Tarihten Günümüze Hasidik Yahudiler ve Kendilerine Özgü Dindarlık Anlayışları

Year 2021, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 124 - 150, 30.05.2021

Ömer Faruk Araz

https://doi.org/10.33931/abuifd.867612

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Hasidizm 18. yüzyılda Doğu Avrupa’da İsrael ben Eliezer tarafından kurulan, mistik yönü ağır basan bir dini harekettir. Günümüzde ABD’nin New York kentinde yoğun olarak yaşayan bu hareketin mensupları, modern yaşamın bütün cazibesine rağmen özellikle teknoloji ve internet kullanımı ile moda endüstrisine karşı mesafeli duruşlarıyla kendilerine has yaşayış biçimlerini ve dindarlık anlayışlarını ısrarla sürdürmeye çalışmaları ile tüm dünyanın dikkatini çekmektedirler. 18. Yüzyılda bir taraftan Avrupa’da doğan Yahudi aydınlanma hareketi olan Haskala ile tezahür eden reformist düşüncenin Yahudilerin dini hayatlarında Rabbâni Yahudiliğin yüzlerce yıldır uygulanan dindarlık biçimini sarsmaya başlaması, diğer taraftan reformistlerden çok farklı bir şekilde kendine has yeni bir dindarlık anlayışı ortaya çıkmakta ve süratle gelişmekteydi. Zamanla “Hasidizm” olarak isimlendirilecek olan bu hareket, geleneksel Yahudi dini hayatının temel dinamikleri olan Kutsal Kitap ve Talmud çalışmaları yaparak Yahudi dini hukuku “halaha”ların çizdiği çerçeveye bağlı bir yaşam sürmenin ve yüzlerce yıldır uygulanan ritüellerin yerine “saddik” ya da “rebbe” denilen karizmatik bir lider, iman, sevgi, dini coşku, raks, dini hikaye anlatımı gibi kendine has yeni önceliklerin dini hayatın merkezinde yer aldığı bir anlayışı ortaya koymuş; dini ritüellere ve geleneksel dindarlığa yaklaşımı ile söylemleri bağlamında Protestanlığın Hıristiyanlık içerisinde oynadığı temel rolü çağrıştırsa da, Hasidizmin pratik sonuçları itibarıyla modern topluma aykırı bir tipoloji olarak farklı bir dini duruş ortaya çıkmış ve halk tabakaları arasında ciddi destek görmüştür. Biz çalışmamızda Hasidik hareketin ortaya koyduğu yeni uygulamaları izah ederek bunların geleneksel çizgiden ne ölçüde farklı olduğunun mukayesesine yer verdikten sonra modern zamanlarda, modern toplumlar arasında Hasidik Yahudilerin kendilerine has yaşamlarını nasıl sürdürdükleriyle ilgili tespitlerimizi sunmaya çalışacağız.

Keywords

Dindarlık, Dinler Tarihi, Yahudilik, Hasidizm, Rabbani Yahudilik, Dindarlık

Hasidic Jews from History to Present and Their Specific Understanding of Piety

Abstract

Hasidism is a religious movement with a predominant mystical aspect, and was founded in Eastern Europe in the 18th century by Israel ben Eliezer. Nowadays, the members of this movement, who live heavily in New York city of the USA, attract the attention of the world, despite all the charm of modern life, with their efforts to maintain their way of life and their understanding of religiosity, especially with their distant stance against the fashion industry with the use of technology and internet. In the 18th century, the reformist thought manifested with Haskala, The Jewish enlightenment movement, on the one hand, a new understanding of religiosity emerged, on the other, very different from the reformists, and it was developed rapidly and this new religious way of life started to shake the religious understanding of the Rabbinic Judaism in the religious lives of the Jews. This movement, which will eventually be called “Hasidism”, has transformed rituals and religious understanding, which have been believed and practiced for hundreds of years. Instead of living a life adhering to the framework driven by the “halakha” by doing Bible and Talmud studies, which are the basic dynamics of traditional Jewish religious life, Hasidism has adopted a new understanding in which its own new priorities are at the center of religious life, such as a charismatic leader called “tsaddik” or “rebbe”, faith, love, religious enthusiasm, dance, religious storytelling. Although Hasidism evokes the fundamental role played by Protestantism in Christianity in the context of its approach to rituals and traditional religiosity and its discourses, due to the practical consequences of Hasidism, and different religious stance emerged as a typology contrary to modern society, and it gained support, especially among ordinary people. In this study, we will present our findings about how Hasidic Jews lived their unique lives among modern societies in modern times, after explaining the new practices that the Hasidism has revealed and comparing their differences from the traditional line.

Keywords

History of Religions, Judaism, Hasidism, Rabbinic Judaism, Piety

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