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KOMPLİKE MANTAR ENFEKSİYONU: MUHABBET KUŞU

Year 2019, Issue: 4, 24 - 31, 15.12.2019

Abstract

Tüy dökülmesi ve kaşıntı şikâyeti ile Veteriner Fakültesi Mikrobiyoloji
Anabilim Dalına canlı olarak getirilen 1 yaşında bir
muhabbet kuşundan alınan ağız svap ve kanat tüy örnekleri mikolojik
olarak incelendi. Bu amaçla, örneklerden Sabouraud Dekstroz Agar
(SDA) ve kloramfenikol içeren SDA besiyerlerine iki seri ekimler yapılarak
bir seri 25 °C, diğeri 37 °C’de 5-7 gün inkübe edildi. İnkübasyon
süresi sonunda üreyen küf kolonilerinin; koloni büyüklüğü ve rengi,
yüzey görünümü, pigment oluşumu makroskobik olarak değerlendirildi.
Kolonilerden Laktofenol pamuk mavisi (LFPM) ile pereparatlar hazırlanarak,
mikroskopta konidiaforun uzunluğu, vesikülün şekli ve genişliği,
konidianın şekli gibi özellikler açısından mikroskobik muayene yapıldı.
Üreyen kolonilerin makroskobik ve mikroskobik incelemeleri sonucu
ağız ve kanat örneklerinden 25°C’ de üreyen iki koloni Rhizopus sp.
(beyaz-siyah kabarık), ağız örneğinden 37°C’ de üreyen koloni Scopulariopsis
sp. ve kanat örneğinden 37°C’ de üreyen koloni Aspergilus flavus
olarak tanımlandı.

References

  • Abrams, G.A., Paul-Murphy, J., Ramer, J.C., & Murphy, C.J. (2001). “Aspergillus blepharitis and dermatitis in a peregrine falcon-gyrfalcon hybrid (Falco peregrinus x Falco rusticolus)”. J. Avian Med. Surg, 15, 114-120.
  • Algabr, H.M., Alwaseai, A., Alzumir, M.A., Hassen, A.A., & Taresh, S.A. (2018). “Occurrences and frequency of fungi and detection of mycotoxins on poultry rations in Yemen”. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 42, 32, https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-018-0038-x.
  • Atasever, A., & Gümüşsoy, K.S. (2004). “Pathological, clinical and mycological findings in experimental aspergillosis infections of starlings”. J. Vet. Med. A, Physiol. Pathol. Clin. Med, 51, 19-22.
  • Barton, J.T., Daft, B.M., Read, D.H., Kinde, H., & Bickford, A.A. (1992). “Tracheal aspergillosis in 6 1/2-weekold chickens caused by Aspergillus flavus”. Avian Dis, 36, 1081-1085.
  • Beckman, B.J., Howe, C.W., Trampel, D.W., DeBey, M.C., Richard, J.L., & Niyo, Y. (1994). “Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis with intraocular invasion in 15-day-old chicks”. Avian Dis, 38, 660-665.
  • Beernaert, L.A., Pasmans, F., Van Waeyenberghe, L., Haesebrouck, F., & Martel, A. (2010). “Aspergillus infections in birds: A review”. Avian Pathol, 39, 325-331.
  • Cafarchia, C., Camarda, A., Romito, D., Campolo, M., Quaglia, N.C., Tullio, D., & Otranto, D. (2006). “Occurrence of yeasts in cloacae of migratory birds”. Mycopathologia, 161, 229-234.
  • Camin, A.M., Chabasse, D. & Guiguen, C. (1998). “Keratinophilic fungi associated with starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in Brittany, France”. Mycopathologia, 143, 9-12.
  • Carrasco, L., Lima, J.S., Halfen, D.C., Salguero, F.J., Sanchez-Cordon, P., & Becker, G. (2001). “Systemic aspergillosis in an oiled Magallanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus)”. J. Vet. Med. B, Infect. Dis. Vet. Public Health, 48, 551-554.
  • Elad, D. (2018). “Therapy of non-dermatophytic mycoses in animals”. J Fungi, 4 (120), 1-16, doi:10.3390/ jof4040120.
  • Femenia, F., Fontaine, J., Lair-Fulleringer, S., Berkova, N., Huet, D., Towanou, N., Rakotovao, F., Granet, O.I., Le Loch, G., Arné, P., & Guillot, J. (2007). “Clinical, mycological and pathological findings in turkeys experimentally infected by Aspergillus fumigatus”. Avian Pathol, 36 (3), 213-219.
  • Fırıldak, G., Asan, A., & Ökten, S. (2015). “Indoor Airborne Microfungin in Different Sections of a Poultry Processing Plant in Sakarya City, Turkey”. Mantar Dergisi, 6(2), 24-27.
  • Fischer, D., & Lierz, M. (2015). “Diagnostic procedures and available techniques for the diagnosis of aspergillosis in birds”. J. Exot. Pet Med, 24, 283-295.
  • Girma, G., Abebaw, M., Zemene, M., Mamuye, Y., & Getaneh, G. (2016). “A review on aspergillosis in poultry”. J. Vet. Sci. Technol, 7:382. doi: 10.4172/2157-7579.1000382
  • Hoppes, S., Gurfield, N., Flammer, K., Colitz, C. & Fisher, P. (2000). “Mycotic keratitis in a blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva)”. J. Avian Med. Surg, 14, 185-189.
  • Ibrahim, M.J., Kabir, J., Kwanashie, C.N., Salawudeen, M.T., & Joshua, Z. (2017). “Occurrence of mycotoxigenic fungi in poultry feeds at livebird markets, Zaria, Nigeria”. Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 15, 53-59.
  • Jung, K., Kim, Y., Lee, H,. & Kim, J.T. (2009). “Aspergillus fumigates infection in two wild Eurasian black vultures (Aegypius monachus Linnaeus) with carbofuran insecticide poisoning: a case report”. Vet. J, 179, 307-312.
  • Kelly, T.R., Vennen, K.M., Duncan, R., & Sleeman, J.M. (2004). “Lymphoproliferative disorder in a great horned owl (Bubo virginianus)”. J. Avian Med. Surg, 18, 263-268.
  • Khosravi, A.R., Shokri, H., Ziglari, T., Naeini, A.R., Mousavi, Z., & Hashemi, H. (2008). “Outbreak of severe disseminated aspergillosis in a flock of ostrich (Struthio camelus)”. Mycoses, 51, 557-559.
  • Klich, M.A. (2002). “Identification of Common Aspergillus Species”. Central Bureauvoor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 116 p. 32
  • König, H. E., Navarro, M., Zengerling, G., & Korbel, R. (2016). “Respiratory system (apparatus respiratorius), in Avian Anatomy Textbook and Colour Atlas”, 2nd Edn, eds H. E. König, R. Korbel, and H. G. Liebich (Sheffeld: 5M Publishing Ltd), 118–130.
  • Lamoth, F. (2016). “Aspergillus fumigatus-related species in clinical practice”. Front Microbiol, 7:683. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00683.
  • Larone, D.H. (2011). Medically Important Fungi 5th ed. Washington: ASM Press.
  • Lugauskas, A., Krikstaponis, A., & Sveistyte, L. (2004). Airborne fungi in industrial environments-potential agents of respiratory diseases”. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med., 11, 19-25.
  • Madadi, M.S., Ashrafi Helan, J., & Zare. P. (2014). “Mycological and pathological study of broiler mortalities associated with clinically apparent respiratory diseases”. J. Anim. Poultry Sc, 3(1), 29-37.
  • Megalla, S.E., Nassar, A.Y., Moharram, A.M., Abdel-Gawad, K.M., & Mahmoud, A.L. (1990). “Some physiological studies on fungi isolated from poultry feedstuffs”. J. Basic. Microbiol, 30(3): 165-80.
  • Miljković, B., Pavlovski, Z., Jovičić, D., Radanović, O., & Kureljušić, B. (2011). “Fungi on feathers of common clinically healthy birds in Belgrade”. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry, 27(1), 45-54.
  • Mukaratirwa, S. (2006). “Outbreak of Disseminated Zygomycosis and Concomitant Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Breeder Layer Cockerels”. J. Vet. Med. B, 53, 51–53
  • Nardoni, S., Ceccherelli, R., Rossi, G., & Mancianti, F. (2006). “Aspergillosis in Larus cachinnans michahellis: survey of eight cases”. Mycopathol, 161, 317-321.
  • Neuman, N. (2016). “Aspergillosis in domesticated birds”. J. Comp. Pathol. 155, 102-104.
  • Núñez, A., de Paz, G.A., Rastrojo, A., García, A.M., Alcamí, A., Gutiérrez-Bustillo, A.M., & Moreno, D.A. (2016). “Monitoring of airborne biological particles in outdoor atmosphere”. Part 1: Importance, variability and ratios. Inter. Microbiol 19, 1-13.
  • Öztürk, D., Adanır, R., & Turutoglu, H. (2009). “Superficial Skin Infection with Scopulariopsis brevicaulis in Two Goats”. A Case Report. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy, 53: 361-363.
  • Perelman, B., & Kuttin, E. (1992). “Zygomycosis in ostriches”. Avian Pathol, 21, 675-680.
  • Sabino, R., Burco, J., Valente, J., Veríssimo, C., Clemons, K.V., Stevens, D.A., & Tell, L.A. (2019). “Molecular identification of clinical and environmental avian Aspergillus isolates”. Arch Microbiol, 201, 253-257.
  • Savelieff, M.G., Pappalardo, L., & Azmanis, P. (2018). “The current status of avian aspergillosis diagnoses: Veterinary practice to novel research avenues”. Vet Clin Pathol, 47, 342-362.
  • Sowiak, M., Bródka, K., Kozajda, A., Buczyńska, A., & Szadkowska-Stańczyk, I. (2012). “Fungal Aerosol in The Process of Poultry Breeding–Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis”. Medycyna Pracy, 63(1), 1-10.
  • Suedmeyer, W.K., Bermudez, A.J. & Fales, W.H. (2002). “Treatment of epidermal cysts associated with Aspergillus fumigatus and alternaria species in a silky bantam chicken”. J. Avian Med. Surg, 16, 133-137.
  • Talbot, J.J., Thompson, P., Vogelnest, L., & Barrs, V.R. (2018). “Identification of pathogenic Aspergillus isolates from captive birds in Australia”. Med Mycol, 56(8), 1038-1041.
  • Verstappen, F.A.L.M. & Dorrestein, G.M. (2005). “Aspergillosis in Amazon parrots after corticosteroid therapy for smoke-inhalation injury”. J. Avian Med. Surg, 19, 138-141.
  • Viegas, C., Carolino, E., Malta-Vacas, J., Sabino, R., Viegas, S., & Veríssimo, C. (2012). “Fungal Contamination of Poultry Litter: a Public Health Problem”. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A. 75, 22-23, 1341-1350.
  • Woudenberg, J.H.C., Meijer, M., Houbraken, J., & Samson, R.A. (2017). “Scopulariopsis and scopulariopsis-like species from indoor environments”. Studies in Mycology, 88, 1-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.simyco.2017.03.001.
  • Yoder, A., Joshua, B.J., Benoit, E., Denlinger, D.L., Justin, L., Lawrence, T., & Zettler, W. (2008). “An endosymbiotic conidila fungus, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, protects the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis, from desiccation imposed by an entomopathogenic fungus”. J. Inverteb. Pathol, 97, 119-127.Ziolkowska,
  • G., Tokarzewski, S., & Nowakiewicz, A. (2014). “Drug resistance of Aspergillus fumigatus strains isolated from flocks of domestic geese in Poland”. Poult Sci, 93, 1106-1112.

Complicated Fungal Infection: Budgerigar

Year 2019, Issue: 4, 24 - 31, 15.12.2019

Abstract

This study, mouth swap and wing feather samples taken from a one-yearsold
budgerigar with the complaint of hair loss and itching brought live to
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine were examined
mycologically. For this purpose, two serial cultures carried out from samples
were plated on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) and SDA medium containing
chloramphenicol, one series was incubated at 25 °C and the other at 37 °C for 5-7
days. Mildew colonies that grow at the end of the incubation period; colony size
and color, surface appearance, pigment formation evaluated macroscopically.
Smears prepared from colonies were stained with Lactophenol cotton blue
(LPCB) and microscopic examination was performed in terms of the length
of the conidiaphor, the shape and width of the vesicle, and the shape of the
conidia. As a result of macroscopic and microscopic examination of growing
colonies, two colonies grown from mouth and wing specimens at 25 °C were
determined as Rhizopus sp. (white-black fluffy), colony grown from mouth
specimens at 25 °C as Scopulariopsis sp. and colony grown from wing sample
at 37 ° C as Aspergilus flavus.

References

  • Abrams, G.A., Paul-Murphy, J., Ramer, J.C., & Murphy, C.J. (2001). “Aspergillus blepharitis and dermatitis in a peregrine falcon-gyrfalcon hybrid (Falco peregrinus x Falco rusticolus)”. J. Avian Med. Surg, 15, 114-120.
  • Algabr, H.M., Alwaseai, A., Alzumir, M.A., Hassen, A.A., & Taresh, S.A. (2018). “Occurrences and frequency of fungi and detection of mycotoxins on poultry rations in Yemen”. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 42, 32, https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-018-0038-x.
  • Atasever, A., & Gümüşsoy, K.S. (2004). “Pathological, clinical and mycological findings in experimental aspergillosis infections of starlings”. J. Vet. Med. A, Physiol. Pathol. Clin. Med, 51, 19-22.
  • Barton, J.T., Daft, B.M., Read, D.H., Kinde, H., & Bickford, A.A. (1992). “Tracheal aspergillosis in 6 1/2-weekold chickens caused by Aspergillus flavus”. Avian Dis, 36, 1081-1085.
  • Beckman, B.J., Howe, C.W., Trampel, D.W., DeBey, M.C., Richard, J.L., & Niyo, Y. (1994). “Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis with intraocular invasion in 15-day-old chicks”. Avian Dis, 38, 660-665.
  • Beernaert, L.A., Pasmans, F., Van Waeyenberghe, L., Haesebrouck, F., & Martel, A. (2010). “Aspergillus infections in birds: A review”. Avian Pathol, 39, 325-331.
  • Cafarchia, C., Camarda, A., Romito, D., Campolo, M., Quaglia, N.C., Tullio, D., & Otranto, D. (2006). “Occurrence of yeasts in cloacae of migratory birds”. Mycopathologia, 161, 229-234.
  • Camin, A.M., Chabasse, D. & Guiguen, C. (1998). “Keratinophilic fungi associated with starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in Brittany, France”. Mycopathologia, 143, 9-12.
  • Carrasco, L., Lima, J.S., Halfen, D.C., Salguero, F.J., Sanchez-Cordon, P., & Becker, G. (2001). “Systemic aspergillosis in an oiled Magallanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus)”. J. Vet. Med. B, Infect. Dis. Vet. Public Health, 48, 551-554.
  • Elad, D. (2018). “Therapy of non-dermatophytic mycoses in animals”. J Fungi, 4 (120), 1-16, doi:10.3390/ jof4040120.
  • Femenia, F., Fontaine, J., Lair-Fulleringer, S., Berkova, N., Huet, D., Towanou, N., Rakotovao, F., Granet, O.I., Le Loch, G., Arné, P., & Guillot, J. (2007). “Clinical, mycological and pathological findings in turkeys experimentally infected by Aspergillus fumigatus”. Avian Pathol, 36 (3), 213-219.
  • Fırıldak, G., Asan, A., & Ökten, S. (2015). “Indoor Airborne Microfungin in Different Sections of a Poultry Processing Plant in Sakarya City, Turkey”. Mantar Dergisi, 6(2), 24-27.
  • Fischer, D., & Lierz, M. (2015). “Diagnostic procedures and available techniques for the diagnosis of aspergillosis in birds”. J. Exot. Pet Med, 24, 283-295.
  • Girma, G., Abebaw, M., Zemene, M., Mamuye, Y., & Getaneh, G. (2016). “A review on aspergillosis in poultry”. J. Vet. Sci. Technol, 7:382. doi: 10.4172/2157-7579.1000382
  • Hoppes, S., Gurfield, N., Flammer, K., Colitz, C. & Fisher, P. (2000). “Mycotic keratitis in a blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva)”. J. Avian Med. Surg, 14, 185-189.
  • Ibrahim, M.J., Kabir, J., Kwanashie, C.N., Salawudeen, M.T., & Joshua, Z. (2017). “Occurrence of mycotoxigenic fungi in poultry feeds at livebird markets, Zaria, Nigeria”. Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 15, 53-59.
  • Jung, K., Kim, Y., Lee, H,. & Kim, J.T. (2009). “Aspergillus fumigates infection in two wild Eurasian black vultures (Aegypius monachus Linnaeus) with carbofuran insecticide poisoning: a case report”. Vet. J, 179, 307-312.
  • Kelly, T.R., Vennen, K.M., Duncan, R., & Sleeman, J.M. (2004). “Lymphoproliferative disorder in a great horned owl (Bubo virginianus)”. J. Avian Med. Surg, 18, 263-268.
  • Khosravi, A.R., Shokri, H., Ziglari, T., Naeini, A.R., Mousavi, Z., & Hashemi, H. (2008). “Outbreak of severe disseminated aspergillosis in a flock of ostrich (Struthio camelus)”. Mycoses, 51, 557-559.
  • Klich, M.A. (2002). “Identification of Common Aspergillus Species”. Central Bureauvoor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 116 p. 32
  • König, H. E., Navarro, M., Zengerling, G., & Korbel, R. (2016). “Respiratory system (apparatus respiratorius), in Avian Anatomy Textbook and Colour Atlas”, 2nd Edn, eds H. E. König, R. Korbel, and H. G. Liebich (Sheffeld: 5M Publishing Ltd), 118–130.
  • Lamoth, F. (2016). “Aspergillus fumigatus-related species in clinical practice”. Front Microbiol, 7:683. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00683.
  • Larone, D.H. (2011). Medically Important Fungi 5th ed. Washington: ASM Press.
  • Lugauskas, A., Krikstaponis, A., & Sveistyte, L. (2004). Airborne fungi in industrial environments-potential agents of respiratory diseases”. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med., 11, 19-25.
  • Madadi, M.S., Ashrafi Helan, J., & Zare. P. (2014). “Mycological and pathological study of broiler mortalities associated with clinically apparent respiratory diseases”. J. Anim. Poultry Sc, 3(1), 29-37.
  • Megalla, S.E., Nassar, A.Y., Moharram, A.M., Abdel-Gawad, K.M., & Mahmoud, A.L. (1990). “Some physiological studies on fungi isolated from poultry feedstuffs”. J. Basic. Microbiol, 30(3): 165-80.
  • Miljković, B., Pavlovski, Z., Jovičić, D., Radanović, O., & Kureljušić, B. (2011). “Fungi on feathers of common clinically healthy birds in Belgrade”. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry, 27(1), 45-54.
  • Mukaratirwa, S. (2006). “Outbreak of Disseminated Zygomycosis and Concomitant Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Breeder Layer Cockerels”. J. Vet. Med. B, 53, 51–53
  • Nardoni, S., Ceccherelli, R., Rossi, G., & Mancianti, F. (2006). “Aspergillosis in Larus cachinnans michahellis: survey of eight cases”. Mycopathol, 161, 317-321.
  • Neuman, N. (2016). “Aspergillosis in domesticated birds”. J. Comp. Pathol. 155, 102-104.
  • Núñez, A., de Paz, G.A., Rastrojo, A., García, A.M., Alcamí, A., Gutiérrez-Bustillo, A.M., & Moreno, D.A. (2016). “Monitoring of airborne biological particles in outdoor atmosphere”. Part 1: Importance, variability and ratios. Inter. Microbiol 19, 1-13.
  • Öztürk, D., Adanır, R., & Turutoglu, H. (2009). “Superficial Skin Infection with Scopulariopsis brevicaulis in Two Goats”. A Case Report. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy, 53: 361-363.
  • Perelman, B., & Kuttin, E. (1992). “Zygomycosis in ostriches”. Avian Pathol, 21, 675-680.
  • Sabino, R., Burco, J., Valente, J., Veríssimo, C., Clemons, K.V., Stevens, D.A., & Tell, L.A. (2019). “Molecular identification of clinical and environmental avian Aspergillus isolates”. Arch Microbiol, 201, 253-257.
  • Savelieff, M.G., Pappalardo, L., & Azmanis, P. (2018). “The current status of avian aspergillosis diagnoses: Veterinary practice to novel research avenues”. Vet Clin Pathol, 47, 342-362.
  • Sowiak, M., Bródka, K., Kozajda, A., Buczyńska, A., & Szadkowska-Stańczyk, I. (2012). “Fungal Aerosol in The Process of Poultry Breeding–Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis”. Medycyna Pracy, 63(1), 1-10.
  • Suedmeyer, W.K., Bermudez, A.J. & Fales, W.H. (2002). “Treatment of epidermal cysts associated with Aspergillus fumigatus and alternaria species in a silky bantam chicken”. J. Avian Med. Surg, 16, 133-137.
  • Talbot, J.J., Thompson, P., Vogelnest, L., & Barrs, V.R. (2018). “Identification of pathogenic Aspergillus isolates from captive birds in Australia”. Med Mycol, 56(8), 1038-1041.
  • Verstappen, F.A.L.M. & Dorrestein, G.M. (2005). “Aspergillosis in Amazon parrots after corticosteroid therapy for smoke-inhalation injury”. J. Avian Med. Surg, 19, 138-141.
  • Viegas, C., Carolino, E., Malta-Vacas, J., Sabino, R., Viegas, S., & Veríssimo, C. (2012). “Fungal Contamination of Poultry Litter: a Public Health Problem”. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A. 75, 22-23, 1341-1350.
  • Woudenberg, J.H.C., Meijer, M., Houbraken, J., & Samson, R.A. (2017). “Scopulariopsis and scopulariopsis-like species from indoor environments”. Studies in Mycology, 88, 1-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.simyco.2017.03.001.
  • Yoder, A., Joshua, B.J., Benoit, E., Denlinger, D.L., Justin, L., Lawrence, T., & Zettler, W. (2008). “An endosymbiotic conidila fungus, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, protects the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis, from desiccation imposed by an entomopathogenic fungus”. J. Inverteb. Pathol, 97, 119-127.Ziolkowska,
  • G., Tokarzewski, S., & Nowakiewicz, A. (2014). “Drug resistance of Aspergillus fumigatus strains isolated from flocks of domestic geese in Poland”. Poult Sci, 93, 1106-1112.
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Veterinary Surgery
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Banur Boynukara

Timur Gülhan This is me

Mine Aydın This is me

Publication Date December 15, 2019
Acceptance Date December 1, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Boynukara, B., Gülhan, T., & Aydın, M. (2019). KOMPLİKE MANTAR ENFEKSİYONU: MUHABBET KUŞU. Doğanın Sesi(4), 24-31.
AMA Boynukara B, Gülhan T, Aydın M. KOMPLİKE MANTAR ENFEKSİYONU: MUHABBET KUŞU. Doğanın Sesi. December 2019;(4):24-31.
Chicago Boynukara, Banur, Timur Gülhan, and Mine Aydın. “KOMPLİKE MANTAR ENFEKSİYONU: MUHABBET KUŞU”. Doğanın Sesi, no. 4 (December 2019): 24-31.
EndNote Boynukara B, Gülhan T, Aydın M (December 1, 2019) KOMPLİKE MANTAR ENFEKSİYONU: MUHABBET KUŞU. Doğanın Sesi 4 24–31.
IEEE B. Boynukara, T. Gülhan, and M. Aydın, “KOMPLİKE MANTAR ENFEKSİYONU: MUHABBET KUŞU”, Doğanın Sesi, no. 4, pp. 24–31, December 2019.
ISNAD Boynukara, Banur et al. “KOMPLİKE MANTAR ENFEKSİYONU: MUHABBET KUŞU”. Doğanın Sesi 4 (December 2019), 24-31.
JAMA Boynukara B, Gülhan T, Aydın M. KOMPLİKE MANTAR ENFEKSİYONU: MUHABBET KUŞU. Doğanın Sesi. 2019;:24–31.
MLA Boynukara, Banur et al. “KOMPLİKE MANTAR ENFEKSİYONU: MUHABBET KUŞU”. Doğanın Sesi, no. 4, 2019, pp. 24-31.
Vancouver Boynukara B, Gülhan T, Aydın M. KOMPLİKE MANTAR ENFEKSİYONU: MUHABBET KUŞU. Doğanın Sesi. 2019(4):24-31.