Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Türkmence ve Uygurcada Yaklaşma: Bazı özellikleri üzerine

Year 2022, Volume: 16 Issue: 30, 183 - 197, 31.05.2022
https://doi.org/10.54316/dilarastirmalari.1103035

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Doğu Oğuz Türk dilleri grubunda yer alan Türkmencede ve Kıpçak Doğu Türk dilleri grubunda bulunan Uygurcada anlamını şekillendiren gramer ve sözlüksel mekanizmalar incelenecektir. Her iki dilde de bu anlamı ifade eden yapıların {tas} işaretleycisini içermesi ilgi çekicidir. Bu benzerliğin yanı sıra, yapılarda biçimsel ve anlamsal değişiklikler görülmektedir: {tas} işaretleycisinin Türkmencede özerk ve fiile bağlı olmadığı görülürken, Uygurcada onun, Kal- fiilin bir bileşeni, yani {tas Kal-} ‘az kal-/yaklaş-’ şekilinde kullanımında olduğunu görmek mümkündür. Ayrıca, Uygurca kompleks bir fiil yapısını sunurken, Türkmencedeki fiil biçim oldukça sadedir. Çalışmada, yukarıda adı geçen özelliklerin incelenmesi ve karşılaştırılmasıyla birlikte, {tas} işaretleycisinin iki dilde farklı işlevlere üstlendiğini, onun çeşitli gramerleşme sürecinden geçmiş oduğu ve Türkmencedeki kökü {tas-/taz-/tis-} kökenli fiillere dayanabileceğine dair başlangıç niteliğinde varsayımlar öne sürülmüştür.

References

  • Baskakov, N.A. & Chamzaev, M. Ya. (1964). Sravnitel’naja grammatika russkogo i turkmenskogo jazykov. Ashgabat: Turkmenskoje izdatel’stvo.
  • Benzing, J. & Menges, K. H. (1959). Classification of the Turkic languages. In J. Deny et al. (Eds.), Philologiae Turcicae Fundamenta, Band 1, (pp. 1-10). Wiesbaden: By Franz Steiner Verlag.
  • Borgoyakova, K. N. & Burnakova T. N. (2021). Peculiarities of the semantics and functions of the Khakas from -galah in a sentence. Turkic Studies Journal, vol. 3 (2), 54-63.
  • Čaryjarov, B. & Altajev, S. (Eds.) (1987). Bolshoj russko-turkmenskij slovar’ v 2 tomach. Moscow: Russkij jazyk. Bybee, J. L., Perkins, R., Pagliuca, W. (1994). The evolution of Grammar: Tense, Aspect and Modality in the Languages of the World. The University of Chicago Press.
  • Chamzayev M.Ya. (1962). Türkmen diliniň sözlügi. Ashchabad: Iz-vo AN TSSR. Clark, L. Turkmen Reference Grammar (1998). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Comrie, B. (1976). Aspect. An introduction to the study of verbal aspect and related problems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Demir, N. (1993). Postverbien im Türkeitürkischen. Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung eines südanatolischen Dorfdialekts. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
  • Deveci, B. C. (2021). Eski Uygur Tükçesinde -gAlI kılın- Birleşik Fiil Yapısı Üzerine. Dil Araştırmaları, 28, 143-159.
  • Dobrushina, N. R. (2006). Grammatičeskiye formy i konstruktcii so značenijem opasenija i predostereženija” [The grammatical forms and constructions with the meaning of apprehension and warning], Voprosy jazykoznanija, 2, 28–67.
  • Džanmamov, Ju. D. (1967). Dejepričastija v kumykskom literaturnom jazyke sravnitel’no s drugimi tjurkskimi yazykami” [Gerundivs in the Kumyk literary language comparing to different Turkic languages]. Moscow: Nauka.
  • Doğan, T (2015). Mut Yöresi Ağzında „Yaklaşma“ Bildiren -DI oldu- ve -(y)IK oluġ Yapıları. Türk Dünyası İncelemeleri Dergisi, 15 (1), 105-114.
  • Gökçe, F. (2007). Eski Türkçede {-GalIr / -KAlIr} Eki Üzerine. Türkbilig, 14, 97-115.
  • Gökçe, F. (2013). Gramerleşme Teorisi ve Türkçe Fiil Birleşmeleri. Ankara: Türk Kültürünü Araştırma Enstitüsü.
  • Günşen, A. (2011). Dîvânu Lugati’t-Türk’te „Yaklaşma“ Bildiren Fiiller. Turkish Studies, 6 (1), 235-248.
  • Haspelmath, M. (1989). From Purposive to Infinitive – A universal path of Grammaticization. Folia Linguistica Historica, 10, 287-310.
  • Haspelmath, M. (1999). Why is grammaticalization irreversible? Linguistics, 37(6), 1043-68.
  • Heine, B. & Clausi, U. & Hünnemeyer, F. (1991). Grammaticalization: A Conceptual Framework. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Heine, B. & Kuteva, T. (2004). World Lexicon of Grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hopper, P. J. & Traugott, E. (2003). Grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Johanson, L. (2017). Prospectives and proximatives. In A. Korn & I. Nevskaya (Eds.), Prospective and Proximative in Turkic, Iranian and beyond (pp. 29-35). Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag.
  • Karakoç, B. (2017). Nogayca Çokfiilli Yüklemler: Fiillerden Gelişmiş Dilbilgisel Biçimlere Bütüncül Bir Bakış. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 27, 189-216.
  • Kuteva, T. (1998). On Identifying an Evasive Gram: Action Narrowly Averted. Studies in Language, 22(1), 113-160.
  • Kuteva, T. (2001). Auxiliation. An Enquiry into the Nature of Grammaticalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Memtimin, A. (2017). The Proximative in Modern Uyghur and Uzbek. In A. Korn & I. Nevskaya (Eds.), Prospective and Proximative in Turkic, Iranian and beyond (pp. 359-371). Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag.
  • Nadžip, E. N. (1968). Ujgursko-russkiy slovar’ [The Uyghur-Russian dictionary]. Moscow: Iz-vo Sovetskaja Enciklopedija.
  • Nevskaya, I. & Tazhibayeva, S. The Category of Proximative in the North-Western Turkic languages. Kazakh and Kirghiz in a Comparative Perspective. In A. Korn & I. Nevskaya (Eds.), Prospective and Proximative in Turkic, Iranian and beyond (pp. 347-359). Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag.
  • Nevskaya, I. (2010). The Old Turkic form -galI. In M. Kappler et al. (Eds.), Trans-Turkic Studies. Festschrift in Honour of Marcel Erdal. Türk Dilleri Araştırmaları Dizisi 49, (pp. 155.166). İstanbul: Mehmet Ölmez. Nyýazow, S. (2009). Türkmen dili. Aşgabat.
  • Pekarskij E.K. (1959). Slovar‘ jakutskogo jazyka. Tom III, 2-je izd., Moscow: Nauka.
  • Radlov V.V. (1905). Радлов В.В. Opyt slovar’a t’urkskiсh narechij. 3 (1). Sankt-Petersburg: Typographija Rossijcskoj Imperatorskoj Akademii nauk.
  • Raquette, G. (1912). Eastern Turki grammar: practical and theoretical with vocabulary. Berlin: Reichsdruckerei.
  • Rentzsch, J. (2015). Modality in the Turkic Languages. Form and Meaning from a Historical and Comparative Perspective. Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag.
  • Sadvakasov G. (1976). Jazyk ujgurov ferganskoj doliny: leksika, morfologija i jazykovaja interferencija [The language of Uyghurs of Ferghana Valley: Lexicon, morphology and language interference]. Moscow: Nauka.
  • Sakhatova, G. S. (2018). Apprehensive in Cypriot Turkish. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies, 10 (3), 315-329.
  • Tenišev, Ė. R (Ed.) (2002). Sravnitel’no-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: regional’nyje rekonstrukciji [Comparative grammar of Turkic languages: Regional reconstructions]. Moscow: Nauka. Čaryjarov, B. and Altajev S. (1987). Bol’šoj russko-turkmenskij slovar [The Big Russian-Turkmen dictionary]. Moscow: Russkij jazyk.
  • Yakup, A. (2005). The Turfan Dialect of Uyghur. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Shzerbak A.M. (1961). Nazvanija domashnich i dikich zhivotnych v t’urkskikh yazykach. In Istoricheskoje razvitije leksiki t’urkskikh jazykov (pp. 82-172). Moscow: Nau

Avertive marking in Turkmen and Uyghur: On some characteristic features

Year 2022, Volume: 16 Issue: 30, 183 - 197, 31.05.2022
https://doi.org/10.54316/dilarastirmalari.1103035

Abstract

The following paper aims to draw attention to grammatical markers and lexical units that shape the avertive meaning ‘action narrowly averted’ in two Turkic languages: Turkmen as an East Oghuz Turkic language, and Uyghur as a Kipchak East Turkic language. It is attested that in both languages the speakers, expressing this meaning use the marker {tas}. In Turkmen {tas} occurs autonomously and is not bound to the verb form, while in Uyghur it appears as an integral constituent of the analytical verbal form {tas Kal-} ‘to be near/little left’. As far as for the verbal forms, Uyghur offers a weight-bearing verbal structure, while the verbal form in Turkmen is rather simple. Describing and contrasting these formal and semantic properties, the paper discusses that: a) the functions of the marker {tas} differ in both languages, b) {tas} in Turkmen has become a grammaticalized marker and its conceivable lexical origin are likely the Turkmen motion verbs with the roots {tas-/taz-/tis-}.

References

  • Baskakov, N.A. & Chamzaev, M. Ya. (1964). Sravnitel’naja grammatika russkogo i turkmenskogo jazykov. Ashgabat: Turkmenskoje izdatel’stvo.
  • Benzing, J. & Menges, K. H. (1959). Classification of the Turkic languages. In J. Deny et al. (Eds.), Philologiae Turcicae Fundamenta, Band 1, (pp. 1-10). Wiesbaden: By Franz Steiner Verlag.
  • Borgoyakova, K. N. & Burnakova T. N. (2021). Peculiarities of the semantics and functions of the Khakas from -galah in a sentence. Turkic Studies Journal, vol. 3 (2), 54-63.
  • Čaryjarov, B. & Altajev, S. (Eds.) (1987). Bolshoj russko-turkmenskij slovar’ v 2 tomach. Moscow: Russkij jazyk. Bybee, J. L., Perkins, R., Pagliuca, W. (1994). The evolution of Grammar: Tense, Aspect and Modality in the Languages of the World. The University of Chicago Press.
  • Chamzayev M.Ya. (1962). Türkmen diliniň sözlügi. Ashchabad: Iz-vo AN TSSR. Clark, L. Turkmen Reference Grammar (1998). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Comrie, B. (1976). Aspect. An introduction to the study of verbal aspect and related problems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Demir, N. (1993). Postverbien im Türkeitürkischen. Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung eines südanatolischen Dorfdialekts. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
  • Deveci, B. C. (2021). Eski Uygur Tükçesinde -gAlI kılın- Birleşik Fiil Yapısı Üzerine. Dil Araştırmaları, 28, 143-159.
  • Dobrushina, N. R. (2006). Grammatičeskiye formy i konstruktcii so značenijem opasenija i predostereženija” [The grammatical forms and constructions with the meaning of apprehension and warning], Voprosy jazykoznanija, 2, 28–67.
  • Džanmamov, Ju. D. (1967). Dejepričastija v kumykskom literaturnom jazyke sravnitel’no s drugimi tjurkskimi yazykami” [Gerundivs in the Kumyk literary language comparing to different Turkic languages]. Moscow: Nauka.
  • Doğan, T (2015). Mut Yöresi Ağzında „Yaklaşma“ Bildiren -DI oldu- ve -(y)IK oluġ Yapıları. Türk Dünyası İncelemeleri Dergisi, 15 (1), 105-114.
  • Gökçe, F. (2007). Eski Türkçede {-GalIr / -KAlIr} Eki Üzerine. Türkbilig, 14, 97-115.
  • Gökçe, F. (2013). Gramerleşme Teorisi ve Türkçe Fiil Birleşmeleri. Ankara: Türk Kültürünü Araştırma Enstitüsü.
  • Günşen, A. (2011). Dîvânu Lugati’t-Türk’te „Yaklaşma“ Bildiren Fiiller. Turkish Studies, 6 (1), 235-248.
  • Haspelmath, M. (1989). From Purposive to Infinitive – A universal path of Grammaticization. Folia Linguistica Historica, 10, 287-310.
  • Haspelmath, M. (1999). Why is grammaticalization irreversible? Linguistics, 37(6), 1043-68.
  • Heine, B. & Clausi, U. & Hünnemeyer, F. (1991). Grammaticalization: A Conceptual Framework. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Heine, B. & Kuteva, T. (2004). World Lexicon of Grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hopper, P. J. & Traugott, E. (2003). Grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Johanson, L. (2017). Prospectives and proximatives. In A. Korn & I. Nevskaya (Eds.), Prospective and Proximative in Turkic, Iranian and beyond (pp. 29-35). Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag.
  • Karakoç, B. (2017). Nogayca Çokfiilli Yüklemler: Fiillerden Gelişmiş Dilbilgisel Biçimlere Bütüncül Bir Bakış. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 27, 189-216.
  • Kuteva, T. (1998). On Identifying an Evasive Gram: Action Narrowly Averted. Studies in Language, 22(1), 113-160.
  • Kuteva, T. (2001). Auxiliation. An Enquiry into the Nature of Grammaticalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Memtimin, A. (2017). The Proximative in Modern Uyghur and Uzbek. In A. Korn & I. Nevskaya (Eds.), Prospective and Proximative in Turkic, Iranian and beyond (pp. 359-371). Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag.
  • Nadžip, E. N. (1968). Ujgursko-russkiy slovar’ [The Uyghur-Russian dictionary]. Moscow: Iz-vo Sovetskaja Enciklopedija.
  • Nevskaya, I. & Tazhibayeva, S. The Category of Proximative in the North-Western Turkic languages. Kazakh and Kirghiz in a Comparative Perspective. In A. Korn & I. Nevskaya (Eds.), Prospective and Proximative in Turkic, Iranian and beyond (pp. 347-359). Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag.
  • Nevskaya, I. (2010). The Old Turkic form -galI. In M. Kappler et al. (Eds.), Trans-Turkic Studies. Festschrift in Honour of Marcel Erdal. Türk Dilleri Araştırmaları Dizisi 49, (pp. 155.166). İstanbul: Mehmet Ölmez. Nyýazow, S. (2009). Türkmen dili. Aşgabat.
  • Pekarskij E.K. (1959). Slovar‘ jakutskogo jazyka. Tom III, 2-je izd., Moscow: Nauka.
  • Radlov V.V. (1905). Радлов В.В. Opyt slovar’a t’urkskiсh narechij. 3 (1). Sankt-Petersburg: Typographija Rossijcskoj Imperatorskoj Akademii nauk.
  • Raquette, G. (1912). Eastern Turki grammar: practical and theoretical with vocabulary. Berlin: Reichsdruckerei.
  • Rentzsch, J. (2015). Modality in the Turkic Languages. Form and Meaning from a Historical and Comparative Perspective. Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag.
  • Sadvakasov G. (1976). Jazyk ujgurov ferganskoj doliny: leksika, morfologija i jazykovaja interferencija [The language of Uyghurs of Ferghana Valley: Lexicon, morphology and language interference]. Moscow: Nauka.
  • Sakhatova, G. S. (2018). Apprehensive in Cypriot Turkish. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies, 10 (3), 315-329.
  • Tenišev, Ė. R (Ed.) (2002). Sravnitel’no-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: regional’nyje rekonstrukciji [Comparative grammar of Turkic languages: Regional reconstructions]. Moscow: Nauka. Čaryjarov, B. and Altajev S. (1987). Bol’šoj russko-turkmenskij slovar [The Big Russian-Turkmen dictionary]. Moscow: Russkij jazyk.
  • Yakup, A. (2005). The Turfan Dialect of Uyghur. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Shzerbak A.M. (1961). Nazvanija domashnich i dikich zhivotnych v t’urkskikh yazykach. In Istoricheskoje razvitije leksiki t’urkskikh jazykov (pp. 82-172). Moscow: Nau
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Language Studies
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Gulshen Sakhatova 0000-0001-7642-035X

Publication Date May 31, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 16 Issue: 30

Cite

APA Sakhatova, G. (2022). Avertive marking in Turkmen and Uyghur: On some characteristic features. Dil Araştırmaları, 16(30), 183-197. https://doi.org/10.54316/dilarastirmalari.1103035