Research Note

Maritime Insurance Fraud and Diplomatic Corruption: The Caroline Case as Preserved in Ottoman Legal Literature and Overlooked in American Diplomatic History

Number: 2 September 30, 2025
EN TR

Maritime Insurance Fraud and Diplomatic Corruption: The Caroline Case as Preserved in Ottoman Legal Literature and Overlooked in American Diplomatic History

Abstract

Almost all significant events in the history of international law are recorded, but some, regardless of their importance, are not included in the records. One of these neglected events is the “Caroline Case”, which took place in the port of Santa Catarina, Brazil, and touched upon various areas of international law, from maritime law to diplomatic law and ship insurance fraud. Although this event isnot mentioned in almost any modern international law sources, it was meticulously documented by an Ottoman statesman, Hasan Fehmi Pasha, who was far from the American continent. Hasan Fehmi Pasha documented the event in such detail that there is almost noother source that covers the subject more extensively. Pasha's interest in this matter was not a coincidence. During the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire was in a process of modernization, closely examining Western legal systems and following international legal developments. This situation clearly demonstrates how closely 19th-century Ottoman intellectuals and statesmen followed developments in international law, their deep interest in global legal matters, and their competence in this field. This examplealso reveals the international dimension of Ottoman legal literature, the capacity of Ottoman jurists operating in a multilingual academic environment, and their original contributions to contemporary legal debates. This also proves that 19th-century Ottoman intellectuals were an active part of the global legal network. In this context, this work aims to introduce into modern international law literature an event that is almost non-existent in 21st-century English literature and has been overlooked by modern jurists. It achieves this by using a comparative methodology to evaluate how the event was detailed in a work written in Ottoman Turkish and comparing the similarities and differences in other contemporary works that touch upon the subject.

Keywords

References

  1. Erozan, Boğaç. “Türkiye'de Uluslararası İlişkiler Disiplininin Uzak Tarihi: Hukuk-ı Düvel (1859-1945).”Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi11, no. 43 (Aralık 2014): 53-80. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.552667.
  2. Hasan Fehmi, Telhis-i Hukuk-ı Düvel, Tab'-ı sâni (Dersaadet: Mahmud Bey Matbaası, 1326 [1910]), pp. 78-82.
  3. Lawrence F. Hill, Diplomatic Relations Between the United States and Brazil(Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1932), pp. 207-210.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

International Trade and Investment Law, Space, Maritime and Aviation Law

Journal Section

Research Note

Publication Date

September 30, 2025

Submission Date

August 19, 2025

Acceptance Date

September 25, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Number: 2

APA
Öğütcü, O. (2025). Maritime Insurance Fraud and Diplomatic Corruption: The Caroline Case as Preserved in Ottoman Legal Literature and Overlooked in American Diplomatic History. DiHA: Journal of Interdisciplinary Legal Studies, 2, 71-77. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17035176
AMA
1.Öğütcü O. Maritime Insurance Fraud and Diplomatic Corruption: The Caroline Case as Preserved in Ottoman Legal Literature and Overlooked in American Diplomatic History. DiHA. 2025;(2):71-77. doi:10.5281/zenodo.17035176
Chicago
Öğütcü, Osman. 2025. “Maritime Insurance Fraud and Diplomatic Corruption: The Caroline Case As Preserved in Ottoman Legal Literature and Overlooked in American Diplomatic History”. DiHA: Journal of Interdisciplinary Legal Studies, nos. 2: 71-77. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17035176.
EndNote
Öğütcü O (September 1, 2025) Maritime Insurance Fraud and Diplomatic Corruption: The Caroline Case as Preserved in Ottoman Legal Literature and Overlooked in American Diplomatic History. DiHA: Journal of Interdisciplinary Legal Studies 2 71–77.
IEEE
[1]O. Öğütcü, “Maritime Insurance Fraud and Diplomatic Corruption: The Caroline Case as Preserved in Ottoman Legal Literature and Overlooked in American Diplomatic History”, DiHA, no. 2, pp. 71–77, Sept. 2025, doi: 10.5281/zenodo.17035176.
ISNAD
Öğütcü, Osman. “Maritime Insurance Fraud and Diplomatic Corruption: The Caroline Case As Preserved in Ottoman Legal Literature and Overlooked in American Diplomatic History”. DiHA: Journal of Interdisciplinary Legal Studies. 2 (September 1, 2025): 71-77. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17035176.
JAMA
1.Öğütcü O. Maritime Insurance Fraud and Diplomatic Corruption: The Caroline Case as Preserved in Ottoman Legal Literature and Overlooked in American Diplomatic History. DiHA. 2025;:71–77.
MLA
Öğütcü, Osman. “Maritime Insurance Fraud and Diplomatic Corruption: The Caroline Case As Preserved in Ottoman Legal Literature and Overlooked in American Diplomatic History”. DiHA: Journal of Interdisciplinary Legal Studies, no. 2, Sept. 2025, pp. 71-77, doi:10.5281/zenodo.17035176.
Vancouver
1.Osman Öğütcü. Maritime Insurance Fraud and Diplomatic Corruption: The Caroline Case as Preserved in Ottoman Legal Literature and Overlooked in American Diplomatic History. DiHA. 2025 Sep. 1;(2):71-7. doi:10.5281/zenodo.17035176