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Extracting A Social Type From Divan Poetry: The Example Of The Geda

Year 2022, Issue: 25, 109 - 142, 23.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.30767/diledeara.1091549

Abstract

Adjectives such as homeless, beggar, and forlorn describe the geda. Geda, which is one of the most frequently referenced character types in Divan literature, also holds a large place in Navā’ī’s four divans
written in Chagatai Turkish. It is also important because it is one of the main characters of the divan poetry
tradition and many divan poets including Navā’ī defines themselves as a geda. In this study, the geda, only
one of the 150-odd social types identified in our doctoral dissertation study, is discussed. While revealing
how the geda is referred to in the poems it is also aimed to present the sociological frame which is applied
to all the social types in the dissertation study. After the data obtained by scanning all the poems in divans
of Navā’ī are examined, many issues can be detected such as who the geda is, his daily life, his look, etc.
In addition to these issues, some deeper sociological points such as why a person becomes a geda, how
society looks at him, the place of the geda in social stratification, and his relation to other social types can
be determined clearly. It is seen that the poet draws a geda profile, sometimes indirectly through similes,
contrasts, or metaphors, sometimes by directly depicting it. This process is called “characterization” in
literature and “categorization” in sociology. Studying poems with a sociological framework not only contribute to a better understanding of the usage of characterization in literature it also helps us to understand
how and to what extent literature is related to social life. The similarities between the concepts of “type
character” of literature and “social type” of sociology will be shown practically; The functionality of preparing a “thematic glossary” in the process of determining the characters or social types from a literary
work will be demonstrated.

References

  • Abrams, Meyer Howard (1999), A Glossary of Literary Terms, Seventh Edition, Cornell University.
  • Almog, Oz (1998), “The Problem of Social Type: A Review”, Electronic Journal of Sociology, Vol. 3: 1, pp. 1-34.
  • Ali Şîr Nevâyî (2002), Dîvân: Bedâyiü’l-Vasat, (Prep.) Kaya Türkay, Ankara: TDK.
  • Ali Şîr Nevâyî (1996), Dîvân: Fevâyidü’l-Kiber, (Prep.) Önal Kaya, Ankara: TDK.
  • Ali Şîr Nevâyî (2003), Dîvân: Garâ’ibü’s-Sıgar, (Prep.) Günay Kut, Ankara: TDK.
  • Ali Şîr Nevâyî (2006), Dîvân: Nevâdirü’ş-Şebâb, (Prep.) Metin Karaörs, Ankara: TDK.
  • Anderson, Nels (1923), The Hobo, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Baldick, Chris (2004), The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Bouvier, John (1856), A Law Dictionary, Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States, Revised 6th Edition.
  • Bustan of Sa’di (1488), “The beggar at the mosque”, a miniature signed by Behzâd, General Egyptian Book Organization, cairo, Adab Farsi 908, pl. LXX-B.
  • Encyclopaedia Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (1998, July 20), Herāt school. https://www.britannica.com/art/Herat-school Finestone, Harold (1957), “Cats, Kicks and Color”, Social Problems, Vol. 5, pp. 3-13.
  • Foley, John Miles (1988), The Theory of Oral Composition: History and Methodology, Indiana University Press.
  • Forster, Edward Morgan (2002), Aspects of the Novel, Rosetta Books. (First Edition 1927).
  • Frye, Richard Nelson (1948), “Two Timurid Monuments in Herat”, Artibus Asiae, Vol. 11: 3, pp. 206-213.
  • Gammell, C. P. W. (2017), The Pearl of Khorasan: A History of Herat, London.
  • Günaydın, Alper (2017), Human Figures from the Dîvâns of Ali Shir Nevâ’î, Istanbul: Istanbul University, Research Institute of Turkology (Ph. D. Dissertation).
  • Kaplan, Mehmet (1976), “Nabi ve Orta İnsan Tipi”, Türk Edebiyatı Üzerine Araştırmalar I, Dergâh Yayınları, pp. 214-234.
  • Kaplan, Mehmet (1985), Tip Tahlilleri: Türk Edebiyatında Tipler, İstanbul: Dergâh Yayınları.
  • Kia, Chad (2012), “Sufi orthopraxis: Visual language and verbal imagery in medieval Afghanistan”, Word & Image, Vol. 28: 1, pp. 1-18.
  • Klapp, Orrin E. (1949), “The Fool as a Social Type”, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 55, pp. 157-162.
  • Masnavi-i Ma‘navi of Jalâl ad-Dîn Rûmî (1663), “A dog bites a blind beggar”, Walters manuscript, W.626, 82B.
  • Nichols, Tom (2007), “Secular Charity, Sacred Poverty: Picturing The Poor in Renaissance Venice”, Art History, Vol. 30: 2, pp. 139-169.
  • Niyâzi (2011), El-Lugâtu’n-Nevâʼiyye ve’l-istishâdâtu’l-Cağatâ’iyye, Nevâyî'nin sözleri ve Çağatayca tanıklar: Giriş, metin, dizinler, tıpkıbaskı. Edited by Mustafa S. Kaçalin, Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu.
  • Samizay, Rafi (1989), “Herat: Pearl of Khurasan”, Journal of the Islamic Environmental Design Research, Rome, Vol. 1: 2, pp. 86-93.
  • Simmel, Georg (1964), “The Metropolis and Mental Life”, pp. 409-427, The Sociology of George Simmel, Wolff H. Kurt (ed.), New-York: The Free Press.
  • Smith, John Thomas (2017), Lives of Famous London Beggar With Forty Portraits of the Most Remarkable. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/55285/55285-h/55285-h.htm
  • Steingass, Francis Joseph (2005), A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionaty, Including the Arabic Words and Phrases to be Met With In Persian Literature, İstanbul: Çağrı Yayınları. (First Edition 1892).
  • Strong, Samuel M. (1943), “Social Types in a Minority Group: Formulation of a Method”, American Journal of Sociology, XLVIII, pp. 563-573.
  • Subtelny, Maria Eva (1988), “Socioeconomic Bases of Cultural Patronage under the Later Timurids”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 20: 4, pp. 479-505.
  • Subtelny, Maria Eva (1991), “A Timurid Educational And Charitable Foundation: The Ikhlâṣiyya Complex Of ʿAlî Shîr Navâʾî In 15th-Century Herat And Its Endowment”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 111 (1), pp. 38-61.
  • The Smithfield Decretals, A patched tunic worn by a blind beggar, (British Library, Royal 10 E IV, fol. 110r), c. 1340.
  • Uslu, Recep (1998), “Herat”, TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi, Istanbul, Vol. 17, pp. 215-218.
  • Zorbaugh, Harvey Warren (1968), “The Dweller in Furnished Rooms: An Urban Type”, The Urban Community, edit. Ernest W. Burgess, New York: Greenwood Press. pp. 98-106. (Originally published in 1925).

Divan Şiirinden Hareketle Bir Sosyal Tipin Tespiti: Gedâ Örneği

Year 2022, Issue: 25, 109 - 142, 23.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.30767/diledeara.1091549

Abstract

Evsiz, dilenci ve kimsesi olmayan gibi sıfatlar gedâyı tanımlamaktadır. Divan edebiyatında çok sık
referans yapılan tiplerden biri olan gedâ, Nevâyî’nin Çağatay Türkçesi ile yazılmış dört divanında da
kendine geniş bir yer bulur. Pek çok divan şairi gibi Nevâyî’nin de kendini gedâ olarak tanımlaması ve
divanlarındaki en fazla atıf yapılan birkaç tipten biri olması gibi nedenlerden dolayı gedâ, oldukça dikkat çekici bir konumdadır. Bu çalışmada, doktora tez çalışmamızda tespit edilen 150 küsür tipten yalnızca biri olan gedâ ele alınmaktadır. Çalışmada, gedâ tipinin şiirlerde edebî olarak nasıl geçtiği ortaya
konulurken tezde tüm tiplere uygulanan sosyolojik şablonun bir tanıtımının yapılması da amaçlanmıştır. Nevâyî’nin divanlarındaki tüm şiirler taranarak elde edilen veri incelendiğinde gedânın kim olduğu,
gündelik hayatı, kılık kıyafeti vb. pek çok konu tespit edilebilmektedir. Bu meselelere ek olarak bir
kişinin neden gedâ durumuna düştüğü, toplumun gedâya nasıl baktığı, gedânın sosyal tabakalaşmadaki
yeri ve diğer sosyal tiplerle olan ilişkisi gibi daha derin sosyolojik noktalar da açık bir biçimde ortaya
konulabilmektedir. Şairin bazen teşbih, tezat veya istiareler yoluyla dolaylı olarak bazen de doğrudan
tasvir ederek bir gedâ profili resmettiği görülür. Bu işlem, edebiyatta “karakterizasyon” sosyolojide ise
“kategorizasyon” olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Şiirlerin sosyolojik bir çerçeve ile incelenmesi hem edebiyattaki karakter kullanımının daha iyi anlaşılmasına hem de edebiyatın sosyal hayatla nasıl ve ne kadar
bağlantılı olduğunu anlamamıza katkı sağlayacaktır. Edebiyattaki “tip” kavramı ile sosyolojinin “sosyal
tip” kavramlarının benzerliği uygulamalı olarak gösterilecek; “tematik sözlük” hazırlamanın, bir edebî
eserdeki karakter veya sosyal tipleri tespit etmedeki işlevselliği ortaya konulacaktır.

References

  • Abrams, Meyer Howard (1999), A Glossary of Literary Terms, Seventh Edition, Cornell University.
  • Almog, Oz (1998), “The Problem of Social Type: A Review”, Electronic Journal of Sociology, Vol. 3: 1, pp. 1-34.
  • Ali Şîr Nevâyî (2002), Dîvân: Bedâyiü’l-Vasat, (Prep.) Kaya Türkay, Ankara: TDK.
  • Ali Şîr Nevâyî (1996), Dîvân: Fevâyidü’l-Kiber, (Prep.) Önal Kaya, Ankara: TDK.
  • Ali Şîr Nevâyî (2003), Dîvân: Garâ’ibü’s-Sıgar, (Prep.) Günay Kut, Ankara: TDK.
  • Ali Şîr Nevâyî (2006), Dîvân: Nevâdirü’ş-Şebâb, (Prep.) Metin Karaörs, Ankara: TDK.
  • Anderson, Nels (1923), The Hobo, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Baldick, Chris (2004), The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Bouvier, John (1856), A Law Dictionary, Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States, Revised 6th Edition.
  • Bustan of Sa’di (1488), “The beggar at the mosque”, a miniature signed by Behzâd, General Egyptian Book Organization, cairo, Adab Farsi 908, pl. LXX-B.
  • Encyclopaedia Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (1998, July 20), Herāt school. https://www.britannica.com/art/Herat-school Finestone, Harold (1957), “Cats, Kicks and Color”, Social Problems, Vol. 5, pp. 3-13.
  • Foley, John Miles (1988), The Theory of Oral Composition: History and Methodology, Indiana University Press.
  • Forster, Edward Morgan (2002), Aspects of the Novel, Rosetta Books. (First Edition 1927).
  • Frye, Richard Nelson (1948), “Two Timurid Monuments in Herat”, Artibus Asiae, Vol. 11: 3, pp. 206-213.
  • Gammell, C. P. W. (2017), The Pearl of Khorasan: A History of Herat, London.
  • Günaydın, Alper (2017), Human Figures from the Dîvâns of Ali Shir Nevâ’î, Istanbul: Istanbul University, Research Institute of Turkology (Ph. D. Dissertation).
  • Kaplan, Mehmet (1976), “Nabi ve Orta İnsan Tipi”, Türk Edebiyatı Üzerine Araştırmalar I, Dergâh Yayınları, pp. 214-234.
  • Kaplan, Mehmet (1985), Tip Tahlilleri: Türk Edebiyatında Tipler, İstanbul: Dergâh Yayınları.
  • Kia, Chad (2012), “Sufi orthopraxis: Visual language and verbal imagery in medieval Afghanistan”, Word & Image, Vol. 28: 1, pp. 1-18.
  • Klapp, Orrin E. (1949), “The Fool as a Social Type”, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 55, pp. 157-162.
  • Masnavi-i Ma‘navi of Jalâl ad-Dîn Rûmî (1663), “A dog bites a blind beggar”, Walters manuscript, W.626, 82B.
  • Nichols, Tom (2007), “Secular Charity, Sacred Poverty: Picturing The Poor in Renaissance Venice”, Art History, Vol. 30: 2, pp. 139-169.
  • Niyâzi (2011), El-Lugâtu’n-Nevâʼiyye ve’l-istishâdâtu’l-Cağatâ’iyye, Nevâyî'nin sözleri ve Çağatayca tanıklar: Giriş, metin, dizinler, tıpkıbaskı. Edited by Mustafa S. Kaçalin, Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu.
  • Samizay, Rafi (1989), “Herat: Pearl of Khurasan”, Journal of the Islamic Environmental Design Research, Rome, Vol. 1: 2, pp. 86-93.
  • Simmel, Georg (1964), “The Metropolis and Mental Life”, pp. 409-427, The Sociology of George Simmel, Wolff H. Kurt (ed.), New-York: The Free Press.
  • Smith, John Thomas (2017), Lives of Famous London Beggar With Forty Portraits of the Most Remarkable. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/55285/55285-h/55285-h.htm
  • Steingass, Francis Joseph (2005), A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionaty, Including the Arabic Words and Phrases to be Met With In Persian Literature, İstanbul: Çağrı Yayınları. (First Edition 1892).
  • Strong, Samuel M. (1943), “Social Types in a Minority Group: Formulation of a Method”, American Journal of Sociology, XLVIII, pp. 563-573.
  • Subtelny, Maria Eva (1988), “Socioeconomic Bases of Cultural Patronage under the Later Timurids”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 20: 4, pp. 479-505.
  • Subtelny, Maria Eva (1991), “A Timurid Educational And Charitable Foundation: The Ikhlâṣiyya Complex Of ʿAlî Shîr Navâʾî In 15th-Century Herat And Its Endowment”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 111 (1), pp. 38-61.
  • The Smithfield Decretals, A patched tunic worn by a blind beggar, (British Library, Royal 10 E IV, fol. 110r), c. 1340.
  • Uslu, Recep (1998), “Herat”, TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi, Istanbul, Vol. 17, pp. 215-218.
  • Zorbaugh, Harvey Warren (1968), “The Dweller in Furnished Rooms: An Urban Type”, The Urban Community, edit. Ernest W. Burgess, New York: Greenwood Press. pp. 98-106. (Originally published in 1925).
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section ARTİCLES
Authors

Alper Günaydın

Publication Date March 23, 2022
Acceptance Date February 28, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Issue: 25

Cite

APA Günaydın, A. (2022). Extracting A Social Type From Divan Poetry: The Example Of The Geda. Dil Ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları(25), 109-142. https://doi.org/10.30767/diledeara.1091549

Journal of Language and Literature Studies is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).