Determining the effect of an electromagnetic field generated by a high voltage power line on rat spermatogonia cells

Year 2018, Volume: 45 Issue: 4, 447 - 461, 13.12.2018

Mehmet Cihan Yavaş Veysi Akpolat Engin Deveci Hakki Murat Bilgin İbrahim Kaplan Ugur Seker İsmail Yildiz Esref Alkis Mustafa Salih Celik Mehmet Zülküf Akdağ

https://doi.org/10.5798/dicletip.497923

Cited By: 2

Abstract

Objective: Purpose
of the study was to research the effect of an electromagnetic field created by
a high voltage line on the testes tissue and the serum biochemistry of Wistar
albino male rats. At the same time, in the study also examined the protective
effects of melatonin and ganoderma lucidum.

Methods: In
the study, 64 rats were divided into eight equal groups (n: 8). In experiments
lasting 26 and 52 days, the following groups were used: High voltage (HV), HV +
Ganoderma lucidum (GI), HV + Melatonin (MEL), and Sham-control. MEL (10 mg/kg)
was administered intraperitoneally and GI (20 mg/kg) as oral lavage. Extremely
low frequency electric (80.3 V/m) and magnetic fields (2.48 µT) were applied
for eight hours per day.

Results:
The biochemical results of the study show an increase in total oxidant status (TOS)
and oxidative stress index (OSI) level and a decrease in total antioxidant
status (TAS) level in the 26 and 52 day high voltage groups, compared to the
control group. In the high voltage groups, the nitric oxide (NO) value
increased with the increase of the exposure period. Testicular mass (p>0.05),
TAS, TOS, OSI and NO (p<0.05) were found at 26 days of comparison. Testicular
weight, TAS, TOS, OSI (p<0.05), and NO (p>0.05) were found in 52 day
comparisons. In routine histopathology data, we detected effects on both the 26
and 52 day HV groups, such as degeneration in spermatic cells and full
structural deterioration and increasing hyalinisation. We also detected an step
up in the ligament cell in the tubular field for the 52-day test groups. In
melatonin added group, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells
were more active. TUNEL assay analysis showed that there was no significant
difference between the the 26 day experiment groups (p>0.05), but that there
was a significant dissimilarity between the 52 day experiment groups
(p<0.05).

Conclusions:
In our study, the oxidative effect of created by a high voltage results in
changes in serum biochemistry of rats and a number of degenerative
deterioration in the histological structure of testes. Aslo, it is shown that
the oxidative effect created by a high voltage has negative effects on the creation
of spermatogonia. GI partly protects against these effects, while melatonin is
more effective in this regard.

Keywords

Melatonin, ganoderma, high voltage, electromagnetic field, spermatogonia, antioxidant

References

• 1. Simkó M. Induction of cell activation processes by low frequency electromagnetic fields. Sci World J. 2004; 4: 4-22.
• 2. Wang X, Zhao K, Wang D, et al. Effects of exposure to a 50 Hz sinusoidal magnetic field during the early adolescent period on spatial memory in mice. Bioelectromagnetics. 2013; 34: 275-84.
• 3. Johansen C. Electromagnetic fields and health effects-epidemiologic studies of cancer, diseases of the central nervous system and arrhythmia-related heart disease. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2004; 30: 1-30.
• 4. Borhani N, Rajaei F, Salehi Z, et al. Analysis of DNA fragmentation in mouse embryos exposed to an extremely low- frequency electromagnetic field. Electromagn Biol Med. 2011; 30: 246-52.
• 5. Daşdağ S, Akdağ MZ, Ulukaya E, et al. Effect of mobile phone exposure on apoptotic glial cells and status of oxidative stress in rat brain. Electromagn Biol Med. 2009; 28: 342-354.
• 6. Steger K, Aleithe I, Behre H, et al. The proliferation of spermatogonia in normal and pathological human seminiferous epithelium: an immunohistochemical study using monoclonal antibodies against ki- 67 protein and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Mol Hum Reprod. 1998; 4: 227-33.
• 7. Paterson RRM. Ganoderma- a therapeutic fungal biofactory. Phytochemistry 2006; 67: 1985-2001.
• 8. Smina TP, De S, Devasagayam TP, et al. Ganoderma lucidum total triterpenes prevent radiation- induced DNA damage and apoptosis in splenic lymphocytes in vitro. Mutat Res. 2011; 726: 188-94.
• 9. Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Osuna C, et al. Actions of melatonin in the reduction of oxidative stress. J Biomed Sci. 2000; 7: 444-58.
• 10. Erel O. A new automated colorimetric method for measuring total oxidant status. Clin Chem. 2005; 38: 1103-11.
• 11. Cortas NK, Wakid NW. Determination of inorganic nitrate in serum and urine by a kinetic cadmium - reduction method. Clin Chem. 1990; 36: 1440-3.
• 12. Demir R. Histological Staining Techniques. 1st ed. Ankara, Turkey: Palme Press, 2001, pp.9-10.
• 13. Hess RA, Moore BJ. Histological methods for evulation of the testis, In: Methods in Toxicology, Volume 3A, New York, USA: Academic Press, Inc, 1993, pp.52-85.
• 14. Negoescu A, Lorimier P, L Moeur F, et al. In situ apoptotic cell labeling by the TUNEL method: improvement and evaluation on cell preparations. J Histochem Cytochem. 1996; 44: 959-68.
• 15. Khaki A, Heidari M, Ghaffari NM, et al. Adverse effects of ciprofloxacin on testis apoptosis and sperm parameters in rats. Iran J Reprod Med. 2008; 6: 14-20.
• 16. Dutta D, Park I, Mills NC. Fixation temperature affects DNA integrity in the testis as measured by the TUNEL assay. Toxicol Pathol. 2012; 40: 667-74.
• 17. Amara S, Abdelmelek H, Garrel C, et al. Effects of subchronic exposure to static magnetic field on testicular function in rats. Arch Med Res. 2006; 37: 947-52.
• 18. Rajaei F, Farokhi M, Ghasemi N, et al. Effects of extremely low- frequency magnetic field on mouse epididymis and deferens ducts. Iran J Reprod Med. 2009; 7: 85-9.
• 19. Akdağ MZ, Daşdağ S, Bilgin HM, et al. Alteration of nitric oxide production in rats exposed to a prolonged, extremely low- frequency magnetic field. Electromagn Biol Med. 2007; 26: 99-106.
• 20. Cocuzza M, Sikka SC, Athayde KS, et al. Clinical relevance of oxidative stress and sperm chromatin damage in male infertility: an evidence based analysis. Int Braz J Urol. 2007; 33: 603-21.
• 21. Akpınar D, Ozturk N, Ozen S, et al. The effect of different strengths of extremely low - frequency electric fields on antioxidant status, lipid peroxidation, and visual evoked potentials. Electromagn Biol Med. 2012; 31: 436-48.
• 22. Nie S, Zhang H, Li W, et al. Current development of polysaccharides from Ganoderma: isolation, structure and bioactivities. Bioact Carbohydr Dietary Fibre. 2013; 1: 10-20.
• 23. Henshaw DL, Reiter RJ. Do magnetic fields cause increased risk of childhood leukemia via melatonin disruption? BEMS. 2005; 26: 86-97.
• 24. Zecca L, Mantegazza C, Margonato V, et al. Biological effects of prolonged exposure to ELF electromagnetic fields in rats: III. 50 Hz electromagnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics. 1998; 19: 57-66.
• 25. Doğan MS, Yavaş MC, Günay A, et al. The protective effect of melatonin and ganoderma lucidum against the negative effects of extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields on pulp structure in rat teeth. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. 2017; 31: 979-88.
• 26. Khayyat L. The histopathological effects of an electromagnetic field on the kidney and testis of mice. Eurasia J Biosci. 2011; 5: 103-9.
• 27. Jimênez- Garcia MN, Arellanes- Robledo J, Aparicio- Bautista DI, et al. Anti- proliferative effect of extremely low frequecny electromagnetic field on preneoplastic lesions formation in the rat liver. BMC Cancer. 2010; 10: 159.
• 28. Kısaoğlu A, Borekci B, Yapca EO, et al. Tissue damage and oxidant/antioxidant balance. Eurasian J Med. 2003; 45: 47-9.
• 29. Loo DT. In situ detection of apoptosis by the TUNEL assay: an overview of techniques. Methods Mol Biol. 2011; 682: 3-13.
• 30. Kim HS, Jang HJ, Lee SK, et al. The continuous exposure of 60 Hz 5 μT magnetic fields may affect sperm motility in mouse. The bioelectromagnetics society 32nd annual meeting. BEMS Supp Data. 2010; pp. 2-4.