Relationship of the fear of COVID-19 with residual symptoms and functionality in patients with bipolar affective disorder

Year 2022, Volume: 47 Issue: 4, 1630 - 1640, 28.12.2022

Pınar Şen Gökçeimam Selma Filiz Yar Neslihan Kumsar

https://doi.org/10.17826/cumj.1176773

Abstract

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and residual symptoms and functionality levels in patients with bipolar affective disorder.
Materials and Methods: The study included 85 consecutive patients with bipolar affective disorder who were diagnosed with bipolar affective disorder according to DSM-5, were aged between 18-65 years, were literate and applied to the outpatient clinic. The patients were grouped as those with depressive/manic symptoms and those in remission with residual symptoms.
Results: There was no statistically significant difference among the participants according to having or not having manic residual symptoms in the The Fear of COVID-19 Scale. The participants which did not have any depressive residual symptoms demonstrated statistically significant lower scores than the participants who had depressive residual symptoms in The Fear of COVID-19 Scale. The Hamilton Depression Scale and Functioning Assessment Short Test scores scores were significantly positively correlated with Fear of COVID-19 Scale scores. Conclusion: Patients with depressive residual symptoms score significantly higher in the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. Studying resilience, fear of illness and residual symptoms in patients during the stress period will also be valuable in terms of determining follow-up and treatment strategies.

Keywords

Bipolar affective disorder, fear of COVID 19, residual symptom, functionality

Bipolar affektif bozukluk tanılı hastalarda COVID- 19 korkusunun kalıntı belirtiler ve işlevsellik ile ilişkisi

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmada bipolar affektif bozukluk tanılı hastalarda COVID-19 korkusu ile kalıntı belirtiler ve işlevsellik düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin saptanması amaçlanmıştır.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya DSM-5’e göre bipolar affektif bozukluk tanısı bulunan, 18-65 yaş arasında ve okur yazar olan, polikliniğe kendisi başvuran ardışık 85 bipolar affektif bozukluk tanılı hasta alınmıştır. Hastalar depresif /manik belirtiler gösteren, remisyonda olup da kalıntı belirtileri olanlar olarak gruplandırılmıştır.
Bulgular: YMDÖ’ye göre ‘manik kalıntı belirtileri olan’ olarak sınıflandırılan katılımcıların bu ölçekte medyan puanı 1 ± 1,14'tü. Katılımcılar arasında manik kalıntı belirti olup olmamasına göre COVID-19 Korkusu Ölçek puanları açısından anlamlı bir fark bulunmadı. Depresif kalıntı semptomu olmayan katılımcılar, depresif kalıntı semptomu olanlara göre COVID-19 Korkusu Ölçeğinde anlamlı şekilde daha düşük puanlar göstermiştir. HAM-D Ölçeği, . İşlevsellik Kısa Değerlendirme Testi ile COVID-19 Korkusu Ölçeği puanları arasında anlamlı düzeyde pozitif korelasyon saptanmıştır
Sonuç: Depresif kalıntı semptomu olan hastalar COVID -19 korku ölçeğinde anlamlı şekilde daha yüksek puan almışlardır. Stres döneminde hastalarda dayanıklılık hastalık korkusu ve kalıntı belirtilerin çalışılması da takip ve tedavi stratejilerinin belirlenmesi açısından kıymetli olacaktır.

Keywords

bipolar affektif bozukluk, COVİD 19 korkusu, kalıntı belirti, işlevsellik, Bipolar affective disorder, fear of COVID 19, residual symptom, functionality

References

• 1.Bavel JJV, Baicker K, Boggio PS, Capraro V, Cichocka A, Cikara M et al. Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nat. Human Behav. 2020 ; 4(5):460– 71. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z
• 2. Li S, Zhang Y. Mental healthcare for psychiatric inpatients during the COVID-19 epidemic. Gen Psychiatr 2020; 33(2):e100216. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-100216 .
• 3.Kim SW, Su KP. Using psychoneuroimmunity against COVID-19. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87:4-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.025.
• 4.Iasevoli F, Fornaro M, D’Urso G, Galletta D, Casella C, Paternoster M, Buccelli C, Bartolomeis A De. Psychological distress in patients with serious mental illness during the COVID-19 outbreak and one-month mass quarantine in Italy. Psychol Med 2020; 19:1–3. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-172581 .
• 5. Hao F, Tan W, Jiang L, Zhang L, Zhao X, Zou Y et al. Do psychiatric patients experience more psychiatric symptoms during COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown? A case- control study with service and research implications for immunopsychiatry. Brain Behav Immun. 2020; 87:100- 16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.069).
• 6. . Druss BG. Addressing the COVID-19 Pandemic in populations with serious mental illness. JAMA Psychiatry.2020; 3:2019-2020. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.3413
• 7. Angst J, Sellaro R. Biol Psychiatry. Historical perspectives and natural history of bipolar disorder. 2000; 48(6):445-57.
• 8. Van Rheenen TE, Meyer D, Neill E, Phillipou A, Tan EJ, Toh WL et al. Mental health status of individuals with a mood‐disorder during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Australia: Initial results from the COLLATE project. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2020; 275: 69–77. 10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.037.
• 9. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders – text revision, 5th edition.2013; American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC. 10. Sütçigil L, Cansever A. Bipolar Bozukluk ve Eşik Altı Belirtiler. Türkiye Klinikleri J Int Med Sci 2006;2(29):17-22.
• 11. Perlis RH, Ostacher MJ, Patel JK, Marangell LB, Zhang H, Wisniewski SR et al.2006. Predictors of recurrence in bipolar disorder: primary outcomes from the systematic treatment enhancement program for bipolar disorder (STEP-BD). Am. J. Psychiatry 2000; 163:217–24.
• 12. Malhi GS, Ivanovski B, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Mitchell PB, Vieta E, Sachdev P. Neuropsycho- logical deficits and functional impairment in bipolar depression, hypomania and euthymia. Bipolar Disord. 2007;9:114-25.
• 13. Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurosurg Psychiatry 1960;23:56-62.
• 14. A Akdemir, S Örsel, İ. Dağ, H. Türkçapar, N.İşcan, H. Özbay. Hamilton depresyon derecelendirme ölçeği (HDDÖ)’nin geçerliği, güvenirliği ve klinikte kullanımı. Psikiyatri Psikoloji Psikofarmakoloji Dergisi 1996:4(4):251-9.
• 15. Young RC, Bigss T, Ziegler, Meyer DA .A rating scale for mania:Reliability, validity, and sensitivity. Br J Psychiatry.1978; 133: 429-35.
• 16. Karadağ F, Oral ET, Aran Yalçın F, Erten E: Young Mani Derecelendirme Ölçeğinin Türkiye’de geçerlik ve güvenilirliği.Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi; 2001; 13(2) :107-14.
• 17. Rosa AR, Sanchez-Moreno J, Martinez-Aran A, Salamero M, Torrent C, Reinares M et al. Validity and reliability of the Functioning Assessment Short Test (FAST) in bipolar disorder. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health. 2007;3:5.
• 18. Aydemir Ö, Uykur B. Kısa İşlevsellik Değerlendirme Ölçeği’nin Türkçe Sürümünün Bipolar Bozuklukta Güvenilirliği ve Geçerliği.Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi; 2012 ;23(3):193-200.
• 19. Ahorsu DK, Lin CY, Imani V, Saffari M, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. The Fear of COVID- 19 Scale: development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 20, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8 20. Bakioğlu F, Korkmaz O, Ercan, H. Fear of COVID-19 and positivity: Mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty, depression, anxiety, and stress. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction.2021; 19(6):2369-82.doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00331-y.
• 21. ChenQ, Liang M, Li Y,Guo J, Fei D, Wang L et al. Mental health care for medical staff in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(4):e15-e6.
• 22. Ahmed Z, Ahmed O, Aibao Z, Hanbin S, Siyu L, Ahmad A. Epidemic of COVID-19 in China and associated psychological problems. Asian J of Psychiatr 2020; 51:102092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102092
• 23. Corbett GA, Milne S , Hehir MP, Lindow SW, O’Connell MP.Health anxiety and behavioural changes of pregnant women during the covid-19 pandemic. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2020; 249:96–7.
• 24. Pérez‐Fuentes MDC, Molero Jurado MDM, Martos Martínez Á ,Gázquez Linares J J. Threat of COVID‐19 and emotional state during quarantine: Positive and negative affect as mediators in a cross‐sectional study of the Spanish population. PLoS One. 2020; 15(6):e0235305. 10.1371/journal.pone.0235305 .
• 25. Stanton R, To QG, Khalesi S, Williams SL, Alley SJ, Thwaite TL et al. Depression, anxiety and stress during COVID‐19: Associations with changes in physical activity, sleep, tobacco and alcohol use in Australian adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17(11): 4065. 10.3390/ijerph17114065
• 26.Yao H, Chen JH, Xu YF. Patients with mental health disorders in the COVID-19 epidemic. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020 ; 7(4):e21.
• 27.Lima CKT, Carvalho PMM, Lima IAAS, Nunes JVAO, Saraiva JS, de Souza RI, da Silva CGL, Neto MLR . The emotional impact of Coronavirus 2019-nCoV (new Coronavirus disease Psychiatry Res. 2020; 287:112915. 28.Fellendorf FT, Reininghaus EZ, Ratzenhofer M, Lenger M, Maget A,Platzer M et al. COVID‐19‐related fears and information frequency predict sleep behavior in bipolar disorder .Brain and Behavior. 2021;11(9): e02182 . doi:10.1002/brb3.2182.
• 29. Karantonis JA, Rossell SL, Berk M, Van Rheenen TE. The mental health and lifestyle impacts of COVID-19 on bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2021;282:442-7. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.186
• 30. Luo M, Guo L, Yu M, Jiang W. The psychological and mental impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on medical staff and general public – A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2020;291:113190 doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113190.
• 31. Xiong J, Lipsitz O, Nasri F, Lui LMW, Gill H, Phan L et al. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: A systematic review. J. Affect. Disord. 2020(1);277:55-64 doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.001.
• 32. Kim AW, Nyengerai T, Mendenhall E. Evaluating the mental health impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Perceived risk of COVID-19 infection and childhood trauma predict adult depressive symptoms in Urban South Africa. Psychol. Med. 2020;52(8):1587-99 doi: 10.1017/S0033291720003414.
• 33. Meyer B . Residual mood symptoms and number of previous episodes predict recurrence of bipolar disorder. Evid Based Ment Health. 2006; 9(3):84.
• 34. Perlis RH, Ostacher MJ, Patel JK, Marangell LB, Zhang H, Wisniewski SR et al. Ketter TA, Miklowitz DJ, Otto MW, Gyulai L, Reilly-Harrington NA, Nierenberg AA, Sachs GS,Thase ME . Predictors of recurrence in bipolar disorder: primary outcomes from the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD).Am J Psychiatry. 2006; 163(2):217-24. 35. Proudfoot J, Doran J, Manicavasagar V, Parker G. The precipitants of manic/hypomanic episodes in the context of bipolar disorder: a review. J Affect Disord. 2011;133(3):381-7.
• 36. Robinson LJ, Thompson JM, Gallagher P, Goswami U, Young AH, Ferrier IN et al. A meta-analysis of cognitive deficits in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2006;93:105-15.
• 37. Martino DJ, Strejilevich SA, Marengo E, Igoa A, Fassi G., Teitelbaum J et al . Relationship between neurocognitive functioning and episode recurrences in bipolar disorder. J. Affect. Disord. 2013;147 (1–3), 345–51.
• 38. Samalin L, De Chazeron I, Vieta E, Bellivier F, Llorca PM. Residual symptoms and specific functional impairments in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2016;18(2):164–73.
• 39. Zhang X, Cheng X, Chen J, Zhang B, Wu Q, Deng W et al.Association of subthreshold manic symptoms and cognitive impairments in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder I. Psychiatry Res. 2019;278:303-8. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.06.032. Epub 2019 Jun 21. PMID: 31255953.
• 40 . Kaya E, Aydemir Ö, Selçuk D. Remisyondaki iki uçlu hastalarda kalıntı duygudurum belirtilerinin bilişsel ve toplumsal işlevsellik üzerine etkisi. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry 2009;10:124-30.
• 41. Martinez-Aran A, Vieta E, Reinares M, Colom F, Torrent C, Sanchez-Moreno J et al. Cognitive function across manic or hypomanic, depressed, and euthymic states in bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161:262-70.
• 42. Bonnín CM, Martínez-Arán A, Torrent C, Pacchiarotti I, Rosa AR, Franco C et al. Clinical and neurocognitive predictors of functional outcome in bipolar euthymic patients: a long-term, follow-up study. J Affect Disord. 2010;121(1-2):156-60. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2009.05.014.
• 43.Deckersbach T, Nierenberg AA, Kessler R, Lund HG, Ametrano RM, Sachs G et al. RESEARCH: Cognitive rehabilitation for bipolar disorder: an open trial for employed patients with residual depressive symptoms. CNS Neurosci Ther 2010;16:298–307. https://doi.org/10.111 1/j.1755-5949.2009.00110.x
• 44. Yon L, Samalin L, Giordana B, Milhet V, Marty L, El Hage W, et al. Residual symptoms in bipolar disorder: How to define and to manage them in clinical practice. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012;28:e56.