Çin'in Sosyal Kredi Sistemi: Veri Odaklı Toplumda Ahlaki Yönetimin İnşası

Year 2022, Volume: 23 Issue: 1, 143 - 166, 14.01.2022

Özlem Zerrin Keyvan

https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.998052

Cited By: 1

Abstract

1978'de ekonomisini dışa açmaya ve reform yapmaya başladıktan sonra Çin, yolsuzlukta belirgin bir kötüleşme yaşamıştır. Çin'deki yolsuzluğun yaygın etkisi vatandaşlara endişe vermektedir. Bu bağlamda, 2014 yılında Devlet Konseyi tarafından resmi olarak çıkarılan ve hızla gelişmeye devam eden sosyal kredi sistemi, Çin toplumunun tamamının dürüstlüğünü, samimiyetini, güven düzeyini artırmak için büyük veriden yararlanmayı, ciddi güven kırılmasının önlenmesi için ortak ceza mekanizması oluşturmayı amaçlamaktadır. Sistem, bireylerini, işletmelerini, devlet şubelerini ve sivil toplum kuruluşlarını izler ve araştırır ve davranış verilerine göre güvenilir veya güvenilmez olarak sınıflandırır. Bu sistem, ödül ve ceza mekanizmalarını destekleyen kara liste ve kırmızı liste sistemlerinden oluşmaktadır. Gerçekten de, veriye dayalı sistem, kara listelerde yer alan bireylerin ve işletmelerin adlandırılmasını ve utandırılmasını alenen teşvik etmiştir. Sosyal kredi sistemi kapsamında, yerel yönetimler 2017 yılında büyük ölçüde kendi model şehir pilot projelerini tasarlamıştır. Model şehirler kendi farklı sistemlerini hayata geçirmek için seçilmiştir. Bu nedenle genel bir kural çerçevesi yoktur. Şimdiye kadar, batılı gözlemciler ve medya, sosyal kredi sistemini mahremiyet için bir tehdit olarak tanımlamış ve Orwellci bir proje olarak nitelendirmiştir. Öte yandan Çin halkı, sistemi uzun süredir artan yolsuzluk skandallarına iyi bir yanıt olarak algılamıştır. Çinli liderler ayrıca, Partinin meşruiyetini yolsuzlukla mücadeledeki etkinliğine bağlayarak skandallarla ilgili endişelerini derinden dile getirmişlerdir. Ancak günün sonunda, hala yapım aşamasında olan bu sistemin etkinliği optimal olmaktan uzak görünmektedir. Bu bağlamda, bu makale sosyal kredi sisteminin sürecini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bulgulara dayanarak, makale sosyal kredi sisteminin ahlaki avantaj ve dezavantajlarını daha da vurgulamaktadır. Buna karşılık, bu makale, Çin sosyal kredi sisteminin sonuçlarını, sürecini, algılarını ve veriye dayalı sistemini daha iyi anlamak için analize genel bir bakış sunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda makalenin temel araştırma soruları sosyal kredi sisteminin nasıl ortaya çıktığı ve Çin toplumuna nasıl uyum sağladığıdır.

Keywords

Sosyal Kredi Sistemi, Derecelendirme Sistemleri, Çin, Kredi, Veri Gözetim

China’s Social Credit System: The Construction of Moral Governance in Data-Driven Society

Abstract

After the beginning economic reforms and open door policy in 1978, China has experienced a marked worsening of corruption. The pervasive influence of corruption in China gives citizens cause for concern. In this context, the social credit system, officially issued by the State Council in 2014 and still evolving rapidly, aims to leverage big data to improve integrity, sincerity, trust level of the whole of Chinese society, to establish joint punishment mechanism for impeding serious trust-breaking. The system monitors and investigates its individuals, enterprises, government branches, and non-government organisations and categorizes them trustworthy or untrustworthy according to their behavioural data. This system is also comprised of blacklists and red lists systems that provides reward and punishment mechanisms. Indeed, data-driven system have publicly encouraged the ‘naming and shaming’ of individuals and businesses presented on blacklists. Under social credit system, local governments have largely designed their own model city pilot projects in 2017. Model cities have been selected to enact their own different systems. It therefore has no general rule framework. So far, the western observers and media have described the social credit system as a threat to privacy and referred as an Orwellian project. The Chinese people, on the other hand, have long perceived the system as a good response to the growing of corruption scandals. Chinese leaders have also deeply voiced concern regarding scandals, linking the Party's legitimacy to its effectiveness to combat corruption. But, at the end of the day, still under construction, the effectiveness of this system is seen far from optimal. In this context, this article seeks to analyse the process of the social credit system. Based on the findings, the paper further highlights the moral advantage and disadvantages of the social credit system. By contrast, this paper provides an overview of the analysis on the Chinese social credit system to better understand its implications, process, perceptions and data-driven system. In this regard, the main research questions of the article are how the social credit system emerges and how it adapts to Chinese society.

Keywords

Social Credit System, Rating Systems, China, Credit, Data Surveillance

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