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The Influence of Various Ethnic Groups on the Formation of the Military Organisation in the Umayyad State in al-Andalus

Year 2024, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 691 - 710, 30.11.2024
https://doi.org/10.33931/dergiabant.1502072

Abstract

This study analyses the contributions of diverse ethnic groups to the military structure of the Umayyad State in al-Andalus, and how these groups participated in the state's security strategies. This research employs qualitative research methods, historical document analysis, and ethnographic techniques to investigate the influence of different ethnic groups on the formation of the military organisation. In the initial phases of the state's formation, Arabs occupied pivotal roles within the military structure. However, following rebellions, they were dismissed and replaced by loyal groups, including the Mawālī and Sakālibe. Similarly, the Muwallads and Berbers also played a notable role in the military, but they rebelled during periods of weak governance. The findings indicate that these rebellions triggered restructurings within the state's military organisation and that ethnic diversity played a critical role in shaping security strategies. Consequently, while certain ethnic groups came to prominence during specific periods, those groups whose trustworthiness was undermined by rebellion were eliminated by the state. This resulted in the formation of new organisational structures based on the principles of trust and loyalty.

References

  • Abd al-Ḥalīm, Ramazan. “Sahib al-Madina fi al-Andalus Hilali Asr al-Umayyad (422-138/756-1031)”. Macallat Adab va Ulum al-Insani 88/2 (2019).
  • al-Hamawi, Shihab al-Din Abi Abd Allah Yaqut b. Abd Allah Yaqut. Mu'cam al-Buldān. Beyrūt: Dāru Sādır, 1977.
  • Āl-i Ali, Nūrettin. Endülüs Tarihi. İstanbul: Ensar, 2010.
  • al-Maqdisi, Shamsuddin Muḥammad Ahmad. Ahsan al-Takasim fi Ma'rifat al-Akalim. Beyrūt: Dār al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya, 2003.
  • al-Maqdisī, Shamsuddin Ahmad. Ahsan al-Taqasim fi Ma'rifat al-Aqalim. Beyrūt: Dār al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya, 2003.
  • al-Mezrou, Abd Allah Suleiman. “Nüfūz al-Sakāliba fi al-Andalus fi Asri al-Imārat”. al-Andalus Kurūn mine’t-Tekallubāt va’l-Atāat. Riyadh: Matbaatu Mektebi Abdulaziz, 1996.
  • al-Nuvayrī, Abdul Vahhab b. Muḥammad. Nihāyat al-Arab fī funūn al-adab. Kāhīrah: Dār al-Kitab, 1992.
  • al-Sāmerrāī, Khalil Ibrāhim. Tārīkh al-ʻArab va-ḥadāratuhum fī al-Andalus. Lubnān: Dāru’l-Kitābi’l-Cedid, 2008.
  • al-Uzri, Ahmad b. ‘Umar. Nusūs ani’l-Andalus. Kāhīrah: Menşūrāti al-Ma’hadi al-dirāsāti al-Islamī, n.d. Boutchich, Ibrahim Kadir. Eser al-İkta. Rabat: Menşūrātı Ukāz, 1992.
  • Boutchich, Ibrahim Kadir. Mabāhis fi tarihi’l-ictimaī li’l-Maghrib va’l-Andalus. Beyrūt: Dāru al-Tabīa, 1997.
  • Camaluddin, Ibn Manzoor. Lisānu’l-Arab. Beyrūt: Dāru Sādır, 1993.
  • Darvish, Cassim Yāsin. – Jabbar, Hossein. Dırāsāt fi Tarihi Mudūni’l-Andalusī. Dimesq: Temūz, 2022. Ekhlas, Mohammad al-Eidi. “The Sakālibe at Bani Umayyad Palaces”. International Cournal of Humanities and Social Science, 7/6 (2017).
  • Fikrī, Ahmad. Kurtuba fi Asr al-Islami va Hadaratiha. Kāhīrah: Müessese al-Sebab, 1394.
  • Gonzálvez Ruiz, Ramón. “El Nacimiento Del Mundo Mozárabe Toledano (711-807) Un Ensayo De Historia Comparada.” Antigüedad y Cristianismo Monografías Históricas Sobre La Antigüedad Tardía. Murcia: Universidad de Murcia, 2013.
  • Hanāwī, Muḥammad. Nizam al-Asker bi'l-Andalus. Rabat: Dāru Abī Rikrāk, 2003.
  • Ibn Abd al-Hakam, Abū 'Umar Muḥammad. Futūh Ifrīqiya wa-l-Maghrib wa-l-Andalus. Lubnān: s.n. 1964.
  • Ibn al-Abbār, Abū ‘Abd Allah Muḥammad b. ‘Abdillah b. Abī Bekr al-Kudāʾī. Hulletu’s-siyerā. Kāhīrah: Dār al-Maarif, 1985.
  • Ibn al-Athir, Abū al-Hasan Izz al-Dīn Ali b. Muḥammad. al-Kāmil fi’t-tarih. Beyrūt: Dār al-Sdr, 1982.
  • Ibn al-Khatīb, Lisan ad-Din. Aʿmāl al-aʿlām fī men būyiʿa ḳable al-iḥtilām min mulūki al-Islam. Critical ed. Levi Provençal. Lubnān: Dāru al-Maksūfa, 1906.
  • Ibn al-Kūtiyya, Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. ‘Umar. Tārīhu iftitāhi al-Andalus. Critical ed. Muhamed Enis Tabb, Beyrūt: Messeset al-Maarif, 1994.
  • Ibn Hawqal, Abū al-Kasim Muḥammad b. Ali al-Nasibi. Kitab Surat al-Ard. Beyrūt: Dār al-Maktabat al-Hayat, 1996.
  • Ibn Hayyān, Abū Marvān Hayyān b. Khalaf b. Husayn b. Hayyān b. Muḥammad. al-Muqtabes fi ahbāri bilādi al-Andalus. Critical ed. Salahaddin al-Havvārī. Beyrūt: Mektebat al-Asrī, 2006.
  • Ibn Hayyān, Abū Marvān Hayyān b. Khalaf b. Husayn b. Hayyān b. Muḥammad. al-Muqtabes. Critical ed. Muḥammad Ali Mekki Beyrūt: Dāru al-Kitāb, 1973.
  • Ibn Hayyān, Abū Marvān Hayyān b. Khalaf b. Husayn b. Hayyān b. Muḥammad. al-Muqtabes. Kāhīrah: s.n. 1994.
  • Ibn Hayyān, Abū Marvān Hayyān b. Khalaf b. Husayn b. Hayyān b. Muḥammad. Kitāb al-Muktebes fi tārihi ricāli al-Andalus, Critical ed. Melchor Antuna Paris: 1937.
  • Ibn Hayyān, Abū Marvān Hayyān b. Khalaf b. Husayn b. Hayyān b. Muḥammad. al-Muktebes li Ibn Hayyān, Critical ed. Pedro Chalmeta Madrid: 1979.
  • Ibn Hazm, Abū Muḥammad Ali b. Ahmad b. Saīd. Cemhere al-Ensābi al-Arab. Beyrūt: Dār Kutūbi Ilmī, 1983.
  • Ibn Khaldun, Abdurrahman b. Muḥammad. Kitab al-Ibar va Divan al-Mubtada va al-Khabar fi Ayyam al-Arab va al-Acem va al-Berber va Man Asarahum min Dhavi al-Sultan al-Akbar. Beyrūt: Dār al-Fikr, 1988.
  • Ibn Ṣāʿid al-Andalusī, Ali b. Mūsa. al-Mugrib fi Hule'l-Magrib. Kāhīrah: Dāru al-Maarif, 1964.
  • Ibn Id̲h̲ārī, Abu al-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad al-Marrākushī. Kitāb al-bayān al-mughrib fī akhbār al-Andalus va-al-Maghrib. Beyrūt: Dāru’s-Sekāfe, 1983.
  • Imāmuddīn, S. Muḥammad. Endülüs Siyasi Tarihi. Ankara: Rehber, 1990.
  • Inan, Muḥammad Abd Allah. Davlat Al- Islam fi al-Andalus. Kāhīrah: Maktabat al-Hanci, 1969. Kennedy, Hugh. Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus. Harlov: Longman, 1996.
  • Koşdaş, Yaşar Emrah. Endülüs’ün Fethi ve Valiler Döneminde Berberiler. Istanbul: Okur, 2020.
  • Koşdaş, Yaşar Emrah. Kureyş Şahini-I. Abdurrahman Dönemi Endülüs Tarihi. Ankara: Fcr, 2021.
  • Akhbār majmūʿa. Kāhīrah: Dār al-Kitab al-Misrī, 1989.
  • Makkarī, Shihābuddin Ahmed b. Muḥammad. Nafḥ al-ṭīb min ghuṣn al-Andalus al-raṭīb. Beyrūt: Dāru Sādır, 1988.
  • Miteva, Yuliya Radoslavova. “Identidades fronterizas en el contexto andalusí: los muladíes.” Cuadernos Medievales, 2018.
  • Monis, Hussein. Facr al-Andalus. Ciddah: Dār al-Suudī, 1985.
  • Monis, Hussein. Meālimu Tarihi al-Maghrib ve’l-Andalus. Kāhīrah: Dāru al-Rashād, 2004.
  • Moreno, Eduardo Manzano. “The Settlement and Organisation of the Syrian Junds in al-Andalus”. The Formation of al-Andalus: History and Society. British: Ashgate Publishing, 1998.
  • Munāvir, Abdul Macid. Ceys al-Andalusī. Urdun: Külliyāt ed-Dırāsāt al-Ulyā, 1995.
  • Na‘ni, Abdul Macid. Tārīkh al-davlah al-Umavīyah fī al-Andalus. Beyrūt: Dār al-Nahdati’l-Arabī, 1986.
  • Nassira, Tītāh. “Nizam al-Barīd fi ahdi devleti’l-Umeyye bi’l-Endelüs”. Mecelletü Turās 3/9 2021. Özdemir, Mehmet. Endülüs’te Muvelledun Hareketleri. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 1989.
  • Pisto, Gonzales. – Gonzales, Enrico. "Sawrat al-Barbar fi Shimali Ifriqiya wa In‘ikasatiha ‘ala al-Andalus". al-Andalus Qurun min al-Takallubat wa al-Ataat. Riyadh: Maktabat al-Mālik Abdulaziz al-Amma, 1996.
  • Raḥmān, Seyd. The Story of Islamic Spain. Delhi: Goodvord, 2003.
  • Rivaya, Yasmine Beale. “The History and Evolution of the Term ‘Mozarab”. Imago Temporis. Medium Aevum IV (2010): 51-71.
  • Urfe, Mahmud. “Tanzīmāt al-Ceys al-Umawī bi-l-Andalus fī al-ʿAhd al-Khilāfah al-Hakam al-Mustansir.” Mecelletü ʿArabiyyetü li-l-ʿUlūmi’l-İnsānī 30/8 (1988).
  • Vehrani, Kudur. “al-Davr al-Siyasi va al-Idari li Mavali Bani Umayya fi al-Andalus.” Hiwar al-Mutavassit 12/1 (2021).
  • Ya’qubi, Ahmad b. Abi Ya’qub Ibn Vadih al-Katib. Kitāb al-Buldān. Beyrūt: Dār al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya, n.d.
  • Zaydan, Abd Allah Ali. “Savrat al-Barbar fi Şimali Ifrikiya va In‘ikasatiha ‘ala al-Andalus.” al-Andalus Kurun min al-Takallubat va al-Ataat. Riyadh: Maktabat al-Mālik Abdulaziz al-Amma, 1996.

Endülüs Emevî Devleti’nde Askerî Teşkilatın Oluşumunda Farklı Etnik Grupların Etkisi

Year 2024, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 691 - 710, 30.11.2024
https://doi.org/10.33931/dergiabant.1502072

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Endülüs Emevî Devleti'nin askerî yapısındaki çeşitli etnik grupların katkılarını ve bu grupların devletin güvenlik stratejilerinde nasıl rol oynadığını incelemektedir. Nitel araştırma yöntemleri, tarihi belge analizi ve etnografik teknikler kullanılarak hazırlanan bu araştırma, farklı etnik grupların askerî teşkilatın oluşumuna hangi açılardan etki ettikleri problemi üzerine odaklanmaktadır. Devletin kuruluş sürecinde Araplar, askerî teşkilatta merkezi roller üstlenmiş, ancak isyanlar sonucunda tasfiye edilerek yerlerine Mevâli ve Sakâlibe gibi sadık gruplar getirilmiştir. Benzer şekilde, Muvalledler ve Berberiler de ordu içinde önemli roller üstlenmiş, fakat zayıf yönetimler döneminde isyan etmişlerdir. Bulgular, bu isyanların devletin askerî yapısındaki yeniden yapılandırmaları tetiklediğini ve etnik çeşitliliğin güvenlik stratejilerinin belirlenmesinde kritik bir rol oynadığını göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak, bazı dönemlerde belirli etnik gruplar öne çıkarken, isyan etmelerinden güven unsurunun zedeleyen gruplar devlet tarafından tasfiye edilmişlerdir. Bunun sonucunda, güven ve sadakat ilkesi esas alınarak yeni bir teşkilatlanmaya gidildiği görülmüştür.

References

  • Abd al-Ḥalīm, Ramazan. “Sahib al-Madina fi al-Andalus Hilali Asr al-Umayyad (422-138/756-1031)”. Macallat Adab va Ulum al-Insani 88/2 (2019).
  • al-Hamawi, Shihab al-Din Abi Abd Allah Yaqut b. Abd Allah Yaqut. Mu'cam al-Buldān. Beyrūt: Dāru Sādır, 1977.
  • Āl-i Ali, Nūrettin. Endülüs Tarihi. İstanbul: Ensar, 2010.
  • al-Maqdisi, Shamsuddin Muḥammad Ahmad. Ahsan al-Takasim fi Ma'rifat al-Akalim. Beyrūt: Dār al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya, 2003.
  • al-Maqdisī, Shamsuddin Ahmad. Ahsan al-Taqasim fi Ma'rifat al-Aqalim. Beyrūt: Dār al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya, 2003.
  • al-Mezrou, Abd Allah Suleiman. “Nüfūz al-Sakāliba fi al-Andalus fi Asri al-Imārat”. al-Andalus Kurūn mine’t-Tekallubāt va’l-Atāat. Riyadh: Matbaatu Mektebi Abdulaziz, 1996.
  • al-Nuvayrī, Abdul Vahhab b. Muḥammad. Nihāyat al-Arab fī funūn al-adab. Kāhīrah: Dār al-Kitab, 1992.
  • al-Sāmerrāī, Khalil Ibrāhim. Tārīkh al-ʻArab va-ḥadāratuhum fī al-Andalus. Lubnān: Dāru’l-Kitābi’l-Cedid, 2008.
  • al-Uzri, Ahmad b. ‘Umar. Nusūs ani’l-Andalus. Kāhīrah: Menşūrāti al-Ma’hadi al-dirāsāti al-Islamī, n.d. Boutchich, Ibrahim Kadir. Eser al-İkta. Rabat: Menşūrātı Ukāz, 1992.
  • Boutchich, Ibrahim Kadir. Mabāhis fi tarihi’l-ictimaī li’l-Maghrib va’l-Andalus. Beyrūt: Dāru al-Tabīa, 1997.
  • Camaluddin, Ibn Manzoor. Lisānu’l-Arab. Beyrūt: Dāru Sādır, 1993.
  • Darvish, Cassim Yāsin. – Jabbar, Hossein. Dırāsāt fi Tarihi Mudūni’l-Andalusī. Dimesq: Temūz, 2022. Ekhlas, Mohammad al-Eidi. “The Sakālibe at Bani Umayyad Palaces”. International Cournal of Humanities and Social Science, 7/6 (2017).
  • Fikrī, Ahmad. Kurtuba fi Asr al-Islami va Hadaratiha. Kāhīrah: Müessese al-Sebab, 1394.
  • Gonzálvez Ruiz, Ramón. “El Nacimiento Del Mundo Mozárabe Toledano (711-807) Un Ensayo De Historia Comparada.” Antigüedad y Cristianismo Monografías Históricas Sobre La Antigüedad Tardía. Murcia: Universidad de Murcia, 2013.
  • Hanāwī, Muḥammad. Nizam al-Asker bi'l-Andalus. Rabat: Dāru Abī Rikrāk, 2003.
  • Ibn Abd al-Hakam, Abū 'Umar Muḥammad. Futūh Ifrīqiya wa-l-Maghrib wa-l-Andalus. Lubnān: s.n. 1964.
  • Ibn al-Abbār, Abū ‘Abd Allah Muḥammad b. ‘Abdillah b. Abī Bekr al-Kudāʾī. Hulletu’s-siyerā. Kāhīrah: Dār al-Maarif, 1985.
  • Ibn al-Athir, Abū al-Hasan Izz al-Dīn Ali b. Muḥammad. al-Kāmil fi’t-tarih. Beyrūt: Dār al-Sdr, 1982.
  • Ibn al-Khatīb, Lisan ad-Din. Aʿmāl al-aʿlām fī men būyiʿa ḳable al-iḥtilām min mulūki al-Islam. Critical ed. Levi Provençal. Lubnān: Dāru al-Maksūfa, 1906.
  • Ibn al-Kūtiyya, Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. ‘Umar. Tārīhu iftitāhi al-Andalus. Critical ed. Muhamed Enis Tabb, Beyrūt: Messeset al-Maarif, 1994.
  • Ibn Hawqal, Abū al-Kasim Muḥammad b. Ali al-Nasibi. Kitab Surat al-Ard. Beyrūt: Dār al-Maktabat al-Hayat, 1996.
  • Ibn Hayyān, Abū Marvān Hayyān b. Khalaf b. Husayn b. Hayyān b. Muḥammad. al-Muqtabes fi ahbāri bilādi al-Andalus. Critical ed. Salahaddin al-Havvārī. Beyrūt: Mektebat al-Asrī, 2006.
  • Ibn Hayyān, Abū Marvān Hayyān b. Khalaf b. Husayn b. Hayyān b. Muḥammad. al-Muqtabes. Critical ed. Muḥammad Ali Mekki Beyrūt: Dāru al-Kitāb, 1973.
  • Ibn Hayyān, Abū Marvān Hayyān b. Khalaf b. Husayn b. Hayyān b. Muḥammad. al-Muqtabes. Kāhīrah: s.n. 1994.
  • Ibn Hayyān, Abū Marvān Hayyān b. Khalaf b. Husayn b. Hayyān b. Muḥammad. Kitāb al-Muktebes fi tārihi ricāli al-Andalus, Critical ed. Melchor Antuna Paris: 1937.
  • Ibn Hayyān, Abū Marvān Hayyān b. Khalaf b. Husayn b. Hayyān b. Muḥammad. al-Muktebes li Ibn Hayyān, Critical ed. Pedro Chalmeta Madrid: 1979.
  • Ibn Hazm, Abū Muḥammad Ali b. Ahmad b. Saīd. Cemhere al-Ensābi al-Arab. Beyrūt: Dār Kutūbi Ilmī, 1983.
  • Ibn Khaldun, Abdurrahman b. Muḥammad. Kitab al-Ibar va Divan al-Mubtada va al-Khabar fi Ayyam al-Arab va al-Acem va al-Berber va Man Asarahum min Dhavi al-Sultan al-Akbar. Beyrūt: Dār al-Fikr, 1988.
  • Ibn Ṣāʿid al-Andalusī, Ali b. Mūsa. al-Mugrib fi Hule'l-Magrib. Kāhīrah: Dāru al-Maarif, 1964.
  • Ibn Id̲h̲ārī, Abu al-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad al-Marrākushī. Kitāb al-bayān al-mughrib fī akhbār al-Andalus va-al-Maghrib. Beyrūt: Dāru’s-Sekāfe, 1983.
  • Imāmuddīn, S. Muḥammad. Endülüs Siyasi Tarihi. Ankara: Rehber, 1990.
  • Inan, Muḥammad Abd Allah. Davlat Al- Islam fi al-Andalus. Kāhīrah: Maktabat al-Hanci, 1969. Kennedy, Hugh. Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus. Harlov: Longman, 1996.
  • Koşdaş, Yaşar Emrah. Endülüs’ün Fethi ve Valiler Döneminde Berberiler. Istanbul: Okur, 2020.
  • Koşdaş, Yaşar Emrah. Kureyş Şahini-I. Abdurrahman Dönemi Endülüs Tarihi. Ankara: Fcr, 2021.
  • Akhbār majmūʿa. Kāhīrah: Dār al-Kitab al-Misrī, 1989.
  • Makkarī, Shihābuddin Ahmed b. Muḥammad. Nafḥ al-ṭīb min ghuṣn al-Andalus al-raṭīb. Beyrūt: Dāru Sādır, 1988.
  • Miteva, Yuliya Radoslavova. “Identidades fronterizas en el contexto andalusí: los muladíes.” Cuadernos Medievales, 2018.
  • Monis, Hussein. Facr al-Andalus. Ciddah: Dār al-Suudī, 1985.
  • Monis, Hussein. Meālimu Tarihi al-Maghrib ve’l-Andalus. Kāhīrah: Dāru al-Rashād, 2004.
  • Moreno, Eduardo Manzano. “The Settlement and Organisation of the Syrian Junds in al-Andalus”. The Formation of al-Andalus: History and Society. British: Ashgate Publishing, 1998.
  • Munāvir, Abdul Macid. Ceys al-Andalusī. Urdun: Külliyāt ed-Dırāsāt al-Ulyā, 1995.
  • Na‘ni, Abdul Macid. Tārīkh al-davlah al-Umavīyah fī al-Andalus. Beyrūt: Dār al-Nahdati’l-Arabī, 1986.
  • Nassira, Tītāh. “Nizam al-Barīd fi ahdi devleti’l-Umeyye bi’l-Endelüs”. Mecelletü Turās 3/9 2021. Özdemir, Mehmet. Endülüs’te Muvelledun Hareketleri. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 1989.
  • Pisto, Gonzales. – Gonzales, Enrico. "Sawrat al-Barbar fi Shimali Ifriqiya wa In‘ikasatiha ‘ala al-Andalus". al-Andalus Qurun min al-Takallubat wa al-Ataat. Riyadh: Maktabat al-Mālik Abdulaziz al-Amma, 1996.
  • Raḥmān, Seyd. The Story of Islamic Spain. Delhi: Goodvord, 2003.
  • Rivaya, Yasmine Beale. “The History and Evolution of the Term ‘Mozarab”. Imago Temporis. Medium Aevum IV (2010): 51-71.
  • Urfe, Mahmud. “Tanzīmāt al-Ceys al-Umawī bi-l-Andalus fī al-ʿAhd al-Khilāfah al-Hakam al-Mustansir.” Mecelletü ʿArabiyyetü li-l-ʿUlūmi’l-İnsānī 30/8 (1988).
  • Vehrani, Kudur. “al-Davr al-Siyasi va al-Idari li Mavali Bani Umayya fi al-Andalus.” Hiwar al-Mutavassit 12/1 (2021).
  • Ya’qubi, Ahmad b. Abi Ya’qub Ibn Vadih al-Katib. Kitāb al-Buldān. Beyrūt: Dār al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya, n.d.
  • Zaydan, Abd Allah Ali. “Savrat al-Barbar fi Şimali Ifrikiya va In‘ikasatiha ‘ala al-Andalus.” al-Andalus Kurun min al-Takallubat va al-Ataat. Riyadh: Maktabat al-Mālik Abdulaziz al-Amma, 1996.
There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Political and Civilization History of Islam
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Yaşar Emrah Koşdaş 0000-0002-3964-2583

Nebi Gümüş 0000-0001-9913-783X

Publication Date November 30, 2024
Submission Date June 16, 2024
Acceptance Date September 18, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 12 Issue: 2

Cite

ISNAD Koşdaş, Yaşar Emrah - Gümüş, Nebi. “The Influence of Various Ethnic Groups on the Formation of the Military Organisation in the Umayyad State in Al-Andalus”. Dergiabant 12/2 (November 2024), 691-710. https://doi.org/10.33931/dergiabant.1502072.