AZINLIKLAR, AB VATANDAŞLIĞI VE AVRUPA KİMLİĞİ-BULGARİSTAN'DAKİ TÜRKLER ARASINDA AVRUPA KİMLİĞİNİN GELİŞİMİ

Year 2020, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 407 - 432, 22.10.2020

Gülfer Tunalı

Abstract

Avrupa kıtasında gerçekleşen entegrasyon süreci, farklı grup kimlikleri arasında yeni ilişkiler kurulmasını zorunlu hale getirmiştir. Ne var ki çalışmalar genellikle AB devletlerinde egemen çoğunluğun Avrupa kimliğine odaklanmaktadır. Bu çalışma Bulgaristan'da yaşayan Türk azınlığı arasında Avrupa kimliğinin gelişimini ele almaktadır. Çalışma öncelikle Bulgaristan Türklerinin çoğunluğu için AB'ye yükledikleri anlamın Avrupalı kimliğinin gelişme(me)sinde etkili olduğunu iddia etmektedir. AB vatandaşı olarak erişeceklerini düşündükleri ekonomik refah ve medeniyet düzeyine erişilememiş olması ve yine AB vatandaşı olarak göç ettikleri ülkelerin vatandaşlarıyla eşit muamele görmedikleri inancı onların Avrupa topluluğunun ötekisi olarak hissetmesine yol açmaktadır. Bu bağlamda Türkler bireysel düzeyde kendilerini Avrupalı olarak kategorize edememektedir. Ayrıca diğer ülkelerde yaşayan Avrupalıların meselelerine ilgi duymadıkları gibi siyasi olarak da etnik bir topluluğun üyesi olarak davranmaktadır. Ekonomik ve toplumsal gelişimle, ayrıca AB vatandaşların eşitliği bağlamında bir Avrupalılığın kurulması, ileride Türkler arasında Avrupalı kimliğinin gelişmesi ve bu örüntülerin değişmesi ihtimalini de açık tutmaktadır.

Keywords

Bulgaristan'da Türk azınlığı, Avrupa kimliği, ortak kimlik, Avrupa bütünleşmesi

References

• KAYNAKÇA Anderson, B. (2006). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.
• Ashmore, R. D., Deaux, K. ve McLaughlin-Volpe, T. (2004). An Organizing Framework for Collective Identity: Articulation and Significance of Multidimensionality. Psychological Bulletin, 130(1), 80-114.
• Breakwell, G. M. (2004). Identity Change in the Context of the Growing Influence of European Union Institutions. R. K. Herrmann, T. Risse-Kappen, ve M. B. Brewer içinde, Transnational Identities: Becoming European in the EU (s. 25-39). Lanham: Rowman ve Littlefield.
• Brewer, M. B. (2001). The Many Faces of Social Identity: Implications for Political Psychology. Political Psychology, 22(1), 115-125.
• Bruter, M. (2004). On What Citizens Mean by Feeling ’European’: Perceptions of News, Symbols and Borderless-ness. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 30(1), 21–39.
• Bruter, M. (2005). Citizens of Europe? The emergence of a mass European identity.Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Castano, E. (2004). European identity: A social-psychological perspective. R. K. Herrmann, T.Risse-Kappen, ve M. B. Brewer (Yay. Haz.). Transnational identities: Becoming European in the EU (s. 40-58). Lanham: Rowman ve Littlefield.
• Cederman, L.-E. (2001). Nationalism and bounded integration: What it would take to construct a European demos. European Journal of International Relations, 7/2, 139-174.
• Citrin, J., ve Sides, J. (2004). More than nationals: How identity choice matters in the new Europe.R. K. Herrmann, T. Risse-Kappen, ve M. B. Brewer (Yay. Haz.). Transnationalidentities: Becoming European in the EU (s. 161-185). Lanham: Rowman ve Littlefield
• David, O. ve Bar-Tal, D. (2009). A Sociopsychological Conception of Collective Identity: The Case of National Identity as an Example. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 354-379.
• Delanty, G. (1995). Inventing Europe: Idea, identity, reality. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Doğan, A. (1999/2000). Za Bılgarskiya Etniçeski Model (Bulgaristan'ın Etnik Modeli Üzerine). A. Doğan içinde, Bılgariya i Noviyat Svetoven Red (Bulgaristan ve Yeni Dünya Düzeni) (s. 41-53). Sofya: İnstitut za Liberalni İzsledvaniya.
• Duchesne, S. ve Frognier, A.-P. (2008). National and European Identifications: A Dual Relationship. Comparative European Politics, 6(2), 143-168. European Commission. (15 Temmuz 1997). Commission Opinion on Bulgaria’s Application for Membership of the European Union. http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/archives/pdf/dwn/opinions/bulgaria/bu-op_en.pdf, (25.12.2011)
• European Commission. (6 Ekim 2004). 2004 Regular Report on Bulgaria's Progress towards Accession. http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/archives/pdf/key_documents/2004/rr_bg_2004_en.pdf (25.12.2011)
• Eder, K. (2009). A Theory of Collective Identity: Making Sense of the Debate on a ‘European Identity’. European Journal of Social Theory, 12(4), 427–447.
• Eisenstadt, S. N. ve Giesen, B. (1995). The Construction of Collective Identity. European Journal of Society, 36(1), 72-102.
• Favell, A. (2010). European identity and European citizenship in three ‘Eurocities’: A sociological approach to the European Union. Politique Europeenne, 30, 187–224.
• Fligstein, N. (2008). Euroclash: The EU, European Identity, and the Future of Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Fligstein, N., Polyakova, A. ve Sandholtz, W. (2012). European integration, nationalism and European identity. Journal of Common Market Studies, 50/1, 106-122.
• Fotev, G. (1994). Drugiyat etnos (Öteki etnos). Sofya: Akademiçno İzdatelstvo "Marin Drinov".
• Giesen, B. (1993). Die Intellektuellen und die Nation. Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp.
• Habermas, J. (1995). Citizenship and National Identity: Some Reflections on the Future of Europe. R. Beiner içinde, Theorizing Citizenship (s. 255-282). Albany: State University of New York Press.
• Habermas, J. (2003). Toward a cosmopolitan Europe. Journal of Democracy, 14/4, 86-100.
• Habermas, J. (2004). Why Europe needs a constitution. E. O. Eriksen, J. E. Fossum ve A. J. Menendez (Yay. Haz.). Developing a constitution for Europe (s. 17-33). London ve New York: Routledge.
• Habermas, J. ve Derrida, J. (2003). February 15, or what binds Europeans together: A plea for a common foreign policy, beginning in the core of Europe. Constellations, 10/3, 291-297.
• Herrmann, R., ve Brewer, M. B. (2004). Identities and Institutions: Becoming European in the EU. R. K. Herrmann, T. Risse-Kappen ve M. B. Brewer içinde, Transnational Identities: Becoming European in the EU (s. 1-22). Lanham: Rowman ve Littlefield.
• Karolewski, I. P. ve Kaina, V. (2006). European Identity: Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Insights. Münster: LIT Verlag.
• Kohli, M. (2000). The battlegrounds of European identity. European Societies, 2/2, 113-137.
• Hogg, M. A. ve Abrams, D. (2006). Social identifications: A social psychology of ıntergroup relations and group processes. Florence, US: Routledge.
• Höpken, W. (1997). From religious identity to ethnic mobilisation: The Turks of Bulgaria before, under and since communism. H. Poulton ve S. Taji-Farouki (Yay. Haz.). Muslim identity and the Balkan state (s. 54-81). London: C. Hurst ve Co.
• Kaina, V. (2009). Wir in Europa: Kollektive Identität und Demokratie in der Europäischen Union. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
• Kohli, M. (2000). The battlegrounds of European identity. European Societies, 2/2, 113-137.
• Kösebalaban, H. (2007). The permanent “other”? Turkey and the question of European identity. Mediterranean Quarterly, 18/4, 87-111.
• Mahon, M. (1999). The Turkish Minority under Communist Power-Politics of Ethnicity and Power. Journal of Sourhern Europe and the Balkans, 1(2), 149-162.
• Maier, M. L., ve Risse, T. (2003). Europeanization, Collective Identities and Public Discourses (IDNET). Final Report. http://cordis.europa.eu/documents/documentlibrary/82608121EN6.pdf, (20.03.2010).
• Marcussen, M., Risse, T., Engelmann-Martin, D., Knopf, H. J. ve Roscher, K. (1999). Constructing Europe? The evolution of French, British and German nation state identities. Journal of European Public Policy, 6/4, 614-633.
• Medrano, J. D. ve Gutierrez, P. (2001). Nested identities: National and European identity in Spain. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 24/5, 753-778.
• Medrano, J. D. (2003). Framing Europe: Attitudes to European integration in Germany, Spain,and the United Kingdom. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Meinhof, U. H. (2004). Europe Viewed from Below : Agents, Victims and the Threat of the Other. R. K. Herrmann, T. Risse-Kappen ve M. B. Brewer içinde, Transnational Identities : Becoming European in the EU (s. 214-244). Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield.
• Meyer, T. (2009). Europäische Identität. T. Meyer ve J. Eisenberg içinde, Europäische Identität als Projekt: Innen - und Außensichten (s. 15-30). Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
• Müftüler‐Bac, M. (1998). The never‐ending story: Turkey and the European Union. Middle Eastern Studies, 34(4), 240-258. Natsionalen Statiçeski İnstitut (2011). Prebroyavane 2011: okonçatelni danni (Nüfus sayımı 2011: kesin veriler). http://www.nsi.bg/census2011/newsbg.php?n=68,%20 adresinden erişildi. (E.T.: 06.05.2017).
• Neumann, I. B. (1999). Uses of the Other: The" East" in European Identity Formation. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
• Rechel, B. (2007). State Control of Minorities in Bulgaria. Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 23(3), 352-370.
• Rechel, B. (2008). What has limited the EU's impact on minority rights in accession countries?.East European Politics ve Societies, 22/1, 171-191.
• Rechel, B. (2009). Minority rights in Central and Eastern Europe. London: Routledge.
• Risse, T. (2002). Nationalism and Collective Identities: Europe versus the Nation-State? P. Heywood, E. Jones ve M. Rhodes içinde, Developments in West European Politics (s. 77–93). Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Risse, T. (2004). European institutions and identity change: What have we learned. R. K. Herrmann, T. Risse-Kappen, ve M. B. Brewer (Yay. Haz.). Transnational identities: Becoming European in the EU (s. 247-271). Lanham: Rowman ve Littlefield.
• Risse, T. (2010). A Community of Europeans? Transnational Identities and Public Spheres. Ithaca, NY; London: Cornell University Press.
• Rumelili, B. (2008). Negotiating Europe: EU-Turkey relations from an identity perspective. Insight Turkey, 10/1, 97-110.
• Segal, D. A. ve Handler, R. (2006). Cultural Approaches to Nationalism. G. Delanty ve K. Kumar içinde, The SAGE Handbook of Nations and Nationalism (s. 57-65). London: SAGE Publications.
• Smith, A. D. (1992). National Identity and the Idea of European Unity. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), 68(1), 55-76.
• Spohn, W. (2005). National Identities and Collective Memory in an Enlarged Europe. K. Eder ve W. Spohn içinde, Collective Memory and European Identity: The Effects of Integration and Enlargement (s. 1-14). Alderson: Ashgate.
• Stets, J. E. ve Burke, P. J. (2000). Identity theory and social identity theory. Social Psychology Quarterly, 63/3, 224-237.
• Shore, C. (2000). Building Europe: The Cultural Politics of European Integration. London: Routledge.
• Thoits, P. A. ve Virshup, L. K. (1997). Me’s and We's: Forms and Functions of Social Identities. R. D. Ashmore ve L. Jussim içinde, Self and identity: Fundamental Issues. (s. 106-133). New York: Oxford University Press.
• Tibi, B. (2013). European identity contested? M. Tamcke, J. d. Jong, L. Klein ve M. v. Waal (Yay. Haz.). Europe - Space for Transcultural Existence (s. 47-56). Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Götingen.
• Todorova, M. (2009). Imagining the Balkans. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Triandafyllidou, A. (2008). Popular Perceptions of Europe and the Nation: the Case of Italy. Nations and Nationalism, 14(2), 261-282.
• Tunalı, G. (2017). Bulgaristan'da Türk Azınlığın Etnik, Ulusal ve Avrupa Kimliği. Asos Journal, 5 (46), 388-408 doi : http://dx.doi.org/10.16992/asos.12334
• Weiler, J. H. (2010). To be a European Citizen: Eros and Civilization. K. Goldmann, U. Hannerz ve C. Westin içinde, Nationalism and Internationalism in the Post-Cold War Era (s. 170-194). London : Routledge. Wendt, A. (1994). Collective identity formation and the international state. American Political Science Review, 88/2, 384-396.
• Westle, B. (2003). Europäische Identifikation im Spannungsfeld Regionaler und Nationaler Identitäten. Theoretische Überlegungen und Empirische Befunde. Politische Vierteljahresschrift, 44(4), 453-482.
• Zahariev, B. (2004). The Treatment of Ethnic Turks by the Bulgarian Communist Party and their Status Quo. www.ithaca.edu/hs/depts/history/histjourndocs/spring04/turkishminorities.pdf, (03.01.2012).