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            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>cuhad</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Çukurova Üniversitesi Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2822-4809</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Cukurova University</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.59399/cuhad.1824762</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Intellectual Property Law</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>Limitations on Patent Rights: Private and Experimental Use, and the Bolar Exemption</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="tr">
                                    <trans-title>Patent Hakkının Sınırları: Özel ve Deneme Amaçlı Fiiller ile Bolar İstisnası</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8276-0529</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Karahan</surname>
                                    <given-names>Aybike</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>İNÖNÜ ÜNİVERSİTESİ, HUKUK FAKÜLTESİ, ÖZEL HUKUK BÖLÜMÜ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8617-1540</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Çalık Sönmez</surname>
                                    <given-names>Özge Nur</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>İNÖNÜ ÜNİVERSİTESİ, HUKUK FAKÜLTESİ, ÖZEL HUKUK BÖLÜMÜ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20251230">
                    <day>12</day>
                    <month>30</month>
                    <year>2025</year>
                </pub-date>
                                                    <issue>8</issue>
                                        <fpage>478</fpage>
                                        <lpage>505</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20251116">
                        <day>11</day>
                        <month>16</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20251211">
                        <day>12</day>
                        <month>11</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2022, Cukurova University Law Studies Journal</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2022</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Cukurova University Law Studies Journal</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>Patent rights grant the holder exclusive authority over the use, production, commercial circulation, and enjoyment of both the material and moral benefits arising from an invention for a period of 20 years starting from the application date. This monopolistic entitlement is subject to certain limitations under national and international legislation to ensure public interest and maintain a balance between the inventor’s rights and societal welfare. Article 85 of the Industrial Property Code serves this purpose by excluding acts such as private use, experimental use, and trials related to drug licensing—including necessary testing—from the scope of patent protection. Private and experimental acts are defined as exceptions that encompass non-commercial activities serving personal purposes and contributing to the advancement of the state of the art. Experimental use related to drug licensing is commonly referred to in practice and doctrine as the &quot;Bolar exemption.&quot; The primary aim of the Bolar exemption is to facilitate the swift market entry of generic drugs, thereby improving access to medication and establishing a balance between public health and the interests of pharmaceutical manufacturers. This study aims to elaborate on how the limitations imposed on patent rights are applied at both national and international levels and to discuss the criteria that may justify restrictions on the patented invention within the scope of these exceptions. To ensure a fair balance between the inventor’s interests and public welfare, objective criteria must be established. Indeed, the formation of a uniform application is only possible when certain fundamental criteria are available to guide decision-making in each specific case.</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="tr">
                            <p>Patent hakkı, başvuru tarihinden itibaren 20 yıllık süre kapsamında hakkın sahibine buluşun kullanımı, üretimi, ticari pazarda dolaşımı ve buluştan doğan maddi ve manevi haklardan faydalanılması noktasında inhisari bir yetki tanır. Patent hakkından doğan bu tekel hakkı niteliğindeki yetkiye, kamu yararının güdülebilmesi ve buluşçunun menfaati ile toplumun menfaati arasında dengenin korunabilmesi maksadıyla ulusal ve uluslararası mevzuatla birtakım sınırlamalar getirilmiştir. Sınai Mülkiyet Kanunu’nun 85. maddesi, özel amaçlı kullanım, deneysel kullanım ve ilaçların ruhsatlandırılması ve bunun için gerekli olan deneyler dahil olmak üzere deneme amaçlı fiilleri patent hakkının koruma kapsamının dışında tutarak, bu dengeyi sağlamaya hizmet etmektedir. Özel ve deneme amaçlı fiiller temelde ticari fayda sağlanılmaksızın yapılan ve kişisel amaçlara hizmet eden, aynı zamanda tekniğin bilinen durumunun ilerlemesine katkı sağlayacak çalışmaları kapsamına alan istisnalar olarak tanımlanabilir. İlaçların ruhsatlandırılmasına ilişkin deneme amaçlı kullanımlar ise uygulamada ve doktrinde bolar istisnası terminolojisiyle anılır. Bolar istisnasının kullanımının temel amacı jenerik ilaçların piyasaya en hızlı şekilde girebilmesini sağlayarak kamu sağlığını yakından ilgilendiren ilaca erişimi kolaylaştırıp toplumun sağlığı ile ilaç üreticileri arasındaki menfaat dengesini kurabilmektir. Çalışmanın amacı, patent hakkının kapsamına ilişkin getirilen sınırlamaların ulusal ve uluslararası düzeyde nasıl uygulandığını detaylandırarak, istisnaların kapsamına hakka konu buluşa ait sınırlamaların hangi kriterlere dayanılarak yapılabileceğini tartışmaktır. Buluşçu menfaati ile toplumsal çıkarlar arasındaki dengenin sağlanabilmesi için getirilmesi gereken birtakım objektif kriterler olması gerekmektedir. Zira, yeknesak bir uygulamanın oluşabilmesi her somut olayda hareket edilebilecek belli başlı kriterlerin varlığı halinde mümkündür.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Acts Done for Experimental Purposes</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Acts Done for Private Purposes</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Bolar Exemption</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Scope of Patent Right</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                
                                                                                                                                    <kwd-group xml:lang="tr">
                                                    <kwd>Deneme amaçlı fiiller</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  özel amaçlı fiiller</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Ticaretle Bağlantılı Fikri Mülkiyet Anlaşması (TRIPS)</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Bolar İstisnası</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Patent Hakkının Kapsamı</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                            </article-meta>
    </front>
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