. (1999) The Tracks North: The Railroad Bracero Program of World War II. CMAS Books, University of Texas Press.
• Fassman, H. and Munz, R. (1992) “Patterns and Trends of International Migration in Western Europe” Population and Development Review, Vol. 18 No. 3: 457-480.
• Fisher, B. and Mair, G. (1966) “The Helping Arm The Bracero in California Agriculture”, Report of the Industrial Relations Section of Town Hall, Los Angeles.
• Griego, M. G. (1996) “The Importation of Mexican Contract Laborers to the United States, 1942-1964”, in D. Gutierrez (ed.) Between Two Worlds: Mexican Immigrants in the United States. Jaguar Books on Latin America, No: 15.
• İçduygu A. et al. (2001) “Socio-Economic Development and International Migration: A Turkish Study”, International Migration, Vol. 39 (4): 39-54.
• Kirstein, P. (1977) Anglo Over Bracero: A History of the Mexican Worker in the United States From Roosevelt To Nixon. San Francisco: R&E Research Associates.
• Krane, R. (1979) International Labor Migration in Europe. New York: Praeger Publishers.
• Martin, P. (1999) Germany and the United States: Searching for 21st Century Migration Policies. Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation, University of California.
• Miller, D. (1976) “International Migration of Turkish Workers: A Special in the Public Policy of Income Distribution and Employment”, World Employment Program Research Working Papers. Geneva: International Labor Office.
• Rist, R. (1978) Guestworkers in Germany: The Prospects for Pluralism. New York: Praeger Publishers.
• Straubhaar, T. (1992) “The Impact of International Labor Migration for Turkey”, in K. Zimmermann (ed.) Migration and Economic Development. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
• Zahnier, S. (1999) Mexican Migration to the United States The Role of Migration Networks and Human Capital Accumulation. New York: Garland Publishing.