Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

ÇEVRESEL İNOVASYON YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİNİ ARTIRIYOR MU? TÜRKİYE EKONOMİSİ ÜZERİNE AMPİRİK BİR UYGULAMA

Year 2022, Volume: 24 Issue: 3, 1007 - 1024, 30.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.1105662

Abstract

Ülke ekonomilerinde sürdürülebilir ekonomik büyüme ve kalkınma en önemli makroekonomik hedefler arasında yer almaktadır. Enerji ise ekonomik büyümenin gerçekleştirilmesi için en önemli girdiler arasında bulunmaktadır. Özellikle fosil yakıtlardan elde edilen enerji açısından kıt kaynaklara sahip olan Türkiye ekonomisinde, yenilenebilir enerji stratejik öneme sahiptir. İktisadi büyümenin çevre üzerindeki etkisi açısından karbon emisyonunun düşük olmasını sağlayan inovatif faaliyetler çevresel inovasyon olarak ifade edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada Türkiye ekonomisinde 1990-2018 örneklem döneminde çevresel inovasyon ile yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi ilişkisi incelenmektedir. Söz konusu ilişkinin incelendiği modele kontrol değişken olarak ekonomik büyüme ve doğrudan yabancı yatırım değişkenleri eklenmiştir. Modelde yer alan değişkenlerin birim kök süreci ADF birim kök testiyle incelenmiştir. Söz konusu değişkenler arasındaki uzun dönemli ilişki Pesaran vd. (2001) tarafından geliştirilmiş olan ARDL sınır testi ile araştırılmıştır. ARDL sınır testi bulguları eşbütünleşme ilişkisinin varlığını ortaya koymuştur. Eşbütünleşme katsayılarının tutarlılığını saptamak için hem ARDL hem de FMOLS ve CCR tahmincileri kullanılmıştır. Ampirik bulgular tüm tahmincilerde benzer sonuçları ortaya koymuştur. Bulgulara göre; çevresel inovasyon, ekonomik büyüme ve doğrudan yabancı yatırım değişkenlerinde meydana gelen artışlar, yenilenebilir enerji tüketimini azaltıcı etkiye sebep olmaktadır.

References

  • Akintande, O. J., Olubusoye, O. E., Adenikinju, A.F. & Olanrewaju, B.T. (2020). “Modeling the Determinants of Renewable Energy Consumption: Evidence from the Five Most Populous Nations in Africa, Energy, 206, 1-11.
  • Akyol, M. & Mete, E. (2021a). “Çevresel Teknolojik İnovasyonların CO2 Emisyonu Üzerindeki Etkisi: OECD Ülkeleri Örneği”, İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, 71(2), 569-590.
  • Akyol, M. & Mete, E. (2021b). “Çevresel İnovasyon, Ekonomik Büyüme ve Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımların Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi Üzerine Etkisi”, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (48), 393-406.
  • Apergis, N., Payne J. E., Menyah, K., & Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2010). “On the Causal Dynamics Between Emissions, Nuclear Energy, Renewable Energy, and Economic Growth”, Ecological Economics, 69, 2255-2260.
  • Assi, A. F., Isiksal, A. Z. & Tursoy, T. (2021). “Renewable Energy Consumption, Financial Development, Environmental Pollution, and Innovations in the ASEAN+3 Group: Evidence from (P-ARDL) Model”, Renewable Energy, 165, 689-700.
  • Banerjee, A. Dolado, J. & Mestre, R. (1998). “Error-Correction Mechanism Tests for Cointegration in a Single-Equation Framework”, Journal of Time Series Analysis, 19(3), 267-283.
  • Brown, R. L., Durbin, J. & Evans, J. M. (1975). “Techniques for Testing the Constancy of Regression Relations Over Time”, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B, 37, 149-92.
  • Cadoret, I. & Padovano, F. (2016). “The Political Drivers of Renewable Energies Policies”. Energy Economics, 56, 261–269.
  • Çiftçi, C. & Aykaç, G. (2011). “İçsel Büyüme Modelleri ve Küreselleşme Sürecinde Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerin Konumları”, Sosyoekonomi, 14 (14), 159-180.
  • Dickey, D. A. & Fuller, W. A. (1979). “Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root”. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74-366, 427-431.
  • Doğan, E. & Doğan, B. Ö. (2021). “Finansal Gelişme ve İnovasyon, Türkiye’de Yenilenebilir Enerji Üretimini Artırıyor mu?”, Turkish Studies - Economy, 16(2), 783-797.
  • Duran, M. S. (2020). “BRICS-T Ülkelerinde Enerji Tüketiminin Belirleyicileri: Ekonometrik Bir Uygulama”, Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Konya.
  • Ekinci, A. (2011). “Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımların Ekonomik Büyüme ve İstihdama Etkisi: Türkiye Uygulaması (1980-2010)”, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 6(2), 71-96.
  • Emirmahmutoğlu, F. ve Köse, N. (2011). “Testing for Granger Causality in Heterogeneous Mixed Panels”, Economic Modelling, 28(3), 870-876.
  • Engle, R. F. & Granger, C. W. J. (1987). “Cointegration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation and Testing”, Econometrica, 55, 251-276.
  • Erdinç, Z. & Aydınbaş, G. (2020). “Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketiminin Belirleyicileri Üzerine Panel Veri Analizi”, Journal of Social, Humanities and Administrative Sciences, 6(24), 346-358.
  • Gengenbach, C., Urbain, J. P. & Westerlund, J. (2008). “Panel Error Correction Testing with Global Stochastic Trends (Updated Version of Research Memorandum 2008-051). Maastricht: METEOR, Maastricht Research School of Economics of Technology and Organization.
  • Hansen, B. E. & Phillips, P. C. B. (1990). “Estimation and Inference in Models of Cointegration: a Simulation Study”, Advances in Econometrics, 8, 225-248.
  • Hashmi, R. & Alam, K. (2019). “Dynamic Relationship Among Environmental Regulation, Innovation, CO2 Emissions, Population, and Economic Growth in OECD Countries: A Panel Investigation”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 231, 1100-1109.
  • IRENA. (2022). International Renewable Energy Agency http://resourceirena.irena.org/gateway/dashboard/?topic=4&subTopic=16, (Erişim Tarihi: 12.02.2022).
  • Johansen, S. & Juselius, K. (1990). “Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inference on Cointegration with Applications to the Demand for Money”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52, 169-210.
  • Khan, A., Chenggang, Y., Hussain, J. & Kui, Z. (2021). “Impact of Technological Innovation, Financial Development and Foreign Direct Investment on Renewable Energy, Non-Renewable Energy and the Environment in Belt & Road Initiative Countries”, Renewable Energy, 171, 479-491.
  • Kıratoğlu, E. & Dinçel, İ. Y. (2021). “Türkiye’de İç Göç Olgusunun Todaro Paradoksu Çerçevesinde Analizi: ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı”, İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, 71(2), 527-548.
  • Li, J., Zhang, X., Ali, S. & Khan, Z. (2020). “Eco-innovation and Energy Productivity: New Determinants of Renewable Energy Consumption”, Journal of Environmental Management, 271, 1-7.
  • Lin, B. & Moubarak, M. (2014). “Renewable Energy Consumption-Economic Growth Nexus for China”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 40, 111-117.
  • Lin, B., Omoju, O. E., Nwakeze, N. M., Okonkwo, J. U. & Megbowon, E. T. (2016). “Is the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis a Sound Basis for Environmental Policy in Africa?”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 133, 712-724.
  • Marques, A. C. & Fuinhas, J.A. (2011). “Drivers Promoting Renewable Energy: A Dynamic Panel Approach”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 1601–1608.
  • Narayan, S. & Narayan, P. P. (2004). “Determinats of Demand of Fiji’s Exports: an Empirical Investigation”, The Developing Economics, 17(1), 95-11.
  • OECD. (2022). https://stats.oecd.org/, (Erişim Tarihi: 01.04.2022).
  • Park, J. Y. (1992). “Canonical Cointegrating Regressions”, Econometrica, 60(1), 119-143.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. & Smith, R. J. (2001). “Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16, 289-326.
  • Sadorsky, P. (2009). “Renewable Energy Consumption and Income in Emerging Economies”, Energy Policy, 37, 4021-4028.
  • Tuğcu, C. T., Öztürk, I. & Aslan, A. (2012). “Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth Relationship Revisited: Evidence from G7 Countries”, Energy Economics, 34, 1942-1950.
  • Wang, J., Zhang, S. & Zhang, Q. (2021). “The Relationship of Renewable Energy Consumption to Financial Development and Economic Growth in China”, Renewable Energy, 170, 897-904.
  • WDI. (2022). World Bank Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators#, (Erişim Tarihi: 01.01.2022).
  • Yardımcı, P. (2006). “İçsel Büyüme Modelleri ve Türkiye ekonomisinde İçsel Büyümenin Dinamikleri”, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, (1), 96-114.
  • Zhao, X., Ma, Q. & Yang, R. (2013). “Factors Influencing CO2 Emissions in China's Power Industry: Co-Integration Analysis”, Energy Policy, 57, 89-98.

IS ENVIRONMENTAL INNOVATION INCREASING RENEWABLE ENERGY CONSUMPTION? AN EMPIRICAL APPLICATION ON TURKEY ECONOMY

Year 2022, Volume: 24 Issue: 3, 1007 - 1024, 30.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.1105662

Abstract

Sustainable economic growth and development in national economies are among the most important macroeconomic targets. Energy is among the most important inputs for the realization of economic growth. Renewable energy has strategic importance especially in the Turkish economy, which has scarce resources in terms of energy obtained from fossil fuels. Innovative activities that ensure low carbon emissions in terms of the impact of economic growth on the environment are expressed as environmental innovation. In this study, the relationship between environmental innovation and renewable energy consumption in the 1990-2018 sample period in the Turkish economy is examined. Economic growth and foreign direct investment variables were added as control variables to the model in which the said relationship was examined. The unit root process of the variables in the model was examined with the ADF unit root test. The long-run relationship between these variables Pesaran et al. (2001) developed by ARDL bounds test. ARDL bounds test findings revealed the existence of a cointegration relationship. In order to determine the consistency of the cointegrating coefficients, both ARDL and FMOLS and CCR estimators were used. According to the findings; Increases in environmental innovation, economic growth and foreign direct investment variables cause a reduction in renewable energy consumption.

References

  • Akintande, O. J., Olubusoye, O. E., Adenikinju, A.F. & Olanrewaju, B.T. (2020). “Modeling the Determinants of Renewable Energy Consumption: Evidence from the Five Most Populous Nations in Africa, Energy, 206, 1-11.
  • Akyol, M. & Mete, E. (2021a). “Çevresel Teknolojik İnovasyonların CO2 Emisyonu Üzerindeki Etkisi: OECD Ülkeleri Örneği”, İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, 71(2), 569-590.
  • Akyol, M. & Mete, E. (2021b). “Çevresel İnovasyon, Ekonomik Büyüme ve Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımların Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi Üzerine Etkisi”, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (48), 393-406.
  • Apergis, N., Payne J. E., Menyah, K., & Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2010). “On the Causal Dynamics Between Emissions, Nuclear Energy, Renewable Energy, and Economic Growth”, Ecological Economics, 69, 2255-2260.
  • Assi, A. F., Isiksal, A. Z. & Tursoy, T. (2021). “Renewable Energy Consumption, Financial Development, Environmental Pollution, and Innovations in the ASEAN+3 Group: Evidence from (P-ARDL) Model”, Renewable Energy, 165, 689-700.
  • Banerjee, A. Dolado, J. & Mestre, R. (1998). “Error-Correction Mechanism Tests for Cointegration in a Single-Equation Framework”, Journal of Time Series Analysis, 19(3), 267-283.
  • Brown, R. L., Durbin, J. & Evans, J. M. (1975). “Techniques for Testing the Constancy of Regression Relations Over Time”, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B, 37, 149-92.
  • Cadoret, I. & Padovano, F. (2016). “The Political Drivers of Renewable Energies Policies”. Energy Economics, 56, 261–269.
  • Çiftçi, C. & Aykaç, G. (2011). “İçsel Büyüme Modelleri ve Küreselleşme Sürecinde Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerin Konumları”, Sosyoekonomi, 14 (14), 159-180.
  • Dickey, D. A. & Fuller, W. A. (1979). “Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root”. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74-366, 427-431.
  • Doğan, E. & Doğan, B. Ö. (2021). “Finansal Gelişme ve İnovasyon, Türkiye’de Yenilenebilir Enerji Üretimini Artırıyor mu?”, Turkish Studies - Economy, 16(2), 783-797.
  • Duran, M. S. (2020). “BRICS-T Ülkelerinde Enerji Tüketiminin Belirleyicileri: Ekonometrik Bir Uygulama”, Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Konya.
  • Ekinci, A. (2011). “Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımların Ekonomik Büyüme ve İstihdama Etkisi: Türkiye Uygulaması (1980-2010)”, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 6(2), 71-96.
  • Emirmahmutoğlu, F. ve Köse, N. (2011). “Testing for Granger Causality in Heterogeneous Mixed Panels”, Economic Modelling, 28(3), 870-876.
  • Engle, R. F. & Granger, C. W. J. (1987). “Cointegration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation and Testing”, Econometrica, 55, 251-276.
  • Erdinç, Z. & Aydınbaş, G. (2020). “Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketiminin Belirleyicileri Üzerine Panel Veri Analizi”, Journal of Social, Humanities and Administrative Sciences, 6(24), 346-358.
  • Gengenbach, C., Urbain, J. P. & Westerlund, J. (2008). “Panel Error Correction Testing with Global Stochastic Trends (Updated Version of Research Memorandum 2008-051). Maastricht: METEOR, Maastricht Research School of Economics of Technology and Organization.
  • Hansen, B. E. & Phillips, P. C. B. (1990). “Estimation and Inference in Models of Cointegration: a Simulation Study”, Advances in Econometrics, 8, 225-248.
  • Hashmi, R. & Alam, K. (2019). “Dynamic Relationship Among Environmental Regulation, Innovation, CO2 Emissions, Population, and Economic Growth in OECD Countries: A Panel Investigation”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 231, 1100-1109.
  • IRENA. (2022). International Renewable Energy Agency http://resourceirena.irena.org/gateway/dashboard/?topic=4&subTopic=16, (Erişim Tarihi: 12.02.2022).
  • Johansen, S. & Juselius, K. (1990). “Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inference on Cointegration with Applications to the Demand for Money”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52, 169-210.
  • Khan, A., Chenggang, Y., Hussain, J. & Kui, Z. (2021). “Impact of Technological Innovation, Financial Development and Foreign Direct Investment on Renewable Energy, Non-Renewable Energy and the Environment in Belt & Road Initiative Countries”, Renewable Energy, 171, 479-491.
  • Kıratoğlu, E. & Dinçel, İ. Y. (2021). “Türkiye’de İç Göç Olgusunun Todaro Paradoksu Çerçevesinde Analizi: ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı”, İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, 71(2), 527-548.
  • Li, J., Zhang, X., Ali, S. & Khan, Z. (2020). “Eco-innovation and Energy Productivity: New Determinants of Renewable Energy Consumption”, Journal of Environmental Management, 271, 1-7.
  • Lin, B. & Moubarak, M. (2014). “Renewable Energy Consumption-Economic Growth Nexus for China”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 40, 111-117.
  • Lin, B., Omoju, O. E., Nwakeze, N. M., Okonkwo, J. U. & Megbowon, E. T. (2016). “Is the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis a Sound Basis for Environmental Policy in Africa?”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 133, 712-724.
  • Marques, A. C. & Fuinhas, J.A. (2011). “Drivers Promoting Renewable Energy: A Dynamic Panel Approach”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 1601–1608.
  • Narayan, S. & Narayan, P. P. (2004). “Determinats of Demand of Fiji’s Exports: an Empirical Investigation”, The Developing Economics, 17(1), 95-11.
  • OECD. (2022). https://stats.oecd.org/, (Erişim Tarihi: 01.04.2022).
  • Park, J. Y. (1992). “Canonical Cointegrating Regressions”, Econometrica, 60(1), 119-143.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. & Smith, R. J. (2001). “Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16, 289-326.
  • Sadorsky, P. (2009). “Renewable Energy Consumption and Income in Emerging Economies”, Energy Policy, 37, 4021-4028.
  • Tuğcu, C. T., Öztürk, I. & Aslan, A. (2012). “Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth Relationship Revisited: Evidence from G7 Countries”, Energy Economics, 34, 1942-1950.
  • Wang, J., Zhang, S. & Zhang, Q. (2021). “The Relationship of Renewable Energy Consumption to Financial Development and Economic Growth in China”, Renewable Energy, 170, 897-904.
  • WDI. (2022). World Bank Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators#, (Erişim Tarihi: 01.01.2022).
  • Yardımcı, P. (2006). “İçsel Büyüme Modelleri ve Türkiye ekonomisinde İçsel Büyümenin Dinamikleri”, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, (1), 96-114.
  • Zhao, X., Ma, Q. & Yang, R. (2013). “Factors Influencing CO2 Emissions in China's Power Industry: Co-Integration Analysis”, Energy Policy, 57, 89-98.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Sefa Özbek 0000-0002-1043-2056

Bahar Oğul 0000-0002-4335-9086

Publication Date September 30, 2022
Submission Date April 19, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 24 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Özbek, S., & Oğul, B. (2022). ÇEVRESEL İNOVASYON YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİNİ ARTIRIYOR MU? TÜRKİYE EKONOMİSİ ÜZERİNE AMPİRİK BİR UYGULAMA. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 24(3), 1007-1024. https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.1105662