Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

The Development of Manichean Script in Old Uyghurs

Year 2020, Issue: 21, 83 - 100, 20.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.30767/diledeara.623160

Abstract

Manichaeism and Manichean texts are important fields of study for the researchers of both Ancient Iranian and Turkic languages. During the first half of the 20th century, numerous extremely valuable manuscripts and archaeological items from the Old Uyghur Kingdom period were found in the Turfan oasis located in east of Uyghur Autonomous Region in China especially in expeditions by German archaeological teams. Most of these works were brought to the museums and research centers in Europe. Today, the largest archives of Manichean texts are located in the Turfan Studies department of Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities and the Museum of Asian Art in Berlin. In these large archives of various works, there are many manuscripts containing both religious and non-religious texts belonging to the Manichaean Iranian and Turkic corpus. In our article, the origin of Manichean script, the appearance of Manichean letters, numbers and the other signs in the texts are explained in general. Furthermore, how the tradition of writing had developed and changed was comparatively explained with examples taken from both Middle Iranian and Old Uyghur texts. The texts studied in this study are mainly from the collection of Turfan Studies department of Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities. In this paper the following texts were analyzed: M17, M172, M47, Shapuragan text, M473, M475, M477, M482, M472, M470 (in Middle Persian); M5, M6, M47 (in Parthian); M178, M172 (in Sogdian); U74, London and Berlin fragments of Xwastwanift (in Old Uyghur). 

References

  • Andreas, F. C. - W. B. Henning (1932), “Mitteliranische Manichaica aus Chinesisch-Turkestan I”, SPAW. Phil-hist. Kl., s. 173-222.
  • Andreas, F. C. - W. B. Henning (1933), “Mitteliranische Manichaica aus Chinesisch-Turkestan II”, SPAW. Phil.-hist. Kl., s. 292-363.
  • Andreas, F. C. - W. B. Henning (1934), “Mitteliranische Manichaica aus Chinesisch-Turkestan III”, SPAW. Phil.-hist. Kl., s. 846-912.
  • Bennett, P. R. (1984), Comparative, Semitic Linguistics A Manuel. Indiana.
  • Boyce, M. (1960), A Catalogue of the Iranian Manuscripts in Manichean Script in the German Turfan Collection. Berlin. (DAW. Institut für Orientforschung. 45.)
  • Clark, L. (2013), Uygur Manichaean Texts. Volume II: Liturgical Texts. Text, Translation, Commentary, Turnhout. (Corpus fontium Manichaeorum. Series Turcica 2)
  • Colditz, I. (2013), “Die Manuskriptologie der iranisch-manichäischen Turfantexte”, Handbuch der Iranistik, Ed. L. Paul. Wiesbaden, s. 352-360.
  • Durkin-Meisterernst, D. (2000), “Erfand Mani die manichäische Schrift?”, Studia Manichaica. IV. Internationaler Kongreß zum Manichäismus, Berlin 14.-18. Juli 1997, Ed. Ronald E. Emmerick, W. Sundermann and P. Zieme. Berlin, s. 161-178. (Berichte und Abhandlungen. BBAW. Sonderband. 4.)
  • Durkin-Meisterernst, D. (2004), Dictionary of Manichaean Texts. Vol. III: Texts from Central Asia and China. Part 1: Dictionary of Manichaean Middle Persian and Parthian. Turnhout. (Corpus fontium Manichaeorum: Subsidia.)
  • Durkin-Meisterernst, D. (2014), Grammatik des Westmitteliranischen (Partisch und Mittelpersisch). Wien, 2014. (ÖAW. Sitzungsberichte der Phil.-hist. Kl. 850. Veröffentlichungen zur Iranistik 73. Grammatica Iranica. 1.)
  • Duval, R. (1881), Traité de Grammaire Syriaque. Paris.
  • Faulmann, K. (1986), Das Buch der Schrift: enthaltend die Schriftzeichen und Alphabete aller Zeiten und aller Völker des Erdkreises. Hildesheim-Zürich-New York.
  • Gandz. S. (1932-33), “Hebrew Numerals”, American Academy for Jewish Research, (4), s. 53-112.
  • Kara, Gy. (1996), “Aramaic Scripts for Altaic Languages”, The World’s Writing Systems, Ed. P. T. Daniels - W. Bright. New York - Oxford, s. 536-556.
  • Le Coq, A. von. (1911), “Dr. Stein’s Turkish Khustuanift From Tun-huang, Being a Confession-Prayer of The Manichæn Auditores”, JRAS, s. 277-314.
  • Le Coq, A. von. (1912), Türkische Manichaica aus Chotcho I. Berlin, 1912. (APAW. Phil.-hist. Kl. 1911. Anhang: Abhandlungen nicht zur Akademie gehöriger Gelehrter. 6.) [Tıpkıbasım: SEDTF 1, 393-451]
  • Le Coq, A. von. (1919), Türkische Manichaica aus Chotcho II. Berlin. (APAW. Phil.-hist. Kl. 1919:3) [Tıpkıbasım: SEDTF 1, 452-464]
  • MacKenzie, D. N. (1971), A concise Pahlavi dictionary. London.
  • Montgomery, J. A. (1913), Aramaic Incantation Texts from Nippur, Philadelphia.
  • Morano, E. (2007), “A Working Catalogue of the Berlin Sogdian Fragments in Manichaean Script”, Iranian Languages and Text from Iran and Turan Ronald E. Emmerick Memorial Volume, Ed. M. Macuch, M. Maggi and W. Sundermann, Wiesbaden, s. 239-270. (Iranica. 13.)
  • Müller, F. W. K. (1904), Handschriften-Reste in Estrangelo-Schrift aus Turfan, Chinesisch-Turkistan. II. Teil. Berlin, 1904. (AKPAW 1904. Anhang: Abhandlungen nicht zur Akademie gehöriger Gelehrter. Philosophische und historische Abhandlungen. 2.) [tıpkıbasım: SEDTF 3, 7-123]
  • Nöldeke, T. (1880), Kurzgefasste Syrische Grammatik, Leipzig.
  • Özbay, B. (2010), Maniheist Uygur Metinlerinin Envanterinin Hazırlanması, (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi) Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Özbay, B. (2014), Huastuanift Manihaist Uygurların Tövbe Duası, Ankara. (AKDTYK TDK 1127. Eski Uygurca Kütüphanesi 3.) [2. baskı 2019]
  • Özbay, B. (2015), “Manihaist Orta İran ve Eski Uygur Metinlerinde /t/ ve /ṯ/ seslerinin yazımı”, Türk Dilleri Araştırmaları-Summer-2013, Vol. 23,1. İstanbul.
  • Özbay, B. (2016), The Paleographical Analysis of the Manichean Script for Middle Iranian and Old Uyghur Texts, (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi) Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Özbay, B. (2017), “The Orthography of the Rounded Vowels in Old Uyghur Manichean Texts”, 9th International Conference of the IAMS to be held at the University of Turin and MAO, Turin, Italy, 11th September-15th September 2017. (Baskıda)
  • Özertural, Z. (2008), Der uigurische Manichäismus, Neubearbeitung von Texten aus Manichaica I und III von Albert v. Le Coq, Wiesbaden. (VdSUA. 74.)
  • Pedersen, N. A., & J. M. Larsen (2013), Manichaean Texts in Syriac, Turnhout. Sims-Williams, N. (1981), “The Sogdian Sound-System and the Origins of the Uyghur Script”, JA 269, 347-360.
  • Sundermann, W. (1997), “The Manichaean Texts in Languages and Scripts of Central Asia”, Languages and Scripts of Central Asia, Ed. S. Akiner and N. Sims-Williams, London, s. 39-45.
  • Wilkens, J. (2000), Alttürkische Handschriften. Teil 8. Manichäisch-türkische Texte der Berliner Turfansammlung, Stuttgart. (VOHD 13, 16)
  • Zieme, P. (1975), Manichäisch-türkische Texte. Texte, Übersetzung, Anmerkungen, Berlin. (BT V)

Eski Uygurlarda Mani Yazısının Gelişimi

Year 2020, Issue: 21, 83 - 100, 20.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.30767/diledeara.623160

Abstract

Manihaizm ve Manihaist metinler hem İran hem de Türk dilleri araştırmacıları için önemli bir çalışma sahasıdır. XX. yüzyılın ilk yarısında Çin’deki Uygur Özerk bölgesinin doğusunda bulunan Turfan Vadisi’nde özellikle Alman arkeoloji ekiplerince yapılan keşiflerde Eski Uygur Kağanlığı döneminden kalan son derece değerli, sayısız el yazması ve arkeolojik parça bulunmuştur. Bulunan bu eserlerin büyük bir bölümü Avrupa’daki müze ve araştırma merkezlerine getirilmiştir. Günümüzde, Manihaist metinlerin saklandığı en büyük arşivler Berlin Brandenburg Bilimler Akademisindeki Turfan Araştırmaları Merkezi ile Berlin Asya Sanatları Müzesinde yer almaktadır. Bu oldukça çeşitli eserlerin bulunduğu büyük arşivlerde Manihaist İran ve Türk külliyatına ait hem dinî hem de din dışı içerikli pek çok yazma eser mevcuttur. Makalemizde, Mani yazısının kökeni, Mani harfleri, sayılar ve diğer işaretlerin metinlerdeki görünümü genel olarak anlatılmıştır. Ayrıca, yazı geleneğinin nasıl geliştiği ve değiştiği hem İran hem de Uygur metinlerinden alınan örneklerle karşılaştırmalı olarak sunulmuştur. Makalede çalışılan eserler temel olarak Berlin Brandenburg Bilimler Akademisi, Turfan Araştırmaları Merkezinin koleksiyonundaki parçalardan oluşmaktadır. Bu çalışmada incelenmiş olan metinler şu şekildedir: M17, M172, M47, Şapuragan metni, M473, M475, M477, M482, M472, M470 (Orta Farsça); M5, M6, M47 (Partça); M178, M172 (Soğdca); U74, Huastuanift Londra ve Berlin fragmanları (Eski Uygurca).

References

  • Andreas, F. C. - W. B. Henning (1932), “Mitteliranische Manichaica aus Chinesisch-Turkestan I”, SPAW. Phil-hist. Kl., s. 173-222.
  • Andreas, F. C. - W. B. Henning (1933), “Mitteliranische Manichaica aus Chinesisch-Turkestan II”, SPAW. Phil.-hist. Kl., s. 292-363.
  • Andreas, F. C. - W. B. Henning (1934), “Mitteliranische Manichaica aus Chinesisch-Turkestan III”, SPAW. Phil.-hist. Kl., s. 846-912.
  • Bennett, P. R. (1984), Comparative, Semitic Linguistics A Manuel. Indiana.
  • Boyce, M. (1960), A Catalogue of the Iranian Manuscripts in Manichean Script in the German Turfan Collection. Berlin. (DAW. Institut für Orientforschung. 45.)
  • Clark, L. (2013), Uygur Manichaean Texts. Volume II: Liturgical Texts. Text, Translation, Commentary, Turnhout. (Corpus fontium Manichaeorum. Series Turcica 2)
  • Colditz, I. (2013), “Die Manuskriptologie der iranisch-manichäischen Turfantexte”, Handbuch der Iranistik, Ed. L. Paul. Wiesbaden, s. 352-360.
  • Durkin-Meisterernst, D. (2000), “Erfand Mani die manichäische Schrift?”, Studia Manichaica. IV. Internationaler Kongreß zum Manichäismus, Berlin 14.-18. Juli 1997, Ed. Ronald E. Emmerick, W. Sundermann and P. Zieme. Berlin, s. 161-178. (Berichte und Abhandlungen. BBAW. Sonderband. 4.)
  • Durkin-Meisterernst, D. (2004), Dictionary of Manichaean Texts. Vol. III: Texts from Central Asia and China. Part 1: Dictionary of Manichaean Middle Persian and Parthian. Turnhout. (Corpus fontium Manichaeorum: Subsidia.)
  • Durkin-Meisterernst, D. (2014), Grammatik des Westmitteliranischen (Partisch und Mittelpersisch). Wien, 2014. (ÖAW. Sitzungsberichte der Phil.-hist. Kl. 850. Veröffentlichungen zur Iranistik 73. Grammatica Iranica. 1.)
  • Duval, R. (1881), Traité de Grammaire Syriaque. Paris.
  • Faulmann, K. (1986), Das Buch der Schrift: enthaltend die Schriftzeichen und Alphabete aller Zeiten und aller Völker des Erdkreises. Hildesheim-Zürich-New York.
  • Gandz. S. (1932-33), “Hebrew Numerals”, American Academy for Jewish Research, (4), s. 53-112.
  • Kara, Gy. (1996), “Aramaic Scripts for Altaic Languages”, The World’s Writing Systems, Ed. P. T. Daniels - W. Bright. New York - Oxford, s. 536-556.
  • Le Coq, A. von. (1911), “Dr. Stein’s Turkish Khustuanift From Tun-huang, Being a Confession-Prayer of The Manichæn Auditores”, JRAS, s. 277-314.
  • Le Coq, A. von. (1912), Türkische Manichaica aus Chotcho I. Berlin, 1912. (APAW. Phil.-hist. Kl. 1911. Anhang: Abhandlungen nicht zur Akademie gehöriger Gelehrter. 6.) [Tıpkıbasım: SEDTF 1, 393-451]
  • Le Coq, A. von. (1919), Türkische Manichaica aus Chotcho II. Berlin. (APAW. Phil.-hist. Kl. 1919:3) [Tıpkıbasım: SEDTF 1, 452-464]
  • MacKenzie, D. N. (1971), A concise Pahlavi dictionary. London.
  • Montgomery, J. A. (1913), Aramaic Incantation Texts from Nippur, Philadelphia.
  • Morano, E. (2007), “A Working Catalogue of the Berlin Sogdian Fragments in Manichaean Script”, Iranian Languages and Text from Iran and Turan Ronald E. Emmerick Memorial Volume, Ed. M. Macuch, M. Maggi and W. Sundermann, Wiesbaden, s. 239-270. (Iranica. 13.)
  • Müller, F. W. K. (1904), Handschriften-Reste in Estrangelo-Schrift aus Turfan, Chinesisch-Turkistan. II. Teil. Berlin, 1904. (AKPAW 1904. Anhang: Abhandlungen nicht zur Akademie gehöriger Gelehrter. Philosophische und historische Abhandlungen. 2.) [tıpkıbasım: SEDTF 3, 7-123]
  • Nöldeke, T. (1880), Kurzgefasste Syrische Grammatik, Leipzig.
  • Özbay, B. (2010), Maniheist Uygur Metinlerinin Envanterinin Hazırlanması, (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi) Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Özbay, B. (2014), Huastuanift Manihaist Uygurların Tövbe Duası, Ankara. (AKDTYK TDK 1127. Eski Uygurca Kütüphanesi 3.) [2. baskı 2019]
  • Özbay, B. (2015), “Manihaist Orta İran ve Eski Uygur Metinlerinde /t/ ve /ṯ/ seslerinin yazımı”, Türk Dilleri Araştırmaları-Summer-2013, Vol. 23,1. İstanbul.
  • Özbay, B. (2016), The Paleographical Analysis of the Manichean Script for Middle Iranian and Old Uyghur Texts, (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi) Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Özbay, B. (2017), “The Orthography of the Rounded Vowels in Old Uyghur Manichean Texts”, 9th International Conference of the IAMS to be held at the University of Turin and MAO, Turin, Italy, 11th September-15th September 2017. (Baskıda)
  • Özertural, Z. (2008), Der uigurische Manichäismus, Neubearbeitung von Texten aus Manichaica I und III von Albert v. Le Coq, Wiesbaden. (VdSUA. 74.)
  • Pedersen, N. A., & J. M. Larsen (2013), Manichaean Texts in Syriac, Turnhout. Sims-Williams, N. (1981), “The Sogdian Sound-System and the Origins of the Uyghur Script”, JA 269, 347-360.
  • Sundermann, W. (1997), “The Manichaean Texts in Languages and Scripts of Central Asia”, Languages and Scripts of Central Asia, Ed. S. Akiner and N. Sims-Williams, London, s. 39-45.
  • Wilkens, J. (2000), Alttürkische Handschriften. Teil 8. Manichäisch-türkische Texte der Berliner Turfansammlung, Stuttgart. (VOHD 13, 16)
  • Zieme, P. (1975), Manichäisch-türkische Texte. Texte, Übersetzung, Anmerkungen, Berlin. (BT V)
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section ARTİCLES
Authors

Betul Ozbay 0000-0003-1513-0994

Publication Date March 20, 2020
Acceptance Date December 15, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2020 Issue: 21

Cite

APA Ozbay, B. (2020). Eski Uygurlarda Mani Yazısının Gelişimi. Dil Ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları(21), 83-100. https://doi.org/10.30767/diledeara.623160

Journal of Language and Literature Studies is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).